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arxiv: 2601.19837 · v2 · submitted 2026-01-27 · 💻 cs.CR · cs.CY· cs.DC· cs.ET

Self-Sovereign Identity and eIDAS 2.0: An Analysis of Control, Privacy, and Legal Implications

Nacereddine Sitouah , Marco Esposito , Francesco Bruschi This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-16 10:27 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CR cs.CYcs.DCcs.ET
keywords Self-Sovereign IdentityeIDAS 2.0Digital IdentityPrivacyControlLegal FrameworkGap AnalysisEU Regulation
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The pith

eIDAS 2.0 can be developed to better support Self-Sovereign Identity by addressing gaps in control and privacy.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines the compatibility of Self-Sovereign Identity with the eIDAS 2.0 regulation through a structured analysis of its provisions and reference framework. It uses a scoring matrix to perform gap analysis and normative evaluation to highlight limitations and opportunities. A reader would care because this informs how European laws might adapt to decentralized identity systems that give users more control over their data. The work concludes that the current legal foundations provide a basis for future enhancements to integrate SSI principles.

Core claim

The analysis demonstrates that while eIDAS 2.0 has some alignment with SSI properties, there are significant gaps in areas like user control and data minimization, but these can be bridged by developing the regulation further using existing provisions in the Architecture and Reference Framework.

What carries the argument

A defined scoring matrix that quantifies the compatibility between SSI properties such as control and privacy with specific eIDAS 2.0 articles and recitals, supported by systematic literature review and normative analysis.

Load-bearing premise

The scoring matrix used for the gap analysis accurately and objectively reflects the compatibility between Self-Sovereign Identity properties and eIDAS 2.0 without subjective bias in the evaluation.

What would settle it

A re-evaluation of the compatibility using an independent scoring process or actual pilot implementations of SSI under eIDAS 2.0 that contradict the identified gaps and opportunities.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2601.19837 by Francesco Bruschi, Marco Esposito, Nacereddine Sitouah.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Identity, Security and Privacy trifecta for an IDMS. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: eIDAS 2.0 Time Line Summary Until Adoption [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Existing related research SLR flowchart The findings reveal significant inconsistencies across the literature. Although the issue under consideration is widely acknowledged, no contributions to date ex￾plicitly address SSI compatibility following the amendment of eIDAS 2.0. Prior to this amendment, several researchers assumed that Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) would ultimately be recognized under eIDAS 2.0… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: SSI-based identity lifecycle showing: (1) DID generation and legal recognition process, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: DID-VC system interaction model showing how users can preserve their autonomy, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Graphical representation of research interest on eIDAS 2.0 conformity per each relevant [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

European digital identity initiatives are grounded in regulatory frameworks designed to ensure interoperability and robust, harmonized security standards. The evolution of these frameworks culminates in eIDAS 2.0, whose origins trace back to the Electronic Signatures Directive 1999/93/EC, the first EU-wide legal foundation for the use of electronic signatures in cross-border electronic transactions. As technological capabilities advanced, the initial eIDAS 1.0 framework was increasingly criticized for its limitations and lack of comprehensiveness. Emerging decentralized approaches further exposed these shortcomings and introduced the possibility of integrating innovative identity paradigms, such as Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) models. In this article, we contribute to the ongoing legal and policy debate on the European Digital Identity Framework by analyzing key provisions of eIDAS 2.0 and its accompanying recitals, drawing on a systematic literature review guided by defined Research Questions (RQ). This work employs a structured methodological approach that combines descriptive and comparative analysis, systematic gap analysis supported by a defined scoring matrix, and normative analysis to evaluate the compatibility of SSI properties with eIDAS 2.0 regulation, as operationalized via its Architecture and Reference Framework (ARF). Furthermore, we assess the ARF's guidelines and examine the extent to which it aligns with SSI. The analysis adopts a complementary perspective demonstrating how the regulation can be further developed to better support SSI in the future by identifying existing limitations and potential adoption opportunities within the current legal foundations of the framework.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper analyzes key provisions of eIDAS 2.0 and its recitals via a systematic literature review, combining descriptive, comparative, gap, and normative analysis to evaluate compatibility between SSI properties (control, privacy) and the regulation as operationalized in the Architecture and Reference Framework (ARF). It identifies existing limitations in the framework and potential adoption opportunities for future regulatory development to better support SSI.

Significance. If the gap analysis holds, the work provides a structured bridge between EU regulatory frameworks and decentralized identity models, offering concrete guidance on refining eIDAS 2.0 to enhance user control and privacy. The explicit use of the ARF and a scoring matrix for systematic evaluation strengthens the policy relevance and could support falsifiable recommendations for legal evolution.

major comments (2)
  1. [Methodology / gap analysis section] The section describing the systematic gap analysis supported by a defined scoring matrix: the matrix converts qualitative legal text from eIDAS 2.0 articles/recitals into numeric compatibility scores with SSI properties, but the rules for distinguishing categories such as 'partial support' versus 'limitation' are normative and interpretive rather than mechanical, so shifts in scoring can materially change the list of identified limitations and adoption opportunities.
  2. [Normative analysis] The normative analysis section that concludes the regulation can be further developed to better support SSI: this central claim rests directly on the gap-analysis outcomes; without demonstrated reproducibility or inter-rater validation of the scoring matrix, the recommendations for future development lack sufficient grounding and could vary across readers.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract references defined Research Questions (RQ) guiding the literature review but does not enumerate them; listing the RQs explicitly would improve traceability to the subsequent analysis.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments regarding the methodology and normative analysis sections. We address each point below and indicate the revisions we will incorporate to improve transparency and grounding.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methodology / gap analysis section] The section describing the systematic gap analysis supported by a defined scoring matrix: the matrix converts qualitative legal text from eIDAS 2.0 articles/recitals into numeric compatibility scores with SSI properties, but the rules for distinguishing categories such as 'partial support' versus 'limitation' are normative and interpretive rather than mechanical, so shifts in scoring can materially change the list of identified limitations and adoption opportunities.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the scoring matrix incorporates interpretive elements, as is typical in qualitative legal and policy research. The category distinctions (e.g., 'partial support' versus 'limitation') were derived from the systematic literature review on SSI properties and direct textual analysis of eIDAS 2.0 provisions and the ARF. In the revised version, we will expand the methodology section with explicit decision rules, concrete examples of scoring for at least three key articles/recitals, and a brief discussion of how reasonable alternative interpretations could affect the identified gaps. This will make the process more transparent while preserving the original findings. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Normative analysis] The normative analysis section that concludes the regulation can be further developed to better support SSI: this central claim rests directly on the gap-analysis outcomes; without demonstrated reproducibility or inter-rater validation of the scoring matrix, the recommendations for future development lack sufficient grounding and could vary across readers.

    Authors: The normative recommendations are explicitly tied to the gaps identified through the scoring process. We agree that inter-rater validation would strengthen reproducibility but lies outside the scope of this paper. We will revise the normative section to include a dedicated limitations paragraph that discusses the interpretive nature of the matrix, provides additional citations to the SSI literature used in defining criteria, and links each recommendation directly to specific scored provisions. This will improve the grounding without requiring new empirical validation. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; analysis rests on external regulatory texts and literature review

full rationale

The paper's central claims derive from a systematic literature review, descriptive/comparative analysis, and gap analysis applied to eIDAS 2.0 provisions and its ARF. The scoring matrix is an author-constructed analytical instrument for rating compatibility, not a self-referential definition that reduces outputs to inputs by construction. No equations, fitted parameters, or self-citation chains are load-bearing; the identification of limitations and opportunities follows directly from comparison against the external legal framework. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard definitions of SSI properties and eIDAS provisions drawn from prior literature; no free parameters or invented entities are introduced.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption SSI models possess specific properties of user control, privacy, and decentralization that can be systematically compared to regulatory frameworks.
    Invoked in the compatibility evaluation and gap analysis sections described in the abstract.

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