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arxiv: 2604.11566 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-13 · 💻 cs.CY · cs.HC

A Cross-Country Evaluation of Sentiment Toward Digital Payment Systems in Africa

Isabel Agadagba , Triphonia Kilasara , Takudzwa Tarutira , Noah Shumba , Nicolas Christin , Obigbemi Imoleayo Foyeke , Assane Gueye , Edith Luhanga
show 3 more authors
Alexander Rusero Karen Sowon Giulia Fanti
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 15:25 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CY cs.HC
keywords digital paymentsAfricauser trustmobile moneyCBDCqualitative studypayment selectionscams
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The pith

Users in three African countries trust governments to block scams but doubt their ability to deliver reliable payment systems.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper draws on interviews across Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe to map how people pick among mobile money, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies. It shows that most users keep several accounts and switch between them depending on the transaction type, weighing costs against concerns over privacy, security, and who runs the service. A central pattern is that people credit government issuers with protecting against fraud yet see the same issuers as unlikely to build convenient or customer-focused products. These observations matter because digital payments now handle everyday finance for many on the continent, and systems that overlook these specific tradeoffs risk low adoption.

Core claim

Qualitative interviews reveal that users navigate digital payment categories by balancing perceived utility, privacy, and security. Many express trust in government issuers specifically for scam protection, while expressing skepticism that those same issuers will produce reliable, user-centered systems or prioritize satisfaction. Most participants maintain accounts on multiple platforms and apply a deliberate selection process for different payments, influenced by financial factors as well as security, privacy, and trust considerations.

What carries the argument

Cross-country qualitative interviews that surface tradeoffs in trust, security, privacy, and utility when users select among payment system categories.

Load-bearing premise

Self-reported preferences from a limited set of interviewees in three countries accurately capture wider population behaviors and decision tradeoffs.

What would settle it

A larger-scale quantitative survey measuring actual usage, trust scores, and switching behavior across more countries that finds no link between government scam protection and distrust of system reliability.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.11566 by Alexander Rusero, Assane Gueye, Edith Luhanga, Giulia Fanti, Isabel Agadagba, Karen Sowon, Nicolas Christin, Noah Shumba, Obigbemi Imoleayo Foyeke, Takudzwa Tarutira, Triphonia Kilasara.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Payment instrument usage from our intake survey [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Demographic breakdown from our intake survey [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Gender balance across payment instruments from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Digital payment systems have become a cornerstone of consumer finance in Africa. Prominent payment categories include money transfer applications, mobile money, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). While there are studies exploring how and why people use individual digital payment systems (both in Africa and beyond), we lack a good understanding of why people choose between different categories of payment systems, and how they view the tradeoffs between different categories. We conducted qualitative interviews in three African countries -- Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe -- to understand how and why people use various payment systems, and what influenced them to start using these systems. Our study highlights several notable findings regarding tradeoffs between perceived utility, privacy, and security. For example, many users trust government issuers to protect them from scams, but they do not trust those same institutions to build reliable systems and products or prioritize customer satisfaction. We also find that most users have accounts on multiple payment systems, and conduct a complex selection process using different platforms for different types of payments. This selection process is driven in part by financial considerations, but also by security, privacy, and trust preferences. Our findings suggest compelling directions for regulators and the research community to design systems that balance users' trust and utility needs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports results from qualitative interviews conducted in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe exploring how users choose among digital payment categories (mobile money, money transfer apps, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, CBDCs). It identifies tradeoffs in utility, privacy, and security and highlights that many users trust government issuers to protect against scams yet distrust the same issuers on system reliability and customer satisfaction; users maintain multiple accounts and apply complex, multi-factor selection rules.

Significance. If the interview data are collected and analyzed with transparent standards, the cross-country qualitative evidence could usefully inform regulators and designers of African digital payment systems by surfacing user-level distinctions between institutional trustworthiness on security versus operational performance. The multi-platform usage pattern is a concrete, actionable observation.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract / Methods] Abstract and Methods: the central claim that 'many users trust government issuers to protect them from scams, but they do not trust those same institutions to build reliable systems and products or prioritize customer satisfaction' is presented without any indication of sample size, recruitment method, interview protocol, or thematic coding procedure. Because this distinction is offered as a notable finding, the absence of these details prevents assessment of whether the pattern is consistent across participants or rests on a small or convenience sample.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: adding one sentence on the number of interviews and countries covered would immediately convey the study's scale to readers.
  2. [Results] Results: when reporting the multi-platform selection process, explicit examples of how participants described trading off fees versus privacy would strengthen the narrative without lengthening the text.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and recommendation. We address the concern about methodological transparency below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / Methods] Abstract and Methods: the central claim that 'many users trust government issuers to protect them from scams, but they do not trust those same institutions to build reliable systems and products or prioritize customer satisfaction' is presented without any indication of sample size, recruitment method, interview protocol, or thematic coding procedure. Because this distinction is offered as a notable finding, the absence of these details prevents assessment of whether the pattern is consistent across participants or rests on a small or convenience sample.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract and Methods section should provide sufficient detail on sample size, recruitment, interview protocol, and thematic coding to allow readers to evaluate the reported trust distinctions. In the revised manuscript we will expand the abstract to include the total number of interviews, a summary of recruitment (purposive sampling across the three countries), and a brief description of the thematic analysis. The Methods section will be revised to explicitly detail the semi-structured interview guide, participant recruitment procedures, and the inductive thematic coding process used to surface patterns in institutional trust. These additions will directly support assessment of whether the observed patterns hold across the sample. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: qualitative interview claims are direct outputs with no derivations or self-referential reductions

full rationale

The paper is a qualitative study based on interviews in three countries. All central claims (e.g., trust distinctions regarding government issuers) are presented as emerging directly from participant responses without equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or load-bearing self-citations. No derivation chain exists that reduces outputs to inputs by construction; the reader's assessment of 0.0 circularity is confirmed by the absence of any mathematical or self-referential structure.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a qualitative interview study. No mathematical free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced. The central claims rest on the unstated assumption that interview responses faithfully capture real decision processes and that the sampled users are informative about wider populations.

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