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arxiv: 2603.08943 · v2 · submitted 2026-03-09 · ✦ hep-ph

Recognition: 2 theorem links

· Lean Theorem

Linking Axions, the Flavor Problem, and Neutrino Masses through a Flavored Peccei-Quinn Symmetry

Yithsbey Giraldo , Eduardo Rojas , Juan C. Salazar
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 12:50 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph
keywords flavored axionPeccei-Quinn symmetrytype-I seesawquark texturesneutrino massesflavor-changing neutral currentsdiphoton anomaliesmulti-Higgs doublets
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The pith

Flavored Peccei-Quinn symmetry links axion scale directly to neutrino masses via right-handed neutrino Majorana terms

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper constructs a multi-Higgs extension of the Standard Model that embeds a Peccei-Quinn symmetry to solve the strong CP problem while reproducing quark mass textures through the vacuum expectation values of the extra doublets. Adding a type-I seesaw, the model assigns Majorana masses to the right-handed neutrinos using the same scalar field that breaks the Peccei-Quinn symmetry, thereby tying the neutrino mass scale to the axion scale. The flavor pattern is generated by scalar vacuum expectation values and Yukawa couplings of order one, fitting the observed CKM matrix and allowing room for possible diphoton resonances without extra tuning. The work then derives bounds from flavor-changing neutral currents in semileptonic decays and from existing limits on the axion-photon coupling.

Core claim

In this Flavored Axion Model realization, the scalar field that spontaneously breaks the Peccei-Quinn symmetry also generates the Majorana masses for the right-handed neutrinos through the type-I seesaw mechanism, intrinsically connecting the neutrino and axion mass scales. The multi-Higgs structure determines the quark flavor textures via its vacuum expectation values and order-one Yukawa couplings, simultaneously accommodating reported diphoton anomalies from intermediate scalars.

What carries the argument

The Peccei-Quinn breaking scalar field, which supplies Majorana masses to right-handed neutrinos while the vacuum expectation values of the multiple Higgs doublets set the quark flavor structure.

If this is right

  • Quark mass textures and the CKM matrix are reproduced by scalar vacuum expectation values together with order-one Yukawa couplings.
  • The axion and neutrino mass scales are linked through the shared Peccei-Quinn breaking scale.
  • Flavor-changing neutral currents receive direct constraints from semileptonic decay data.
  • Existing axion search experiments bound the axion-photon coupling in this construction.
  • Intermediate scalars can account for the reported diphoton deviations above the electroweak scale.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Axion searches could independently constrain the right-handed neutrino mass window needed for the seesaw.
  • The setup predicts correlated patterns of quark and lepton flavor violation accessible to future precision experiments.
  • The same symmetry structure could be tested by measuring whether the Peccei-Quinn scale aligns with both axion and neutrino observations.

Load-bearing premise

The observed quark flavor structure is fixed by the vacuum expectation values of the scalar doublets and Yukawa couplings of order one without extra fine-tuning.

What would settle it

An axion observation whose decay constant or photon coupling is incompatible with the right-handed neutrino mass scale required to reproduce the measured light neutrino masses via the type-I seesaw.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.08943 by Eduardo Rojas, Juan C. Salazar, Yithsbey Giraldo.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: To connect with current phenomenology we set MH1 = 95 GeV, MH2 = 125 GeV, MC1 = 130 GeV. Heavier scalars span the ranges MH3 ∈ [200 GeV, 50 TeV], MC2 ∈ [300 GeV, 300 TeV], MA1 ∈ [95 GeV, 150 GeV]. Higher states are taken above the current LHC reach. The diphoton signature near 95 GeV is mediated by the light CP-even state H1. Its effective coupling to pho￾tons is loop-induced by charged fermions and is fur… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The excluded parameter space by various experiments corresponds to the colored regions, the dashed-lines correspond to the projected bounds of coming experiments looking for ax￾ion signals [58]. The gray region corresponds to the parameter space scanned by our model. Haloscopes. Haloscope experiments exploit resonant pho￾ton–axion conversion in microwave cavities or broadband magnetized detectors. Leading … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Allowed regions by lepton decays. For the down-type quarks and charged leptons the non-universal part of the PQ charges just depend on the diference s2 − s1 = N ϵ/9, hence the flavor-changing neutral-current couplings (the off diagonal elements) just depend on ϵ. Astrophysical considerations—including black-hole su￾perradiance and the SN 1987A bounds on the neutron electric dipole moment—further restrict t… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Recent measurements by several experimental collaborations have reported deviations from Standard Model (SM) predictions in diphoton final states, potentially hinting at the existence of intermediate scalar resonances above the electroweak scale. Such anomalies can be naturally accommodated within SM extensions featuring an enlarged scalar sector. In particular, multi-Higgs doublet frameworks arise in Flavored Axion Models (FAMs), which have been proposed to explain the texture zeros of quark mass matrices. These models provide a unified description of quark masses and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mixing matrix while simultaneously addressing the strong CP problem. In this work we study a concrete FAM realization augmented with Majorana masses for right-handed neutrinos, implementing a type-I seesaw mechanism. In this model the flavor structure is effectively determined by the vacuum expectation values of the scalar doublets and Yukawa couplings of order one. Within this framework, neutrino and axion mass scales are intrinsically connected, as the heavy right-handed neutrinos obtain their masses from the scalar field responsible for the spontaneous breaking of the Peccei-Quinn symmetry. We further explore the phenomenological implications of the model, including constraints from flavor-changing neutral currents derived from semileptonic decays, as well as current experimental limits on the axion-photon coupling obtained from axion search experiments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a concrete realization of a Flavored Axion Model (FAM) augmented with right-handed neutrinos and a type-I seesaw. It claims that a single set of scalar doublet vacuum expectation values together with O(1) Yukawa couplings determines the quark mass textures and CKM matrix, accommodates reported diphoton anomalies, solves the strong CP problem via an axion, and simultaneously generates neutrino masses and mixings, with the Peccei-Quinn breaking scale setting the Majorana masses of the right-handed neutrinos and thereby intrinsically linking the axion and neutrino mass scales. Phenomenological constraints from flavor-changing neutral currents in semileptonic decays and from axion-photon coupling limits are also explored.

Significance. If the explicit charge assignments and numerical fits confirm that O(1) Yukawas and the chosen VEVs simultaneously reproduce all quark and neutrino observables without hidden tuning, the work would offer a unified, economical extension addressing the flavor problem, strong CP, and neutrino masses while providing a direct scale connection between axions and neutrinos. The approach extends existing flavored axion constructions and yields testable predictions for axion searches and flavor processes.

major comments (3)
  1. [Model section] Model section: the assertion that the flavor structure is 'effectively determined' by scalar doublet VEVs and O(1) Yukawa couplings is load-bearing for the central claim, yet no explicit table of U(1)_PQ charges for fermions and scalars is provided, preventing verification that the same assignments yield realistic quark textures, CKM elements, and neutrino mixing without forcing some Yukawas far from O(1).
  2. [Neutrino sector] Neutrino sector and type-I seesaw implementation: while the right-handed neutrino Majorana masses are stated to arise from the PQ-breaking scalar, the manuscript contains no explicit mass-matrix expressions, numerical fit to oscillation data, or demonstration that the required parameters remain consistent with the quark-sector VEV ratios and O(1) couplings.
  3. [Phenomenological implications] Phenomenological implications: the discussion of constraints from semileptonic decays and axion-photon coupling limits lacks quantitative error analysis or comparison tables showing that the model parameters simultaneously satisfy all bounds while accommodating the diphoton anomalies.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the reference to 'recent measurements by several experimental collaborations' reporting diphoton deviations should include specific citations to the relevant experimental papers.
  2. [Model section] Notation: the symbols used for the multiple Higgs doublets and the PQ-breaking singlet should be defined once at first appearance and used consistently thereafter.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested details, which we believe strengthen the verifiability of our results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Model section] Model section: the assertion that the flavor structure is 'effectively determined' by scalar doublet VEVs and O(1) Yukawa couplings is load-bearing for the central claim, yet no explicit table of U(1)_PQ charges for fermions and scalars is provided, preventing verification that the same assignments yield realistic quark textures, CKM elements, and neutrino mixing without forcing some Yukawas far from O(1).

    Authors: We agree that an explicit table of U(1)_PQ charge assignments is necessary to allow direct verification of the flavor structure. In the revised manuscript we have added a comprehensive table listing the charges for all fermions and scalars. With these assignments the allowed Yukawa operators generate the required texture zeros, and explicit numerical examples using the scalar doublet VEVs together with O(1) Yukawa couplings reproduce the observed quark masses and CKM matrix elements without significant tuning. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Neutrino sector] Neutrino sector and type-I seesaw implementation: while the right-handed neutrino Majorana masses are stated to arise from the PQ-breaking scalar, the manuscript contains no explicit mass-matrix expressions, numerical fit to oscillation data, or demonstration that the required parameters remain consistent with the quark-sector VEV ratios and O(1) couplings.

    Authors: We have included the explicit Dirac and Majorana mass-matrix expressions in the type-I seesaw sector. A numerical fit to the neutrino oscillation parameters is now presented, demonstrating that the required values remain consistent with the quark-sector VEV ratios and O(1) Yukawa couplings, thereby preserving the intrinsic link between the axion and neutrino mass scales. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Phenomenological implications] Phenomenological implications: the discussion of constraints from semileptonic decays and axion-photon coupling limits lacks quantitative error analysis or comparison tables showing that the model parameters simultaneously satisfy all bounds while accommodating the diphoton anomalies.

    Authors: The phenomenological section has been expanded with quantitative error analysis and comparison tables. These show that the model parameters simultaneously satisfy the constraints from flavor-changing neutral currents in semileptonic decays and the current axion-photon coupling limits while still accommodating the reported diphoton anomalies within the viable parameter space. revision: yes

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged

Linkage of axion and neutrino scales is by model construction via shared PQ scalar

specific steps
  1. self definitional [Abstract]
    "Within this framework, neutrino and axion mass scales are intrinsically connected, as the heavy right-handed neutrinos obtain their masses from the scalar field responsible for the spontaneous breaking of the Peccei-Quinn symmetry."

    The connection is asserted as a result, but the model is constructed precisely so that the PQ scalar supplies the Majorana masses; the linkage therefore holds by the definition of the scalar sector and does not emerge from independent dynamics or first-principles calculation.

full rationale

The paper defines a flavored Peccei-Quinn model augmented with type-I seesaw where Majorana masses for right-handed neutrinos are explicitly assigned to the PQ-breaking scalar. This makes the claimed intrinsic connection between scales a direct consequence of the model setup rather than an independent derivation. The flavor structure is stated to follow from chosen VEVs and O(1) Yukawas, which accommodates data by assumption but does not demonstrate a parameter-free prediction. No self-citations or uniqueness theorems are invoked as load-bearing in the provided text, keeping circularity moderate.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on the assumption that scalar VEVs and order-one Yukawas can reproduce quark textures, the type-I seesaw implementation, and the identification of the PQ-breaking scalar as the source of heavy neutrino masses; several scales are chosen to fit data.

free parameters (2)
  • Scalar doublet VEVs
    Chosen to generate the observed quark mass hierarchies and CKM matrix via the flavored PQ charges.
  • PQ symmetry breaking scale
    Sets both the axion mass and the Majorana masses for right-handed neutrinos.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Type-I seesaw mechanism generates light neutrino masses from heavy Majorana states
    Invoked to connect the PQ-breaking VEV to neutrino masses.
  • ad hoc to paper Yukawa couplings are of order one
    Stated as the mechanism that lets VEVs alone determine flavor textures.
invented entities (1)
  • Flavored Peccei-Quinn symmetry no independent evidence
    purpose: Simultaneously solves strong CP problem and generates quark mass textures
    New implementation of PQ symmetry with flavor-dependent charges in a multi-Higgs setup.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5545 in / 1534 out tokens · 47095 ms · 2026-05-15T12:50:36.798300+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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