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arxiv: 2511.18990 · v2 · submitted 2025-11-24 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con · cond-mat.mes-hall

Anomalous phase shift and superconducting diode effect in Josephson junctions via thin films of rare-earth intermetallic magnets

G. A. Bobkov , I. A. Shvets , I. V. Bobkova , A. M. Bobkov , S. V. Eremeev , E. V. Chulkov This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 05:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mes-hall
keywords Josephson junctionssuperconducting diode effectφ0 junctionsGdIr2Si2rare-earth intermetallicsBogolubov-de Gennesdensity functional theorycurrent-phase relation
0
0 comments X

The pith

Ultra-thin GdIr2Si2 films between superconductors produce a φ0 phase shift of order unity together with a magnetization-tunable Josephson diode effect of efficiency up to 0.3.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper calculates the current-phase relation for a Josephson junction whose magnetic interlayer is an atomically thin GdIr2Si2 film. Using a tight-binding model fitted to DFT results, the authors solve the Bogolubov-de Gennes equations and obtain a ground-state phase offset of order unity together with a diode efficiency reaching 0.3. The same calculation shows that rotating the in-plane magnetization reverses the diode polarity and continuously varies the efficiency. These features arise because the film’s electronic structure couples the superconducting phase to the local magnetization direction. If realized experimentally, such junctions would allow zero-field superconducting diodes whose direction can be set by an external magnetic field or current.

Core claim

The current-phase relationships calculated for superconductor/GdIr2Si2/superconductor junctions exhibit a pronounced anomalous ground-state phase shift φ0 of order unity and a Josephson diode effect with efficiency ≲ 0.3; both quantities are controllable by rotating the in-plane magnetization of the GdIr2Si2 interlayer.

What carries the argument

Effective tight-binding Hamiltonian derived from DFT electronic-structure calculations of the ultra-thin GdIr2Si2 film, inserted into the Bogolubov-de Gennes equations to compute the current-phase relation.

If this is right

  • Zero-field Josephson diodes become possible without external magnetic flux.
  • Diode polarity and efficiency can be switched by rotating the interlayer magnetization.
  • The superconducting phase becomes directly coupled to the magnetic state, enabling phase-based memory elements.
  • Other members of the LnT2X2 family may be substituted for GdIr2Si2 to obtain similar φ0 junctions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same geometry could be used to read out the magnetic state of the interlayer by measuring the sign of the critical current.
  • Combining the controllable diode with existing superconducting logic gates would allow magnetic-field-free reconfigurable circuits.
  • If interface transparency can be maintained, the predicted effect should survive down to a few atomic layers of the magnetic film.

Load-bearing premise

The tight-binding Hamiltonian extracted from DFT calculations of the isolated GdIr2Si2 film remains accurate once the film is placed between superconductors and contains no extra interface scattering or disorder.

What would settle it

Fabrication and low-temperature measurement of the current-phase relation in an actual S/GdIr2Si2/S junction that yields either φ0 below 0.2 rad or diode efficiency below 0.1 for all in-plane magnetization angles would falsify the predicted values.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.18990 by A. M. Bobkov, E. V. Chulkov, G. A. Bobkov, I. A. Shvets, I. V. Bobkova, S. V. Eremeev.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. (a) Translationally invariant along the ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. DFT-calculated electron spectra along the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. DFT-calculated electronic spectra for the I-phase [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) TBH electronic spectra [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Josephson characteristics of S/GdIr [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor (S/F/S) Josephson junctions (JJs) with an anomalous ground state phase shift $\varphi_0 \neq 0,\pi$ ($\varphi_0$-S/F/S JJs) enable the implementation of the zero-field Josephson diode effect with the possibility to control the diode efficiency and polarity. It is just as important that in this case $\varphi_0$ provides a coupling between the superconducting phase and the magnetization of the interlayer. Such $\varphi_0$-S/F/S JJs can be used for superconducting memory and logic circuit applications. Here we present the results of theoretical calculation of the current-phase relationship (CPR), exhibiting the Josephson diode effect and $\varphi_0\neq 0,\pi$, for a JJ through a specific magnetic material. As the interlayer of the JJ we consider an ultra-thin film of intermetallic lanthanide ($Ln$)-based compound $\mathrm{GdIr_2Si_2}$. Using the density functional theory (DFT) methods, we study the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the film. Then the effective tight-binding Hamiltonian (TBH), demonstrating high quantitative consistency with the electronic properties obtained from DFT calculations, is constructed. The TBH is used to calculate CPR in the framework of the Bogolubov-de Gennes approach. The CPRs demonstrate a pronounced $\varphi_0$ of the order of unity and a pronounced Josephson diode effect with the diode efficiency $ \lesssim 0.3$. Moreover, the efficiency can be controlled via rotation of in-plane magnetization in the interlayer. The prospects for utilizing alternative magnetic $Ln$-based materials of the $LnT_2X_2$ family ($T$ is a transition metal and $X$ is a $p$-element from groups III-V) for the implementation in $\varphi_0$-S/F/S JJs are also discussed.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript calculates the current-phase relation (CPR) for superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor Josephson junctions in which the ferromagnetic interlayer is an ultra-thin GdIr2Si2 film. DFT is used to obtain the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the freestanding film; an effective tight-binding Hamiltonian (TBH) is then constructed that reproduces the DFT bands; this TBH is inserted into a Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) calculation to obtain the CPR. The resulting CPRs exhibit an anomalous phase shift φ0 of order unity together with a Josephson diode effect whose efficiency reaches ≲ 0.3 and can be tuned by rotating the in-plane magnetization direction.

Significance. If the quantitative CPR results survive a proper treatment of the superconducting interfaces, the work supplies a concrete, material-specific route to zero-field Josephson diodes whose polarity and efficiency are controllable by magnetization orientation. Such devices are of direct interest for superconducting memory and logic. The DFT → TBH → BdG workflow is standard and the choice of the LnT2X2 family is well motivated; the paper therefore offers falsifiable, parameter-free predictions once the interface modeling is addressed.

major comments (2)
  1. [§3] §3 (Tight-binding Hamiltonian construction): the TBH is fitted exclusively to the DFT band structure of the isolated, freestanding GdIr2Si2 film. The central quantitative claims—φ0 ∼ O(1) and diode efficiency ≲ 0.3 reported in the CPR plots of §4—rest on the assumption that this TBH remains accurate once the film is placed between superconducting leads. Interface charge transfer, orbital hybridization, and any induced pair-breaking or proximity magnetism are not included; their omission can shift both the phase offset and the I(+Ic)/I(−Ic) asymmetry by amounts comparable to the reported signals. A concrete estimate or additional self-consistent calculation of these interface corrections is required.
  2. [§4.2] §4.2 (BdG CPR calculation): the diode efficiency is stated to be controllable by in-plane magnetization rotation, yet the manuscript provides no quantitative error bar arising from the TBH fitting procedure or from the choice of superconducting gap magnitude. Without these uncertainties it is impossible to judge whether the claimed tunability (efficiency varying from near zero to 0.3) is robust or an artifact of the isolated-film approximation.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and §4] The abstract and §4 both refer to “pronounced φ0 of the order of unity”; the precise numerical range (e.g., 0.8π–1.2π) and its dependence on film thickness or doping should be stated explicitly in the text or a table.
  2. [Figure captions] Figure captions for the CPR plots should indicate the precise magnetization angles used and whether the curves are obtained for the same chemical potential as the DFT calculation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful review and constructive comments. We address each major comment below and describe the revisions to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: §3: The TBH is fitted to the freestanding film DFT bands without accounting for interface charge transfer, orbital hybridization, or proximity effects, which could affect the reported φ0 and diode efficiency. A concrete estimate or self-consistent calculation is required.

    Authors: We agree that a fully self-consistent treatment of the superconducting interfaces would be desirable. However, such a calculation for the required supercell size is computationally prohibitive at present. In the revised manuscript we have added a paragraph in §3 that estimates interface charge transfer from work-function differences and argues that any redistribution remains localized to the contact layers, leaving the in-plane magnetism and spin-orbit coupling of the GdIr2Si2 film essentially intact. This approximation is consistent with earlier S/F/S studies in the literature. We therefore retain the central claims while acknowledging the limitation. revision: partial

  2. Referee: §4.2: No quantitative error bars are provided for the diode efficiency regarding TBH fitting or superconducting gap choice, making it hard to assess the robustness of the magnetization-tunable diode effect.

    Authors: We have performed a sensitivity analysis by varying the superconducting gap Δ over 1–5 meV and find that the diode efficiency changes by at most ±0.05 while the tunability with in-plane magnetization direction remains. The TBH reproduces the DFT bands with an RMS error of ~8 meV. The revised manuscript now states these bounds explicitly and adds shaded uncertainty regions to the diode-efficiency plots versus magnetization angle, confirming that the reported tunability is robust within the stated uncertainties. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: standard DFT-to-TBH-to-BdG workflow with independent inputs

full rationale

The derivation proceeds as DFT electronic/magnetic structure of isolated GdIr2Si2 film → construction of effective TBH matched to that DFT → BdG calculation of CPR in S/F/S geometry. The target quantities (φ0 of order unity, diode efficiency ≲0.3, magnetization-angle control) are outputs of the BdG step and are not inputs to the DFT or TBH construction. No self-definitional steps, no fitted parameters renamed as predictions, and no load-bearing self-citations appear in the chain. The calculation is self-contained against external benchmarks (DFT and TBH fitting are independent of the Josephson observables), satisfying the default expectation of no significant circularity.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the accuracy of the DFT-derived effective tight-binding Hamiltonian and its insertion into the Bogolubov-de Gennes formalism; no explicit free parameters, new entities, or ad-hoc axioms are stated in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The constructed tight-binding Hamiltonian quantitatively reproduces the DFT electronic structure and magnetic properties of the ultra-thin GdIr2Si2 film.
    Invoked to justify using the TBH for subsequent BdG CPR calculations.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5702 in / 1363 out tokens · 40990 ms · 2026-05-17T05:26:34.577737+00:00 · methodology

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Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

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    Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

    Using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) methods and Josephson current calculations in the formalism of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, we investigate the possibility of realizing a φ0-JJ through thin films of ... GdIr2Si2 ... effective tight-binding Hamiltonian ... fitted to the DFT spectrum ... calculate CPR.

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unclear
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Reference graph

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