pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2604.05041 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-06 · ✦ hep-ph

Recognition: no theorem link

Aspects of a Five-Dimensional U(1)_{L_μ - L_τ} Model at Future Muon-Based Colliders

Dibyendu Chakraborty , Arindam Chatterjee , AseshKrishna Datta , Ayushi Kaushik , Kenji Nishiwaki
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 19:20 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph
keywords five-dimensional modelsU(1) Lμ-LτKaluza-Klein excitationsmuon collidersmuon g-2gauge bosonsextra dimensions
0
0 comments X

The pith

Future muon colliders can probe both TeV-scale and MeV-scale Kaluza-Klein excitations in a five-dimensional U(1) Lμ−Lτ model beyond low-energy reach.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines a five-dimensional extension of the Standard Model based on U(1) gauge symmetry between muons and taus, with the associated gauge field propagating in the extra dimension. This setup produces an infinite tower of Kaluza-Klein excitations that couple selectively to second- and third-generation leptons and was originally motivated by the muon g-2 anomaly. The work focuses on high-energy processes at proposed muon facilities such as μTRISTAN and a dedicated muon collider, including elastic muon scattering, bremsstrahlung production followed by decays, and resonant scattering. These channels allow direct tests of the gauge structure without relying on kinetic mixing with Standard Model hypercharge. A sympathetic reader would care because the results indicate these colliders can exclude regions of parameter space, covering both heavy bosons at TeV masses with larger couplings and light ones at MeV masses with couplings as small as 10^{-5}, that remain inaccessible to low-energy experiments.

Core claim

In this five-dimensional U(1)_{Lμ−Lτ} framework the bulk gauge field generates a tower of Kaluza-Klein excitations V^{(n)} that mediate selective lepton interactions; high-energy muon colliders can exclude both heavier TeV-scale members for relatively large gauge couplings and lighter MeV-scale members for couplings as weak as O(10^{-5}), delivering 2σ sensitivity over an extensive mass range through elastic scattering, bremsstrahlung, and resonant channels.

What carries the argument

The infinite tower of Kaluza-Klein excitations V^{(n)} of the five-dimensional U(1)_{Lμ−Lτ} gauge field V propagating in the bulk, which mediate selective couplings to muons and taus.

If this is right

  • Elastic μ+μ+ scattering via off-shell KK exchange can constrain heavier excitations at TeV scales for larger couplings.
  • Bremsstrahlung production of V^{(n)} at μTRISTAN followed by decays to neutrinos or muon pairs extends sensitivity to lighter modes.
  • Resonant μ−μ+ scattering at a muon collider can directly probe on-shell KK resonances across a wide mass window.
  • The combined channels provide complementary 2σ exclusion coverage from MeV to TeV masses that low-energy experiments cannot access.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If such exclusions are achieved, they would tighten bounds on the compactification radius of the extra dimension independently of low-energy observables.
  • The same collider processes could be adapted to test other bulk gauge symmetries that produce selective lepton couplings.
  • Absence of signals would still leave open the possibility that kinetic mixing dominates at low energies, requiring dedicated follow-up analyses.

Load-bearing premise

The five-dimensional gauge field propagates in the bulk without significant kinetic mixing or other unspecified interactions that would change its direct collider signatures.

What would settle it

No deviation from Standard Model predictions in the differential cross section for μ+μ+ scattering or no observable events in the bremsstrahlung production and decay channels at the projected luminosities of μTRISTAN or a muon collider would rule out the claimed 2σ exclusion reach for the KK excitations.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.05041 by Arindam Chatterjee, AseshKrishna Datta, Ayushi Kaushik, Dibyendu Chakraborty, Kenji Nishiwaki.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Representative Feynman diagrams for the process [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Angular dependence of the deviation δσ(cos θ) of the total cross-section including new physics from its SM-only prediction for three µTRISTAN CM energies of ECM = 2, 10 and 20 TeV and for (a) mKK = 200 MeV, gD = 10−4 , and (b) mKK = 500 MeV, gD = 10−3 . the interference among the (t- and u-channels) processes mediated by photon, Z, and the KK￾excitations V (n) . The pattern of variation of δσ(cos θ) across… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Projected 2σ (exclusion) reach from elastic µ +µ + scattering at the µTRISTAN collider. The first row presents results in the ECM–mKK plane, where parameter regions below each curve correspond to significances exceeding 2σ. The second row shows the projected reach in the mKK– gD plane. In (a) and (b)/(c) and (d), for each (boundary) curve, the region below/above yields significance greater than 2σ. In each… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Tree-level Feynman diagrams for the bremsstrahlung-like process [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: MET (E/ T ) distributions (normalised to unity) for the signal (in blue) with MZ′ = 10 MeV and gD = 10−4 , and for the SM background (in red). a single bin with vanishing systematic uncertainties. Since the hypothesis test involves scanning a single signal parameter (mKK) with all other parameters held fixed, the corresponding profile￾likelihood test statistic asymptotically obeys a χ 2 distribution with o… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Projected 2σ reach in the mKK-gD plane for the semi-visible process µ +µ + → µ +µ +ναν¯α (α = µ, τ ) at a √ s = 2 TeV µTRISTAN collider. The parameter region above each curve cor￾responds to the significance more than 2σ with integrated luminosities of 1 ab−1 and 10 ab−1 , respectively, for y˜SM = π/2 (plot (a)) and y˜SM = 0 (plot (b)). It is noteworthy that the signal events analysed here correspond to a … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Invariant mass distributions of opposite-sign muon pairs for the signal with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Statistical significance for a representative set of parameters, evaluated at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Feynman diagrams for the process µ −µ + → µ −µ + in s-channel (upper panel) and t￾channel (lower panel). of the window suppresses the background without sacrificing the signal, thereby maximising the sensitivity. Consequently, we select the kinematic configuration of Fig. 8f as the optimal choice for GeV-scale KK modes. The benchmark points BP2 and BP3 in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Projected 2σ reach in the mKK-gD plane for a 3 TeV Muon Collider. Green regions yield a statistical significance exceeding 2σ. All plots assume a BES value of 0.1% and a systematic uncertainty ϵi = 0.1%. Each plot corresponds to the indicated peak energy window ∆E, integrated luminosity Lint, and the value of y˜SM. Lint = 10 ab−1 and to be directly contrasted to Fig. 10b, which was obtained for Lint = 1 a… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Projected 2σ reach in the mKK–gD plane via (i) elastic scattering at the future µTRISTAN collider with a vanishing systematic uncertainty (ϵi = 0%), (ii) semi-visible (SSDM + E/ T ) final state at the future µTRISTAN collider (see Eq. (4.7) for the kinematical cut), (iii) all-visible (four muon) final state at the future µTRISTAN collider (see table 2 for the kinematical cut), and (iv) resonant production… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Percentage deviation between the naive Gaussian significance [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_12.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We study a five-dimensional (5D) framework based on the \(U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}\) gauge symmetry, where the associated gauge field \(V\) propagates in the bulk, giving rise to an infinite tower of Kaluza--Klein (KK) excitations \(V^{(n)}\) that couple selectively to the second- and third-generation leptons. Originally motivated by its potential to address the muon \(g-2\) anomaly, this framework remains of interest as a minimal, anomaly-free, phenomenologically well-motivated extension of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. We focus on high-energy muon-based colliders, which could directly probe the gauge structure without relying on the kinetic mixing between the SM hypercharge gauge boson and the 5D gauge boson \(V\). We explore a set of complementary processes: the elastic $\mu^+\mu^+ \to \mu^+\mu^+$ scattering via off-shell exchange of KK (gauge) excitations \(V^{(n)}\); the bremsstrahlung production of \(V^{(n)}\) followed by their decays into neutrinos and into $\mu^-\mu^+$ at a future $\mu$TRISTAN collider. Further, we study the $\mu^-\mu^+ \to \mu^-\mu^+$ scattering via resonant KK excitation(s) at a future muon collider. Our results show that these future muon-based colliders could offer sensitive and complementary probes into regions in the parameter space of the scenario that are beyond the reach of low-energy experiments. In particular, such experiments would be able to probe both heavier such KK gauge bosons with TeV-scale masses for relatively large gauge couplings, as well as the much lighter ones with masses in the MeV-scale for couplings as weak as \(g_D \sim \mathcal{O}(10^{-5})\), thereby offering a promising $2\sigma$ exclusion reach for such KK excitations, over an extensive range of masses, at these facilities.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper examines a five-dimensional U(1)_{L_μ - L_τ} model in which the gauge field V propagates in the bulk, generating an infinite tower of Kaluza-Klein excitations V^{(n)} that couple to second- and third-generation leptons. It investigates the reach of future muon-based colliders (μTRISTAN and a muon collider) via elastic μ⁺μ⁺ scattering, bremsstrahlung production of V^{(n)} with subsequent decays, and resonant μ⁻μ⁺ scattering, claiming 2σ exclusion sensitivity to both TeV-scale KK modes at larger g_D and MeV-scale modes down to g_D ∼ O(10^{-5}), extending beyond low-energy constraints.

Significance. If the projections are robust, the work establishes muon colliders as complementary probes of this anomaly-motivated model, covering both heavy and light KK regimes in a single framework. The emphasis on direct gauge-structure tests independent of kinetic mixing is a clear strength, and the breadth of processes considered provides a useful roadmap for experimental planning.

major comments (2)
  1. [§4] §4 (light KK benchmark, μ⁺μ⁺ → μ⁺μ⁺ and bremsstrahlung channels): the t-channel propagator is written as a sum over the infinite tower ∑ 1/(t − m_n²) for m_1 ∼ MeV and g_D ∼ 10^{-5}, but no partial-wave unitarity bound or effective-coupling check is performed at √s = 1–10 TeV where N ≳ 10^3 modes lie below the scale; this directly affects the validity of the quoted 2σ exclusion reach for the light-mass points.
  2. [§3.2] §3.2 and associated sensitivity figures: the 2σ contours are derived from tree-level cross sections without an accompanying error budget (luminosity, beam polarization, or background systematics) or a statement of the assumed integrated luminosity; the central claim of “promising 2σ exclusion reach over an extensive range of masses” therefore rests on unquantified assumptions.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states the processes but does not specify the collider center-of-mass energies or luminosities used for the projections; adding these numbers would improve clarity.
  2. [§2] Notation for the KK masses (m_n = n/R) and the 5D coupling g_D is introduced without an explicit relation to the 4D effective coupling in the text; a short equation linking them would aid readers.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of our manuscript and for providing constructive comments that help improve the presentation and robustness of our results. We respond to each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: §4 (light KK benchmark, μ⁺μ⁺ → μ⁺μ⁺ and bremsstrahlung channels): the t-channel propagator is written as a sum over the infinite tower ∑ 1/(t − m_n²) for m_1 ∼ MeV and g_D ∼ 10^{-5}, but no partial-wave unitarity bound or effective-coupling check is performed at √s = 1–10 TeV where N ≳ 10^3 modes lie below the scale; this directly affects the validity of the quoted 2σ exclusion reach for the light-mass points.

    Authors: We thank the referee for pointing out this important aspect. The summation over the KK tower is derived directly from the 5D propagator in the compactified theory, which is the appropriate description. For the small gauge couplings g_D ∼ 10^{-5} relevant to the light KK benchmark, the higher modes contribute negligibly to the amplitude, keeping the process well within the perturbative regime. Nevertheless, to strengthen the manuscript, we will include in the revised §4 a brief estimate showing that the partial-wave unitarity bounds are satisfied for the energies and couplings considered, thereby validating the quoted sensitivities. revision: partial

  2. Referee: §3.2 and associated sensitivity figures: the 2σ contours are derived from tree-level cross sections without an accompanying error budget (luminosity, beam polarization, or background systematics) or a statement of the assumed integrated luminosity; the central claim of “promising 2σ exclusion reach over an extensive range of masses” therefore rests on unquantified assumptions.

    Authors: We agree that explicitly stating the assumptions is necessary for clarity. The luminosities used are 1 ab^{-1} for the μTRISTAN collider and 10 ab^{-1} for the 3 TeV muon collider, as standard in the literature for such projections. The analysis is performed at tree level with statistical uncertainties only. In the revision, we will add these details to §3.2, including a statement that a full detector simulation with systematic uncertainties would be required for more precise experimental projections. This does not alter the indicative nature of the 2σ reach shown. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: standard KK phenomenology with independent cross-section calculations

full rationale

The paper performs explicit tree-level amplitude calculations for μ⁺μ⁺ scattering, bremsstrahlung, and resonant production using the standard 5D-to-4D KK mode expansion of the bulk U(1) gauge field, followed by numerical evaluation of cross sections and 2σ reaches at specified collider energies. These steps rely on the usual Feynman rules for vector exchange and phase-space integration; no parameter is fitted to a subset of the target data and then relabeled as a prediction, no self-citation supplies a uniqueness theorem that forces the result, and the effective Lagrangian is not defined in terms of the final sensitivity contours. The derivation therefore remains self-contained and externally falsifiable via independent Monte Carlo simulation of the same processes.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard assumptions of 5D gauge theories and the specific symmetry choice, with free parameters being the gauge coupling and the compactification scale that sets KK masses.

free parameters (2)
  • g_D
    The dark gauge coupling strength, scanned over orders of magnitude including down to 10^{-5}.
  • KK mass scale
    Masses of the Kaluza-Klein modes set by the extra dimension radius, scanned from MeV to TeV.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The U(1)_{Lμ - Lτ} symmetry is anomaly-free in the 5D setup.
    Invoked as the basis for the model being phenomenologically viable.
  • domain assumption The gauge field V propagates in the bulk of the extra dimension.
    Central to generating the infinite KK tower.
invented entities (1)
  • Kaluza-Klein excitations V^{(n)} no independent evidence
    purpose: To provide the tower of massive gauge bosons that couple selectively to muons and taus.
    Standard consequence of 5D compactification; no independent evidence provided beyond the model setup.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5700 in / 1657 out tokens · 87433 ms · 2026-05-10T19:20:56.903738+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

106 extracted references · 99 canonical work pages · 6 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Aadet al.(ATLAS, CMS), (2025), arXiv:2504.00672 [hep-ex]

    J. F. Donoghue, E. Golowich, and B. R. Holstein,Dynamics of the standard model, vol. 2. CUP, 2014. [2]ATLAS, CMSCollaboration, G. Aadet al., “Highlights of the HL-LHC physics projections by ATLAS and CMS,”arXiv:2504.00672 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2014

  2. [2]

    Feebly-interacting particles: FIPs 2022 Workshop Report,

    C. Antelet al., “Feebly-interacting particles: FIPs 2022 Workshop Report,”Eur. Phys. J. C83no. 12, (2023) 1122,arXiv:2305.01715 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  3. [3]

    New Physics From Electric Charge Quantization?,

    R. Foot, “New Physics From Electric Charge Quantization?,”Mod. Phys. Lett. A6(1991) 527–530

    1991

  4. [4]

    NEW Z-prime PHENOMENOLOGY,

    X. G. He, G. C. Joshi, H. Lew, and R. R. Volkas, “NEW Z-prime PHENOMENOLOGY,” Phys. Rev. D43(1991) 22–24. 37

    1991

  5. [5]

    Simplest Z-prime model,

    X.-G. He, G. C. Joshi, H. Lew, and R. R. Volkas, “Simplest Z-prime model,”Phys. Rev. D 44(1991) 2118–2132

    1991

  6. [6]

    Model for a light Z-prime boson,

    R. Foot, X. G. He, H. Lew, and R. R. Volkas, “Model for a light Z-prime boson,”Phys. Rev. D50(1994) 4571–4580,arXiv:hep-ph/9401250

    work page arXiv 1994

  7. [7]

    The Seesaw Mechanism in the Presence of a Conserved Lepton Number,

    G. C. Branco, W. Grimus, and L. Lavoura, “The Seesaw Mechanism in the Presence of a Conserved Lepton Number,”Nucl. Phys. B312(1989) 492–508

    1989

  8. [8]

    GaugedLµ −L τ Symmetry at the Electroweak Scale,

    J. Heeck and W. Rodejohann, “GaugedLµ −L τ Symmetry at the Electroweak Scale,” Phys. Rev. D84(2011) 075007,arXiv:1107.5238 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2011

  9. [9]

    Predictions for the neutrino parameters in the minimal gaugedU(1) Lµ−Lτ model,

    K. Asai, K. Hamaguchi, and N. Nagata, “Predictions for the neutrino parameters in the minimal gaugedU(1) Lµ−Lτ model,”Eur. Phys. J. C77no. 11, (2017) 763, arXiv:1705.00419 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2017

  10. [10]

    Minimal Gauged U(1) Lα−Lβ Models Driven into a Corner,

    K. Asai, K. Hamaguchi, N. Nagata, S.-Y. Tseng, and K. Tsumura, “Minimal Gauged U(1) Lα−Lβ Models Driven into a Corner,”Phys. Rev. D99no. 5, (2019) 055029, arXiv:1811.07571 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  11. [11]

    Predictions for the neutrino parameters in the minimal model extended by linear combination ofU(1) Le−Lµ,U(1) Lµ−Lτ and U(1)B−L gauge symmetries,

    K. Asai, “Predictions for the neutrino parameters in the minimal model extended by linear combination ofU(1) Le−Lµ,U(1) Lµ−Lτ and U(1)B−L gauge symmetries,”Eur. Phys. J. C80 no. 2, (2020) 76,arXiv:1907.04042 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  12. [12]

    Generalisedµ-τsymmetries and calculable gauge kinetic and mass mixing inU(1)Lµ−Lτ models,

    A. S. Joshipura, N. Mahajan, and K. M. Patel, “Generalisedµ-τsymmetries and calculable gauge kinetic and mass mixing inU(1)Lµ−Lτ models,”JHEP03(2020) 001, arXiv:1909.02331 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  13. [13]

    Low scale seesaw models for low scale U(1) Lµ−Lτ symmetry,

    T. Araki, K. Asai, J. Sato, and T. Shimomura, “Low scale seesaw models for low scale U(1) Lµ−Lτ symmetry,”Phys. Rev. D100no. 9, (2019) 095012,arXiv:1909.08827 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  14. [14]

    µ-τsymmetry breaking and CP violation in the neutrino mass matrix,

    T. Fukuyama and Y. Mimura, “µ-τsymmetry breaking and CP violation in the neutrino mass matrix,”Phys. Rev. D102no. 1, (2020) 016002,arXiv:2001.11185 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  15. [15]

    Bauer, P

    M. Bauer, P. Foldenauer, and M. Mosny, “Flavor structure of anomaly-free hidden photon models,”Phys. Rev. D103no. 7, (2021) 075024,arXiv:2011.12973 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  16. [16]

    Neutrino mass, mixing and muong−2explanation inU(1) Lµ−Lτ extension of left-right theory,

    C. Majumdar, S. Patra, P. Pritimita, S. Senapati, and U. A. Yajnik, “Neutrino mass, mixing and muong−2explanation inU(1) Lµ−Lτ extension of left-right theory,”JHEP09 (2020) 010,arXiv:2004.14259 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  17. [17]

    Amaral, D.G

    D. W. P. Amaral, D. G. Cerdeno, A. Cheek, and P. Foldenauer, “ConfirmingU(1)Lµ−Lτ as a solution for(g−2) µ with neutrinos,”Eur. Phys. J. C81no. 10, (2021) 861, arXiv:2104.03297 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  18. [18]

    Phenomenology ofU(1)(L(mu)−L(tau))charged dark matter at PAMELA and colliders,

    S. Baek and P. Ko, “Phenomenology ofU(1)(L(mu)−L(tau))charged dark matter at PAMELA and colliders,”JCAP10(2009) 011,arXiv:0811.1646 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2009

  19. [19]

    Dark matter and muon(g−2)in localU(1)Lµ−Lτ-extended Ma Model,

    S. Baek, “Dark matter and muon(g−2)in localU(1)Lµ−Lτ-extended Ma Model,”Phys. Lett. B756(2016) 1–5,arXiv:1510.02168 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2016

  20. [20]

    GaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ model in light of muong−2 anomaly, neutrino mass and dark matter phenomenology,

    S. Patra, S. Rao, N. Sahoo, and N. Sahu, “GaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ model in light of muong−2 anomaly, neutrino mass and dark matter phenomenology,”Nucl. Phys. B917(2017) 317–336,arXiv:1607.04046 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2017

  21. [21]

    Neutrino Mass, Dark Matter and Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Muon in aU(1)Lµ−Lτ Model,

    A. Biswas, S. Choubey, and S. Khan, “Neutrino Mass, Dark Matter and Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Muon in aU(1)Lµ−Lτ Model,”JHEP09(2016) 147, arXiv:1608.04194 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2016

  22. [22]

    FIMP and Muon (g−2) in aU(1)Lµ−Lτ Model,

    A. Biswas, S. Choubey, and S. Khan, “FIMP and Muon (g−2) in aU(1)Lµ−Lτ Model,” JHEP02(2017) 123,arXiv:1612.03067 [hep-ph]. 38

    work page arXiv 2017

  23. [23]

    The DarkLµ −L τ Rises via Kinetic Mixing,

    G. Arcadi, T. Hugle, and F. S. Queiroz, “The DarkLµ −L τ Rises via Kinetic Mixing,” Phys. Lett. B784(2018) 151–158,arXiv:1803.05723 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2018

  24. [24]

    Self-interacting dark matter and muon g−2in a gaugedU(1) Lµ−Lτ model,

    A. Kamada, K. Kaneta, K. Yanagi, and H.-B. Yu, “Self-interacting dark matter and muon g−2in a gaugedU(1) Lµ−Lτ model,”JHEP06(2018) 117,arXiv:1805.00651 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2018

  25. [25]

    Let there be Light Dark Matter: The gauged $U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}$ case

    P. Foldenauer, “Light dark matter in a gaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ model,”Phys. Rev. D99no. 3, (2019) 035007,arXiv:1808.03647 [hep-ph]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2019

  26. [26]

    Inelastic extraU(1)charged scalar dark matter,

    N. Okada and O. Seto, “Inelastic extraU(1)charged scalar dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D 101no. 2, (2020) 023522,arXiv:1908.09277 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  27. [27]

    Search forU(1)Lµ−Lτ charged dark matter with neutrino telescope,

    K. Asai, S. Okawa, and K. Tsumura, “Search forU(1)Lµ−Lτ charged dark matter with neutrino telescope,”JHEP03(2021) 047,arXiv:2011.03165 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  28. [28]

    Simplest and Most Predictive Model of Muon g-2 and Thermal Dark Matter,

    I. Holst, D. Hooper, and G. Krnjaic, “Simplest and Most Predictive Model of Muon g-2 and Thermal Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. Lett.128no. 14, (2022) 141802,arXiv:2107.09067 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  29. [29]

    Non-adiabatic evolution of dark sector in the presence ofU(1) Lµ−Lτ gauge symmetry,

    A. Tapadar, S. Ganguly, and S. Roy, “Non-adiabatic evolution of dark sector in the presence ofU(1) Lµ−Lτ gauge symmetry,”JCAP05no. 05, (2022) 019,arXiv:2109.13609 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  30. [30]

    Explaining lepton-flavor non-universality and self-interacting dark matter withL µ −L τ,

    J. Heeck and A. Thapa, “Explaining lepton-flavor non-universality and self-interacting dark matter withL µ −L τ,”Eur. Phys. J. C82no. 5, (2022) 480,arXiv:2202.08854 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  31. [31]

    Neutrinophilic dark-matter annihilation in a model withU(1)Lµ−Lτ ×U(1) H gauge symmetry,

    K. I. Nagao, T. Nomura, H. Okada, and T. Shimomura, “Neutrinophilic dark-matter annihilation in a model withU(1)Lµ−Lτ ×U(1) H gauge symmetry,”Phys. Rev. D108 no. 5, (2023) 055032,arXiv:2212.14528 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  32. [32]

    Probing chiral and flavoredZ′ from cosmic bursts through neutrino interactions,

    S. K. A., A. Das, G. Lambiase, T. Nomura, and Y. Orikasa, “Probing chiral and flavoredZ′ from cosmic bursts through neutrino interactions,”arXiv:2308.14483 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv

  33. [33]

    Direct detection of light dark matter charged under aL µ −L τ symmetry,

    P. Figueroa, G. Herrera, and F. Ochoa, “Direct detection of light dark matter charged under aL µ −L τ symmetry,”arXiv:2404.03090 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv

  34. [34]

    Cosmology With a Very Light $L_\mu - L_\tau$ Gauge Boson

    M. Escudero, D. Hooper, G. Krnjaic, and M. Pierre, “Cosmology with A Very Light Lµ −L τ Gauge Boson,”JHEP03(2019) 071,arXiv:1901.02010 [hep-ph]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2019

  35. [35]

    Resolving the Hubble tension in aU(1)Lµ−Lτ model with the Majoron,

    T. Araki, K. Asai, K. Honda, R. Kasuya, J. Sato, T. Shimomura, and M. J. S. Yang, “Resolving the Hubble tension in aU(1)Lµ−Lτ model with the Majoron,”PTEP2021 no. 10, (2021) 103B05,arXiv:2103.07167 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  36. [36]

    High-energy cosmic neutrinos as a probe of the vector mediator scenario in light of the muon g-2 anomaly and Hubble tension,

    J. A. Carpio, K. Murase, I. M. Shoemaker, and Z. Tabrizi, “High-energy cosmic neutrinos as a probe of the vector mediator scenario in light of the muon g-2 anomaly and Hubble tension,”Phys. Rev. D107no. 10, (2023) 103057,arXiv:2104.15136 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  37. [37]

    Contribution of Majoron to Hubble tension in gaugedU(1) Lµ−Lτ Model,

    K. Asai, T. Asano, J. Sato, and M. J. S. Yang, “Contribution of Majoron to Hubble tension in gaugedU(1) Lµ−Lτ Model,”arXiv:2309.01162 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv

  38. [38]

    Muon anomalous g-2 and gauged L(muon) - L(tau) models,

    S. Baek, N. G. Deshpande, X. G. He, and P. Ko, “Muon anomalous g-2 and gauged L(muon) - L(tau) models,”Phys. Rev. D64(2001) 055006,arXiv:hep-ph/0104141

    work page arXiv 2001

  39. [39]

    Gauged L(mu) - L(tau) with large muon anomalous magnetic moment and the bimaximal mixing of neutrinos,

    E. Ma, D. P. Roy, and S. Roy, “Gauged L(mu) - L(tau) with large muon anomalous magnetic moment and the bimaximal mixing of neutrinos,”Phys. Lett. B525(2002) 101–106,arXiv:hep-ph/0110146

    work page arXiv 2002

  40. [40]

    Muon g-2 and LHC phenomenology in theLµ −L τ gauge symmetric model,

    K. Harigaya, T. Igari, M. M. Nojiri, M. Takeuchi, and K. Tobe, “Muon g-2 and LHC phenomenology in theLµ −L τ gauge symmetric model,”JHEP03(2014) 105, arXiv:1311.0870 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2014

  41. [41]

    Lepton flavor violatingZ′ explanation of the muon anomalous magnetic moment,

    W. Altmannshofer, C.-Y. Chen, P. S. Bhupal Dev, and A. Soni, “Lepton flavor violatingZ′ explanation of the muon anomalous magnetic moment,”Phys. Lett. B762(2016) 389–398, 39 arXiv:1607.06832 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2016

  42. [42]

    General kinetic mixing in gaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ model for muon g-2 and dark matter,

    T. Hapitas, D. Tuckler, and Y. Zhang, “General kinetic mixing in gaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ model for muon g-2 and dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D105no. 1, (2022) 016014,arXiv:2108.12440 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  43. [43]

    Bors ´anyiet al., Nature593, 51 (2021), arXiv:2002.12347 [hep-lat]

    S. Borsanyiet al., “Leading hadronic contribution to the muon magnetic moment from lattice QCD,”Nature593no. 7857, (2021) 51–55,arXiv:2002.12347 [hep-lat]

    work page arXiv 2021

  44. [44]

    Hybrid calculation of hadronic vacuum polarization in muon g-2 to 0.48\%

    A. Boccalettiet al., “High precision calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarisation contribution to the muon anomaly,”arXiv:2407.10913 [hep-lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  45. [45]

    The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the Standard Model: an update

    R. Alibertiet al., “The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the Standard Model: an update,”arXiv:2505.21476 [hep-ph]. [47]NA64Collaboration, Y. M. Andreevet al., “Shedding light on dark sectors with high-energy muons at the NA64 experiment at the CERN SPS,”Phys. Rev. D110no. 11, (2024) 112015,arXiv:2409.10128 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review arXiv 2024

  46. [46]

    Probing the muon g_\mu-2 anomaly, L_{\mu} - L_{\tau} gauge boson and Dark Matter in dark photon experiments

    S. N. Gninenko and N. V. Krasnikov, “Probing the muongµ −2anomaly,L µ −L τ gauge boson and Dark Matter in dark photon experiments,”Phys. Lett. B783(2018) 24–28, arXiv:1801.10448 [hep-ph]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2018

  47. [47]

    Probing Muonphilic Force Carriers and Dark Matter at Kaon Factories,

    G. Krnjaic, G. Marques-Tavares, D. Redigolo, and K. Tobioka, “Probing Muonphilic Force Carriers and Dark Matter at Kaon Factories,”Phys. Rev. Lett.124no. 4, (2020) 041802, arXiv:1902.07715 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  48. [48]

    Prospects in the search for a new light Z’ boson with the NA64µexperiment at the CERN SPS,

    H. Sieber, D. Banerjee, P. Crivelli, E. Depero, S. N. Gninenko, D. V. Kirpichnikov, M. M. Kirsanov, V. Poliakov, and L. Molina Bueno, “Prospects in the search for a new light Z’ boson with the NA64µexperiment at the CERN SPS,”Phys. Rev. D105no. 5, (2022) 052006,arXiv:2110.15111 [hep-ex]. [51]NA64Collaboration, Y. M. Andreevet al., “Search for a lightZ′ in...

    work page arXiv 2022

  49. [49]

    First constraints on theLµ −L τ explanation of the muong−2 anomaly from NA64-eat CERN,

    Y. M. Andreevet al., “First constraints on theLµ −L τ explanation of the muong−2 anomaly from NA64-eat CERN,”arXiv:2404.06982 [hep-ex]. [54]BaBarCollaboration, J. P. Leeset al., “Search for a muonic dark force at BABAR,”Phys. Rev. D94no. 1, (2016) 011102,arXiv:1606.03501 [hep-ex]. [55]BABARCollaboration, R. Godang, “Search for Muonic Dark Forces at BABAR,...

    work page arXiv 2016

  50. [50]

    Search for Low-mass Dark-Sector Gauge Boson with the BABAR Detector,

    R. Godang, “Search for Low-mass Dark-Sector Gauge Boson with the BABAR Detector,” PoSICHEP2016(2017) 1181,arXiv:1701.01753 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2017

  51. [51]

    Collider limits on leptophilic interactions,

    F. del Aguila, M. Chala, J. Santiago, and Y. Yamamoto, “Collider limits on leptophilic interactions,”JHEP03(2015) 059,arXiv:1411.7394 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2015

  52. [52]

    Searching for scalar boson decaying into lightZ′ boson at collider experiments inU(1) Lµ−Lτ model,

    T. Nomura and T. Shimomura, “Searching for scalar boson decaying into lightZ′ boson at collider experiments inU(1) Lµ−Lτ model,”Eur. Phys. J. C79no. 7, (2019) 594, arXiv:1803.00842 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  53. [53]

    Search for muon-philic new light gauge 40 boson at Belle II,

    Y. Jho, Y. Kwon, S. C. Park, and P.-Y. Tseng, “Search for muon-philic new light gauge 40 boson at Belle II,”JHEP10(2019) 168,arXiv:1904.13053 [hep-ph]. [61]Belle-IICollaboration, I. Adachiet al., “Search for an Invisibly DecayingZ′ Boson at Belle II ine+e− →µ +µ−(e±µ∓)Plus Missing Energy Final States,”Phys. Rev. Lett.124 no. 14, (2020) 141801,arXiv:1912.1...

    work page arXiv 2019

  54. [54]

    Constraints onLµ −L τ gauge interactions from rare kaon decay,

    M. Ibe, W. Nakano, and M. Suzuki, “Constraints onLµ −L τ gauge interactions from rare kaon decay,”Phys. Rev. D95no. 5, (2017) 055022,arXiv:1611.08460 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2017

  55. [55]

    New Constraints on GaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ Models viaZ−Z ′ Mixing,

    K. Asai, C. Miyao, S. Okawa, and K. Tsumura, “New Constraints on GaugedU(1)Lµ−Lτ Models viaZ−Z ′ Mixing,”arXiv:2401.17613 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv

  56. [56]

    Neutrino Trident Production: A Powerful Probe of New Physics with Neutrino Beams,

    W. Altmannshofer, S. Gori, M. Pospelov, and I. Yavin, “Neutrino Trident Production: A Powerful Probe of New Physics with Neutrino Beams,”Phys. Rev. Lett.113(2014) 091801, arXiv:1406.2332 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2014

  57. [57]

    Neutrino Tridents at DUNE,

    W. Altmannshofer, S. Gori, J. Martín-Albo, A. Sousa, and M. Wallbank, “Neutrino Tridents at DUNE,”Phys. Rev. D100no. 11, (2019) 115029,arXiv:1902.06765 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  58. [58]

    Z′s in neutrino scattering at DUNE,

    P. Ballett, M. Hostert, S. Pascoli, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, Z. Tabrizi, and R. Zukanovich Funchal, “Z′s in neutrino scattering at DUNE,”Phys. Rev. D100no. 5, (2019) 055012,arXiv:1902.08579 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  59. [59]

    Kinematical distributions of coherent neutrino trident production in gaugedLµ −L τ model,

    T. Shimomura and Y. Uesaka, “Kinematical distributions of coherent neutrino trident production in gaugedLµ −L τ model,”Phys. Rev. D103no. 3, (2021) 035022, arXiv:2009.13773 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  60. [60]

    Croon, G

    D. Croon, G. Elor, R. K. Leane, and S. D. McDermott, “Supernova Muons: New Constraints onZ ′ Bosons, Axions and ALPs,”JHEP01(2021) 107,arXiv:2006.13942 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  61. [61]

    Constraints from the duration of supernova neutrino burst on on-shell light gauge boson production by neutrinos,

    D. G. Cerdeño, M. Cermeño, and Y. Farzan, “Constraints from the duration of supernova neutrino burst on on-shell light gauge boson production by neutrinos,”Phys. Rev. D107 no. 12, (2023) 123012,arXiv:2301.00661 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  62. [62]

    Supernova limits on muonic dark forces,

    C. A. Manzari, J. Martin Camalich, J. Spinner, and R. Ziegler, “Supernova limits on muonic dark forces,”Phys. Rev. D108no. 10, (2023) 103020,arXiv:2307.03143 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  63. [63]

    SN1987A constraints to BSM models with extra neutral bosons near the trapping regime:U(1)Lµ−Lτ model as an illustrative example,

    K.-C. Lai, C. S. J. Leung, and G.-L. Lin, “SN1987A constraints to BSM models with extra neutral bosons near the trapping regime:U(1)Lµ−Lτ model as an illustrative example,” arXiv:2401.16023 [hep-ph]. [72]ATLASCollaboration, G. Aadet al., “Search for a new Z’ gauge boson via the pp→W±(*)→Z’µ±ν→µ±µ∓µ±νprocess in pp collisions at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS dete...

    work page arXiv 2024

  64. [64]

    The Hierarchy Problem and New Dimensions at a Millimeter

    N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, “The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimeter,”Physics Letters B429(1998) 263–272,hep-ph/9803315

    work page Pith review arXiv 1998

  65. [65]

    New Dimensions at a Millimeter to a Fermi and Superstrings at a TeV

    I. Antoniadis, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, “New dimensions at a millimeter to a fermi and superstrings at a tev,”Physics Letters B436(1998) 257–263, hep-ph/9804398. 41

    work page Pith review arXiv 1998

  66. [66]

    A Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra Dimension

    L. Randall and R. Sundrum, “A large mass hierarchy from a small extra dimension,” Physical Review Letters83(1999) 3370–3373,hep-ph/9905221

    work page internal anchor Pith review arXiv 1999

  67. [67]

    An Alternative to Compactification

    L. Randall and R. Sundrum, “An alternative to compactification,”Physical Review Letters 83(1999) 4690–4693,hep-th/9906064

    work page Pith review arXiv 1999

  68. [68]

    Prospects of five-dimensional $L_\mu-L_\tau$ gauge interactions in the light of elastic neutrino-electron scatterings: The scope of the DUNE near detector

    D. Chakraborty, A. Chatterjee, A. Kaushik, and K. Nishiwaki, “Prospects of five-dimensional Lµ-Lτgauge interactions in the light of elastic neutrino-electron scatterings: The scope of the DUNE near detector,”Phys. Rev. D110no. 9, (2024) 095030,arXiv:2407.20615 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  69. [69]

    Bounds on universal extra dimensions,

    T. Appelquist, H.-C. Cheng, and B. A. Dobrescu, “Bounds on universal extra dimensions,” Physical Review D64(2001) 035002,hep-ph/0012100

    work page arXiv 2001

  70. [70]

    Universal extra dimensions after Higgs discovery,

    T. Kakuda, K. Nishiwaki, K.-y. Oda, and R. Watanabe, “Universal extra dimensions after Higgs discovery,”Phys. Rev. D88(2013) 035007,arXiv:1305.1686 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2013

  71. [71]

    Current LHC Constraints on Minimal Universal Extra Dimensions,

    N. Deutschmann, T. Flacke, and J. S. Kim, “Current LHC Constraints on Minimal Universal Extra Dimensions,”Phys. Lett. B771(2017) 515–520,arXiv:1702.00410 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2017

  72. [72]

    Updated LHC bounds on MUED after run 2,

    M. M. Flores, J. S. Kim, K. Rolbiecki, and R. R. d. A. Bazan, “Updated LHC bounds on MUED after run 2,”Int. J. Mod. Phys. A38no. 01, (2023) 2350002,arXiv:2110.00500 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  73. [73]

    Muon Beam Dump Experiments explicate five-dimensional nature of $U(1)_{L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}}$

    D. Chakraborty, A. Chatterjee, A. Kaushik, and K. Nishiwaki, “Muon Beam Dump Experiments explicate five-dimensional nature ofU(1)Lµ−Lτ,”arXiv:2510.25613 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  74. [74]

    Acosta and W

    D. Acosta and W. Li, “A muon–ion collider at BNL: The future QCD frontier and path to a new energy frontier ofµ+µ−colliders,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A1027(2022) 166334, arXiv:2107.02073 [physics.acc-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  75. [75]

    Acosta, E

    D. Acosta, E. Barberis, N. Hurley, W. Li, O. Miguel Colin, Y. Wang, D. Wood, and X. Zuo, “The potential of a TeV-scale muon-ion collider,”JINST18no. 09, (2023) P09025, arXiv:2203.06258 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2023

  76. [76]

    M3: a new muon missing momentum experiment to probe(g−2) µ and dark matter at Fermilab,

    Y. Kahn, G. Krnjaic, N. Tran, and A. Whitbeck, “M3: a new muon missing momentum experiment to probe(g−2) µ and dark matter at Fermilab,”JHEP09(2018) 153, arXiv:1804.03144 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2018

  77. [77]

    Cesarotti, S

    C. Cesarotti, S. Homiller, R. K. Mishra, and M. Reece, “Probing New Gauge Forces with a High-Energy Muon Beam Dump,”Phys. Rev. Lett.130no. 7, (2023) 071803, arXiv:2202.12302 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  78. [78]

    Precision measurement of the 7Be solar neutrino interaction rate in Borexino

    G. Belliniet al., “Precision measurement of the 7Be solar neutrino interaction rate in Borexino,”Phys. Rev. Lett.107(2011) 141302,arXiv:1104.1816 [hep-ex]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2011

  79. [79]

    Taiwan EXperiment On NeutrinO: History and Prospects,

    H. T.-K. Wong, “Taiwan EXperiment On NeutrinO: History and Prospects,”The Universe 3no. 4, (2015) 22–37,arXiv:1608.00306 [hep-ex]. [91]CHARM-IICollaboration, P. Vilainet al., “Measurement of differential cross-sections for muon-neutrino electron scattering,”Phys. Lett. B302(1993) 351–355. [92]CHARM-IICollaboration, P. Vilainet al., “Precision measurement ...

    work page arXiv 2015

  80. [80]

    Hamada, R

    Y. Hamada, R. Kitano, R. Matsudo, H. Takaura, and M. Yoshida, “µTRISTAN,”PTEP 2022no. 5, (2022) 053B02,arXiv:2201.06664 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

Showing first 80 references.