pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2603.14295 · v2 · submitted 2026-03-15 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · hep-ex· nucl-ex

Recognition: 1 theorem link

· Lean Theorem

Towards a Reflective PICOSEC detector?

A. Breskin
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 11:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det hep-exnucl-ex
keywords PICOSECreflective photocathodegas avalanche multiplierultrafast timingCherenkov lightparticle detectorlow pressure gas
0
0 comments X

The pith

Thick reflective photocathodes on readout electrodes could make PICOSEC detectors more robust and support low-pressure operation.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes Reflective-PICOSEC detectors that place thick reflective photocathodes directly on the readout electrodes of gas-avalanche multipliers. This replaces the standard design using an ultrathin semitransparent photocathode on a separate Cherenkov radiator. The changes target greater mechanical stability and performance, with some versions running at millibar gas pressures. A reader would care because the modifications could simplify construction and widen the conditions under which precise particle timing remains practical. If the approach works, it would allow the detectors to handle real-world stresses better while preserving fast response.

Core claim

The central proposal is to develop Reflective-PICOSEC detectors that incorporate thick reflective photocathodes deposited on the readout electrodes of various types of avalanche multipliers, with some versions operating at mbar gas pressures, to enhance robustness and performance over the standard PICOSEC concept which uses an ultrathin semitransparent photocathode coated on a Cherenkov radiator.

What carries the argument

Thick reflective photocathodes deposited on the readout electrodes of avalanche multipliers, which emit photoelectrons from reflected Cherenkov photons while providing direct mechanical support and integration with the multiplier.

Load-bearing premise

Thick reflective photocathodes will maintain efficient photoelectron emission and preserve the required timing resolution when integrated into avalanche multipliers at low gas pressures.

What would settle it

A measurement of photoelectron emission efficiency and time resolution from a thick reflective photocathode inside a gas-avalanche multiplier operated at millibar pressures would directly test the proposal.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.14295 by A. Breskin.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: A reversed 2-stage mode of operation of a Reflective-PICOSEC detector. Particle-induced Cherenkov photons emit photoelectrons from a thick reflective photocathode deposited on readout pads. They are preamplified in a narrow gap and transferred to a second stage through a resistive grid. Amplification occurs in a MM mode (shown) towards a thin metal grid deposited on the crystal, or on deposited narrow anod… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: An example of field-line distribution in a MSGC configuration with anode and cathode strips deposited on an insulating substrate (e.g. the Cherenkov radiator crystal). It is dictated by the electrodes and strips’ geometry and by the potentials applied to the various electrodes. Ionization electrons are multiplied at the vicinity of few m wide anode strips; A fraction of the avalanche ions is collected on … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Estimated photoelectron yields emitted into vacuum, from a semitransparent CsI photocathode [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Left: A UV-photon detector combining a semitransparent CsI photocathode coupled to a low￾pressure MSGC electron multiplier. Right: Fraction of collected avalanche-induced charge on the different electrodes of the shown detector - vs voltage difference between anode and cathode strips - VCA. PC-photocathode; C-cathode strips; B-backplane; A-anode strips. Detector operated at 13mbar isobutane. VPC=-870V; VB=… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

PICOSEC is an ultrafast particle-detector concept, combining a photocathode-coated Cherenkov radiator coupled to a gas-avalanche multiplier. Particle-induced Cherenkov photons create photoelectrons emitted from an ultrathin semitransparent photocathode; they are multiplied and detected in fast gas-avalanche mode. In parallel to the constant progress made in the PICOSEC technique, we propose different detector configurations and operation modes with the aim of enhancing robustness and performance. They incorporate thick reflective photocathodes deposited on the readout electrodes of various types of avalanche multipliers. Some of these Reflective-PICOSEC detectors operate at mbar gas pressures.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes Reflective-PICOSEC detector variants that deposit thick reflective photocathodes directly on the readout electrodes of various avalanche multipliers, including configurations operated at mbar gas pressures, with the goal of improving mechanical robustness and operational flexibility while preserving the sub-100 ps timing performance of the original thin semitransparent PICOSEC design.

Significance. If the proposed reflective geometries can be shown to deliver adequate photoelectron yield and maintain timing resolution without excessive time spread or avalanche instability, the approach would offer a more robust alternative to existing PICOSEC implementations, potentially broadening their use in high-rate particle-physics environments.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and proposal sections] Abstract and main proposal text: the assertion that thick reflective photocathodes will preserve efficient photoelectron emission and sub-100 ps timing at mbar pressures is unsupported by any Garfield++ or Magboltz simulations of electron emission, drift, or avalanche statistics, nor by quantum-efficiency estimates or direct comparison to the established ~50 ps baseline; this quantitative gap is load-bearing for the central performance claim.
minor comments (1)
  1. The manuscript would benefit from a dedicated section that explicitly defines the proposed detector geometries, electrode types, and gas-pressure regimes before discussing performance expectations.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive review and for recognizing the potential of Reflective-PICOSEC configurations to improve robustness and operational flexibility. We address the major comment point by point below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and proposal sections] Abstract and main proposal text: the assertion that thick reflective photocathodes will preserve efficient photoelectron emission and sub-100 ps timing at mbar pressures is unsupported by any Garfield++ or Magboltz simulations of electron emission, drift, or avalanche statistics, nor by quantum-efficiency estimates or direct comparison to the established ~50 ps baseline; this quantitative gap is load-bearing for the central performance claim.

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript, as a conceptual proposal, does not yet contain dedicated Garfield++ or Magboltz simulations, quantum-efficiency calculations, or direct timing comparisons to support the projected performance of the thick reflective photocathodes at mbar pressures. The stated expectations draw from the established sub-100 ps resolution of the original semitransparent PICOSEC and from the known behavior of reflective photocathodes in other gaseous detectors, but these extrapolations are indeed qualitative at present. To close this gap we will add a dedicated section containing preliminary Garfield++ simulations of photoelectron emission, drift, and avalanche statistics for the proposed reflective geometries, together with quantum-efficiency estimates for thick reflective layers and a comparison of the projected timing spread against the ~50 ps baseline. These results will be presented with appropriate caveats regarding their preliminary nature. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: forward-looking proposal without derivations or fitted claims

full rationale

The manuscript is a conceptual proposal for Reflective-PICOSEC variants using thick reflective photocathodes on avalanche multipliers, including at mbar pressures. It contains no equations, no fitted parameters, no quantitative predictions, and no derivation chain that could reduce to its own inputs. Claims are qualitative suggestions for future configurations; the text supplies no self-citation load-bearing steps, no ansatzes, and no renaming of known results. The absence of any mathematical or statistical structure means no circularity is present by the defined criteria.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal rests on standard assumptions of Cherenkov radiation production and photoelectron emission from reflective surfaces; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • standard math Cherenkov photons are produced by relativistic particles traversing the radiator material
    Foundational physics of the PICOSEC concept invoked in the abstract.
  • domain assumption Thick reflective photocathodes can emit photoelectrons into the gas gap with usable quantum efficiency
    Central premise for the reflective configuration to function as described.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5396 in / 1225 out tokens · 50227 ms · 2026-05-15T11:49:59.697022+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

59 extracted references · 59 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    http://dx.doi.org/10.17181/CERN.XDPL.W2EX

    The 2021 ECFA Detector Research and Development Roadmap , CERN -ESU-017 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17181/CERN.XDPL.W2EX

    work page doi:10.17181/cern.xdpl.w2ex 2021

  2. [2]

    P. Fonte. Timing RPCs: 25 years. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 1075 (2025) 170401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.170401

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2025.170401 2025

  3. [3]

    S. An, Y.K. Jo, J.S. Kim, M.M. Kim, D. Hatzifotiadou, M.C.S. Williams, A. Zichichi, R. Zuyeuski, A 20ps timing device - A Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber with 24 gas gaps . Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 594 (2008) 39– 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.06.013

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.06.013 2008

  4. [4]

    W. Riegler. Time response functions and avalanche fluctuations in resistive plate chambers. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 602 (2009) 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.207

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.207 2009

  5. [5]

    Papaevangelou, D

    T. Papaevangelou, D. Desforge, E. Ferrer -Ribas, I. Giomataris, et al., Fast timing for high -rate environments with Micromegas , in: EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 174, EDP Sciences, 2018, p. 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817402002

    work page doi:10.1051/epjconf/201817402002 2018

  6. [6]

    Bortfeldt, F

    J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, C. David, D. Desforge, et al., PICOSEC: Charged particle timing at sub-25 picosecond precision with a Micromegas based detector . Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 903 (2018) 317–325, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.04.033

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.04.033 2018

  7. [7]

    Lisowska, et al

    M. Lisowska, et al. (PICOSEC Collaboration) Photocathode characterization for robust PICOSEC Micromegas precise -timing detectors. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 1072 (2025) 170151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2024.170151

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2024.170151 2025

  8. [9]

    Kallistopoulo et al

    A. Kallistopoulo et al. (PICOSEC Collaboration). Optimizing the PICOSEC Micromegas Detector Technology for Precise Timin g Applications . Presented at VCI 2025 Vienna. – 12 – https://indico.cern.ch/event/1386009/contributions/6279034/attachments/3018189/5325021/VC I-2025-Kallitsopoulou-PICOSEC.pdf

    work page arXiv 2025

  9. [10]

    Gnanvo et al

    K. Gnanvo et al. (PICOSEC Collaboration). µRWELL-PICOSEC: Precision Timing with Resistive Micro-Well Detector. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.10137

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.10137

  10. [11]

    Breskin, CsI history and mystery

    A. Breskin, CsI history and mystery. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 371 (1996) 116 -136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)01145-5

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(95)01145-5 1996

  11. [12]

    C., Dias T

    Escada J., Coelho L. C., Dias T. H., Lopes J. A., Dos Santos J. M. & Breskin A. Measurements of photoelectron extraction efficiency from CsI into mixtures of Ne with CH 4, CF4, CO2 and N2. 2009 JINST 4 P11025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/11/P11025

    work page doi:10.1088/1748-0221/4/11/p11025 2009

  12. [13]

    Boutboul, A

    T. Boutboul, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, E. Klein, A. Braem, G. Lion, P. Miné, On the surface morphology of thin alkali halide photocathode films. Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A438 (1999) 409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00822-0

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00822-0 1999

  13. [14]

    Shefer, A

    B.K.Singh, E. Shefer, A. Breskin, R. Chechik and N. Avraham. CsBr and CsI UV photocathodes: New results on QE and aging. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A454 (2000) 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(00)00485-X

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00485-x 2000

  14. [15]

    Vavra, A

    J. Vavra, A. Breskin, A. Buzulutskov, R. Chechik and E. Shefer, Study of CsI photocathodes: volume resistivity and aging. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A387 (1997) 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(96)00980-1

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00980-1 1997

  15. [17]

    Boutboul, A

    T. Boutboul, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, A. Braem and G. Lion. UV photo-absorption measurements in alkali iodide and CsBr evaporated films , J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) 7896. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.367967

    work page doi:10.1063/1.367967 1998

  16. [18]

    Boutboul, A

    T. Boutboul, A. Akkerman, A. Breskin and R. Chechik. Escape length of UV -induced photoelectrons in alkali iodide and CsBr evaporated films . J. Appl. Phys.84 (1998) 2890. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.368395

    work page doi:10.1063/1.368395 1998

  17. [19]

    Lu and K

    C. Lu and K. T. McDonald, Properties of reflective and semitransparent CsI photocathodes . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 343, 135 (1994). https://doi- org.ezproxy.weizmann.ac.il/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90543-6

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(94)90543-6 1994

  18. [20]

    Boutboul, A

    T. Boutboul, A. Akkerman, A. Gibrekhterman, A. Breskin and R. Chechik. An improved model for UV - and X -ray-induced electron emission from CsI. J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 5841. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.371601

    work page doi:10.1063/1.371601 1999

  19. [21]

    Piantanida; A

    G. Piantanida; A. Breskin; R. Chechik; O. Katz; A. Laikhtman; A. Hoffman; C. Coluzza. Effect of moderate heating on the negative electron affinity and photoyield of air -exposed hydrogen- terminated chemical vapor deposited diamond. J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8259 –8264 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1368395

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1368395 2001

  20. [22]

    Brunbauer, C

    F.M. Brunbauer, C. Chatterjee, G. Cicala, A. Cicuttin, M.L. Crespo, D. D’Ago, S.Dalla Torre, S . Dasgupta, M. Gregori, S. Levorato, T. Ligonzo, M. Lisowska, M.S. Leone, R. Rai, L. Ropelew ski, F. Tessarotto, Triloki, A. Valentini, L. Velardi. Study of nanodiamond photocathodes for MPGD-based detectors of single photons. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 1048 (2023) 16...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2023.168014 2023

  21. [23]

    Cozza et al

    D. Cozza et al. (CERN-ALICE). The CSI-based RICH detector array for the identification of high momentum particles in ALICE. Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A 502 (2003) 101 –107 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(02)02163-0

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(02)02163-0 2003

  22. [24]

    Oed, Position-sensitive detector with microstrip anode for electron multiplication with gases

    A. Oed, Position-sensitive detector with microstrip anode for electron multiplication with gases. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 263 (1988) 351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90970-9 – 13 –

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(88)90970-9 1988

  23. [25]

    Dangendorf, G

    V. Dangendorf, G. Laczko, M. Reginatto, D. Vartsky, M. Goldberg, I. Mor, A. Breskin, R. Chechik. Detectors for time-of-flight fast-neutron radiography 1. Neutron-counting gas detector. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 542 (2005) 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.100

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.100 2005

  24. [26]

    Schössler, T

    S. Schössler, T. Fořt, J. Sobota, N. Hay, J. Milnes and O. Jagutzki, A reconfigurable Micro - channel plate “RSP” detector for wide -range application in charged particle detection. 2023 JINST 18 P04016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04016

    work page doi:10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04016 2023

  25. [28]

    Ghosh, L

    D.S. Ghosh, L. Martinez, S. Giurgola, P. Vergani and V. Pruneri. Widely transparent electrodes based on ultrathin metals. Opt. Lett. 34, 325-327 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.000325

    work page doi:10.1364/ol.34.000325 2009

  26. [30]

    Breskin, G

    A. Breskin, G. Charpak and F. Sauli. Low pressure drift chambers for heavily ionizing particles. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 119, 7 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(74)90727-7

    work page doi:10.1016/0029-554x(74)90727-7 1974

  27. [32]

    Eyal and H

    Y. Eyal and H. Stelzer. Two-dimensional position sensitive transmission parallel plate avalanche counter. Nucl Instrum. Methods 155 (1978) 157 -164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029- 554X(78)90199-4

    work page doi:10.1016/0029- 1978

  28. [33]

    Breskin, R

    A. Breskin, R. Chechik and N. Zwang. Heavy ion timing with very low pressure MWPC's. Nucl Instrum. Methods 165, 125 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(79)90316-1

    work page doi:10.1016/0029-554x(79)90316-1 1979

  29. [35]

    Breskin, E

    A. Breskin, E. Shefer, R. Chechik and A. Pansky, On the two-stage operation mechanism of low- pressure microstrip gas chambers. Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A345, (1994) 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90989-X

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(94)90989-x 1994

  30. [36]

    Anderson, S

    D.F. Anderson, S. Kwan, M. Salomon. A low -pressure, micro-strip gas chamber operated with secondary-electron emission. Nucl. Instrum. Meth A346(1994)102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90692-0

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(94)90692-0 1994

  31. [37]

    Breskin, R

    A. Breskin, R. Chechik, G. Garty, A. Pansky, E. Shefer, S.F. Biagi. On the high gain operation of low -pressure microdot gas avalanche chambers. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 394 (1997) 21 -26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00641-4

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00641-4 1997

  32. [38]

    Chechik, A

    R. Chechik, A. Breskin, G. Garty, J. Mattout, F. Sauli and E. Shefer. First results on the GEM operated at low gas pressures , Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 419 (1988) 423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(98)00859-6

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00859-6 1988

  33. [39]

    Pancin, B

    J. Pancin, B. Fernandez, S. Damoy, M. Kebbiri, T. Papaevangelou, M. Riallotc. Micromegas at low pressure for beam tracking. 2012 JINST 7 C03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748- 0221/7/03/C03017

    work page doi:10.1088/1748- 2012

  34. [40]

    Shalem, R

    C.K. Shalem, R. Chechik, A. Breskin, K. Michaeli and N. Ben -Haim; Advances in thick GEM - like gaseous electron multipliers Part II: Low-pressure operation. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A558 (2006) 468-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.219

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.219 2006

  35. [41]

    A. Breskin. Secondary emission gaseous detectors: a new class of radiation imaging detectors. Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Supp.) 44 (1995) 351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5632(95)80054-9

    work page doi:10.1016/s0920-5632(95)80054-9 1995

  36. [42]

    & Chechik R

    Pansky A., Malamud G., Breskin A. & Chechik R. Applications of gaseous electron counting detectors. Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. A323 (1992) 294-308 – 14 – https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90306-O

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(92)90306-o 1992

  37. [43]

    Charpak, R

    G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, Č. Zupančič. The use of multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles. Nucl. Instr. Meth. 62 (1968) 262 -268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6

    work page doi:10.1016/0029-554x(68)90371-6 1968

  38. [44]

    Sauli, Gaseous Radiation Detectors

    F. Sauli, Gaseous Radiation Detectors. Cambridge University Press 2022. ISBN 9781009291200. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009291200

    work page doi:10.1017/9781009291200 2022

  39. [45]

    A. Breskin. Progress in low-pressure gaseous detectors. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 196, 11 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(82)90609-7

    work page doi:10.1016/0029-554x(82)90609-7 1982

  40. [46]

    Polikanov, C.S

    S. Polikanov, C.S. Sastri, G. Hermann, K. Lutzenkirchen, M. Overbeck, N. Trautmann, A. Breskin, R. Chechik and Z. Fraenkel. Search for Supermassive Nuclei in Nature. Zeit. Phys. A338, 357 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1038/337434a0

    work page doi:10.1038/337434a0 1991

  41. [47]

    Lens coupled scintillating screen-CCD X-ray area detector with a high detective quantum efficiency,

    M. Overbeck, A. Breskin, M. Brugger, R. Chechik, Z. Fraenkel, G. Hermann, K. Lutzehkirchen, S. Polikanov, N. Trautmann and Th. Wilpert. A heavy-ion identification system for the detection of rare events , Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A288, 413 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168- 9002(90)90132-P

    work page doi:10.1016/0168- 1990

  42. [48]

    & Zwang N

    Breskin A., Chechik R., Levin I. & Zwang N. Heavy particle timing and imaging with low - pressure MWPCs . Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 217 (1983) 107 -111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167- 5087(83)90116-3

    work page doi:10.1016/0167- 1983

  43. [49]

    Charpak, Crotty, Y

    G. Charpak, Crotty, Y. Giomataris, L. Ropelewski, M.C.S. Williams. A high -rate, high - resolution asymmetric wire chamber with microstrip readout. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A346 (1994) 506-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90585-1

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(94)90585-1 1994

  44. [50]

    Bouclier, J

    R. Bouclier, J. Gaudaen and F. Sauli, The Coated cathode conductive layer chamber, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 310 (1991) 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)91000-L

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(91)91000-l 1991

  45. [52]

    Oed, Properties of micro -strip gas chambers (MSGC) and recent developments

    A. Oed, Properties of micro -strip gas chambers (MSGC) and recent developments. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 367 (1995) 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00657-5

    work page doi:10.1016/0168-9002(95)00657-5 1995

  46. [53]

    Sauli et al

    F. Sauli et al. (CERN RD -28 Collaboration). Development of microstrip gas chambers for radiation detection and tracking at high rates: final status report. CERN-LHCC-96-018 and references therein. https://cds.cern.ch/record/333967/files/cm-p00047758.pdf

    work page

  47. [54]

    Sauli, Micro-pattern Gaseous Detectors: Principles Of Operation And Applications

    F. Sauli, Micro-pattern Gaseous Detectors: Principles Of Operation And Applications . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company (2020). ISBN: 9789811222238, 9811222231 and references therein. https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/11882

    work page doi:10.1142/11882 2020

  48. [55]

    Carruthers, Mesh-based semitransparent photocathodes

    G.F. Carruthers, Mesh-based semitransparent photocathodes. Appl. Opt. I4 (1975) 1667 -1672. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.14.001667

    work page doi:10.1364/ao.14.001667 1975

  49. [56]

    Rabus, U

    H. Rabus, U. Kroth, M. Richter, G. Ulm, J. Friese, R. Gernhäuser, A. Kastenmüller, P. Maier - Komor, K. Zeitelhack, . Nucl. Instr. Meth. A438 (1999) 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168- 9002(99)00665-8

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168- 1999

  50. [57]

    H. H. Li. Refractive index of alkaline earth halides and its wavelength and temperature derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 161–290 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555616

    work page doi:10.1063/1.555616 1980

  51. [58]

    Maggi, A

    M. Maggi, A. Pellecchia, A. Ranieri, C. Roskas, A. Sharma, M. Tytgat, I. Vai and P. Verwilligen, Development and performance of a fast-timing micro-pattern gaseous detector (FTM) for future collider experiments and medical diagnostics. 2022 JINST 17 C02016 and references therein. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/C02016

    work page doi:10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02016 2022

  52. [59]

    Shefer, Low-Pressure Operation of Microstrip Gas Chambers

    E. Shefer, Low-Pressure Operation of Microstrip Gas Chambers . M.Sc. Thesis; Weizmann Institute of Science (1994). https://doi.org/10.34933/0baz-m773 – 15 –

    work page doi:10.34933/0baz-m773 1994

  53. [60]

    V., Breskin A., Chechik R., Veloso J

    Lyashenko A. V., Breskin A., Chechik R., Veloso J. F. C. A., Dos Santos S. J. M. F. & Amaro F. D. Development of high-gain gaseous photomultipliers for the visible spectral range. 2009 JINST 4 P07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/07/P07005

    work page doi:10.1088/1748-0221/4/07/p07005 2009

  54. [61]

    & Shefer E

    Breskin A., Buzulutskov A., Chechik R., Prager M. & Shefer E. Evidence for thin-film protection of visible photocathodes. Applied Physics Letters. 69 (1996) 1008 -1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117968

    work page doi:10.1063/1.117968 1996

  55. [62]

    & Chechik R

    Buzulutskov A., Breskin A. & Chechik R. Photoemission through thin dielectric coating films. Journal of Applied Physics. 81(1997) 466-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364082

    work page doi:10.1063/1.364082 1997

  56. [63]

    K., Cohen H

    Shefer E., Breskin A., Boutboul T., Chechik R., Singh B. K., Cohen H. & Feldman I. Photoelectron transport in CsI and CsBr coating films of alkali antimonide and CsI photocathodes. Journal of Applied Physics. 92 (2002) 4758 -4771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1505684

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1505684 2002

  57. [64]

    & Prager M

    Breskin A., Buzulutskov A., Shefer E., Chechik R. & Prager M. Removable organic protective coating for alkali -antimonide photocathodes. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A413 (1998) 275 -280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(98)00547-6

    work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00547-6 1998

  58. [65]

    Wang, G., Yang, P., Moody, N.A. et al. Overcoming the quantum efficiency-lifetime trade-off of photocathodes by coating with atomically thin two -dimensional nanomaterials. npj 2D Mater Appl 2, 17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-018-0062-6

    work page doi:10.1038/s41699-018-0062-6 2018

  59. [66]

    Guo, L., Liu, F., Koyama, K. et al. Rugged bialkali photocathodes encapsulated with graphene and thin metal film. Sci Rep 13, 2412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29374-6

    work page doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29374-6 2023