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Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey
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Reconstructing 4D spatial intelligence from visual observations has long been a central yet challenging task in computer vision, with broad real-world applications. These range from entertainment domains like movies, where the focus is often on reconstructing fundamental visual elements, to embodied AI, which emphasizes interaction modeling and physical realism. Fueled by rapid advances in 3D representations and deep learning architectures, the field has evolved quickly, outpacing the scope of previous surveys. Additionally, existing surveys rarely offer a comprehensive analysis of the hierarchical structure of 4D scene reconstruction. To address this gap, we present a new perspective that organizes existing methods into five progressive levels of 4D spatial intelligence: (1) Level 1 -- reconstruction of low-level 3D attributes (e.g., depth, pose, and point maps); (2) Level 2 -- reconstruction of 3D scene components (e.g., objects, humans, structures); (3) Level 3 -- reconstruction of 4D dynamic scenes; (4) Level 4 -- modeling of interactions among scene components; and (5) Level 5 -- incorporation of physical laws and constraints. We conclude the survey by discussing the key challenges at each level and highlighting promising directions for advancing toward even richer levels of 4D spatial intelligence. To track ongoing developments, we maintain an up-to-date project page: https://github.com/yukangcao/Awesome-4D-Spatial-Intelligence.
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Cited by 9 Pith papers
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One Video, One World: Turning Monocular Video into Physical 4D Scenes
OVOW reconstructs instance-level, simulation-ready 4D mesh scenes from monocular video via a four-stage training-free pipeline and introduces a new benchmark for structured Video-to-4D evaluation.
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ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Engine
ACE-Data-0 is a 150-hour home HOI dataset with millisecond-synced ego/exo video, mocap body/hands, object 6-DoF, audio, and tactile signals, plus a three-level benchmark exposing large SOTA gaps.
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CoMoVi: Co-Generation of 3D Human Motions and Realistic Videos
CoMoVi co-generates 3D human motions and 2D videos synchronously in a single diffusion denoising loop using 3D-to-2D projection and dual-branch diffusion with 3D-2D cross attentions.
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Real2Sim in HOI: Toward Physically Plausible HOI Reconstruction from Monocular Videos
HA-HOI produces physically plausible 4D HOI animations from monocular videos by anchoring object reconstruction to human motion and refining the result in a physics-based humanoid-object simulator.
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Stitch4D: Sparse Multi-Location 4D Urban Reconstruction via Spatio-Temporal Interpolation
Stitch4D reconstructs coherent 4D urban scenes from sparse non-overlapping camera placements by synthesizing bridge views and enforcing inter-location spatio-temporal consistency.
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PAGE-4D: Disentangled pose and geometry estimation for vggt-4d perception
PAGE-4D is a feedforward extension of VGGT that uses a dynamics-aware aggregator and mask to disentangle pose estimation from geometry reconstruction in videos with moving objects.
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PAGE-4D: Disentangled pose and geometry estimation for vggt-4d perception
A fine-tuned VGGT with a learned dynamics mask improves camera pose, depth, and point-cloud reconstruction on dynamic-scene benchmarks over the original static-scene model.
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Stitch4D: Sparse Multi-Location 4D Urban Reconstruction via Spatio-Temporal Interpolation
Synthesizing intermediate bridge views between sparse, non-overlapping urban cameras and jointly optimizing them stabilizes 4D reconstruction where dense-view methods collapse.
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Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interaction
A representation-centric survey of 4D generation and reconstruction, organized by geometry, motion, and interaction, with qualitative trade-off comparisons across seven representation families.
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