Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 39 of 39 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.10249.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.10249 v1

Coverage vector

measured 39 of 39 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.425069Z

measured 39 of 39 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

39 of 39 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy6
unresolved28
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 0a6f8ab9-1100-42bc-a5db-c4eab8416ae6 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.238159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6f087bd8-5e0a-4160-8616-7761ec4a6b8c · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models: A Survey.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Large Language Models: A Survey

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.243912Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 759da0fa-0db3-49cf-a6fb-d2f2b846f1a7 · outbound

This paper cites Logical Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Logical Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.249320Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90032041-75dc-404c-81ca-12aa223037f3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.468899Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c92120f5-0304-478b-a433-f7731d24a299 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.414380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 2667ce0c-4976-484a-943f-af96eae3de0d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.355689Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a9408442-54cd-42d3-97ae-9f27336c2f41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.340665Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 14726fa2-1f7c-486e-ad02-b36013556013 · outbound

This paper cites Using Large Language Models for OntoClean-based Ontology Refinement.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Using Large Language Models for OntoClean-based Ontology Refinement

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.827597Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9d31b191-4c32-4db9-ba8b-7663aaf8eae7 · outbound

This paper cites Zhao, Leveraging large language models for ontology requirements engineering, in: Extended Semantic Web Conference ESWC, 2025, pp.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Zhao, Leveraging large language models for ontology requirements engineering, in: Extended Semantic Web Conference ESWC, 2025, pp

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.326368Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e668120e-bb75-47d1-8c62-3d118735e138 · outbound

This paper cites Fathallah, A.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Fathallah, A

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.310149Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 91521b64-c0f1-4b66-9397-b2e160d279ca · outbound

This paper cites Hou, Neural-symbolic reasoning: Towards the integration of logical reasoning with large language models, Authorea Preprints (2025).

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Hou, Neural-symbolic reasoning: Towards the integration of logical reasoning with large language models, Authorea Preprints (2025)

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.222469Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 48e46032-2f2a-49f7-ad6f-594ed16ed6a0 · outbound

This paper cites Can Transformers Reason in Fragments of Natural Language?.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Can Transformers Reason in Fragments of Natural Language?

Reference 12

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.805345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 123ac02c-bac6-4c26-9e32-4f1c55bec9e8 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.298776Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8cfa69ff-c603-4c03-83ba-eccaac90943d · outbound

This paper cites Srivastava, S.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Srivastava, S

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.303704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b5074cdf-8ffa-4d3f-ab0d-7d6bfce58142 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing the Reasoning Capabilities of Small Language Models via Solution Guidance Fine-Tuning.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Enhancing the Reasoning Capabilities of Small Language Models via Solution Guidance Fine-Tuning

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.308465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bef73f97-21f1-4190-8e5d-f575c1f9c62f · outbound

This paper cites Guiding Reasoning in Small Language Models with LLM Assistance.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Guiding Reasoning in Small Language Models with LLM Assistance

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.313341Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b59a1d03-a11d-4c4d-a506-8c17336d2e50 · outbound

This paper cites Reasoning Language Models: A Blueprint.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Reasoning Language Models: A Blueprint

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.318247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 81b825de-e931-4821-875a-f865f8672efc · outbound

This paper cites LLM Post-Training: A Deep Dive into Reasoning Large Language Models.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering LLM Post-Training: A Deep Dive into Reasoning Large Language Models

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.322898Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4b4d784b-86d9-4063-8012-f2280bb0ec14 · outbound

This paper cites DomiKnowS: A Library for Integration of Symbolic Domain Knowledge in Deep Learning.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering DomiKnowS: A Library for Integration of Symbolic Domain Knowledge in Deep Learning

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.630262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 126e4a29-8341-4187-8459-0c3b1b5bac26 · outbound

This paper cites Logic.py: Bridging the Gap between LLMs and Constraint Solvers.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Logic.py: Bridging the Gap between LLMs and Constraint Solvers

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.607673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9b792810-7ea7-4ed3-b67d-ba1934a34fd2 · outbound

This paper cites Training Large Language Models to Reason in a Continuous Latent Space.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Training Large Language Models to Reason in a Continuous Latent Space

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.338192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 54a9a5eb-ccf8-47f1-b46d-28c575c30be6 · outbound

This paper cites Empowering LLMs with Logical Reasoning: A Comprehensive Survey.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Empowering LLMs with Logical Reasoning: A Comprehensive Survey

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.342879Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 679f8d5f-2ee6-473f-a947-b480a59ceef8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.174800Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 93245369-552f-4674-9379-6bc861bdf2d1 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Step-by-Step Reasoning through Symbolic Verification.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Evaluating Step-by-Step Reasoning through Symbolic Verification

Reference 24

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.548440Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6b1570cc-eca3-41e8-97a1-dba959e289d7 · outbound

This paper cites Faithful Logical Reasoning via Symbolic Chain-of-Thought.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Faithful Logical Reasoning via Symbolic Chain-of-Thought

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.357017Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a367a167-814c-4751-88b1-6892e2be7ceb · outbound

This paper cites Do Large Language Models Latently Perform Multi-Hop Reasoning?.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Do Large Language Models Latently Perform Multi-Hop Reasoning?

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.361664Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d45f393-ff60-4dd3-bf46-04689e452e89 · outbound

This paper cites Do Large Language Models Perform Latent Multi-Hop Reasoning without Exploiting Shortcuts?.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Do Large Language Models Perform Latent Multi-Hop Reasoning without Exploiting Shortcuts?

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.366700Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e5b75440-2bec-4725-8793-3ad9e86af889 · outbound

This paper cites Logical Consistency of Large Language Models in Fact-checking.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Logical Consistency of Large Language Models in Fact-checking

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.371362Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 70e583d2-90d5-40a9-b6cf-535fef4d0907 · outbound

This paper cites Playing Language Game with LLMs Leads to Jailbreaking.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Playing Language Game with LLMs Leads to Jailbreaking

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.376609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1f44fc06-61f4-4719-b11b-6f2406312879 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.158594Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 7271a0b2-66b3-4673-8d26-be123c7efb1e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.142270Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e2e86c32-1ef2-4c19-bb87-ff9c6ac8bdfa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.123659Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 1ac76501-627f-4e50-a2cb-c2e1ebf03eaf · outbound

This paper cites Sowa, Introduction to common logic, 2011.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Sowa, Introduction to common logic, 2011

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:57.030573Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 2176b5ce-c904-4af0-9254-84ec4b6154d4 · outbound

This paper cites Sommers, G.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Sommers, G

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.959859Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 70189f78-cef8-4b27-8736-87080e5c2ae7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.944653Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9f401521-5067-42f8-b8c1-61bf0144f9bc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.929926Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b025b8cb-0662-43ea-ab79-b991cdd2359a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.415543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bf8fd763-aef5-4e70-bfd7-ef159f098a4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.905587Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9d065ad6-4178-45fc-80e4-faf94d39d201 · outbound

This paper cites Borgo, R.

Investigating Language Model Capabilities to Represent and Process Formal Knowledge: A Preliminary Study to Assist Ontology Engineering Borgo, R

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T15:59:56.889939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.