Active moons in our Solar System and beyond -- Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton, and exomoons

Alyssa R. Rhoden; Antoine Pommerol; Apurva V. Oza; Audrey H. Vorburger; Caroline Haslebacher; C.H. Lucas Patty; Christophe Lovis; Emeline Bolmont; Ganna Portyankina; Jonathan Grone

arxiv: 2604.12104 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-13 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP

Active moons in our Solar System and beyond -- Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton, and exomoons

Caroline Haslebacher , Emeline Bolmont , Marco Cilibrasi , Jonathan Grone , Nico Haslebacher , Ravit Helled , Mathilde Kervazo , Niels F.W. Ligterink

show 14 more authors

Christophe Lovis Lucio Mayer Lorenzo Obersnel Rafael Ottersberg Apurva V. Oza C.H. Lucas Patty Antoine Pommerol Ganna Portyankina Alyssa R. Rhoden Leander Schlarmann Yuhito Shibaike Vishaal Singh Audrey H. Vorburger Peter Wurz

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 14:46 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP

keywords active moonsplumesbiosignaturesIoEuropaEnceladusTritonexomoons

0 comments

The pith

Plumes on Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton and similar exomoons carry subsurface ocean material into view, allowing direct study of potential biosignatures.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review chapter focuses on the outgassing signatures and plume activity across these five bodies. It first covers general moon formation processes, then assembles evidence from spacecraft and telescope data showing how plumes reach observable heights. The authors emphasize that these eruptions expose material from hidden oceans or volcanic interiors, which opens concrete routes to analyze chemical clues for life. A sympathetic reader would care because the approach turns otherwise inaccessible subsurface environments into targets for existing and near-term instruments without requiring surface landings.

Core claim

The paper establishes that the plumes of Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton, and Io-like exomoons transport subsurface oceanic or interior material to detectable altitudes, thereby providing an accessible pathway to investigate biosignatures. Observational records already link these features to water, volatiles, and organics on the icy moons, while Io demonstrates extreme volcanic outgassing; the same physics implies that exomoons could produce comparable signatures observable from the ground.

What carries the argument

The plumes and their outgassing signatures, which transport and expose material from subsurface oceans or volcanic zones to altitudes where remote or in-situ analysis becomes feasible.

If this is right

Io-like exomoons could produce outgassing signatures strong enough for detection with ground-based telescopes.
Europa and Enceladus remain the strongest current candidates for hosting life because their plumes directly sample subsurface oceans.
Triton's distinct activity raises separate questions about its interior and origin that future observations can address.
Plume composition measurements offer a practical method to search for biosignatures using material from otherwise hidden oceans.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Prioritizing plume fly-throughs on upcoming missions would maximize the chance of obtaining unaltered subsurface samples.
The same plume-access logic could be applied to rank targets among newly discovered exomoons around other stars.
Refining formation models for these moons would improve predictions of which other icy bodies are likely to show similar activity.

Load-bearing premise

The existing literature on plume compositions and detection methods is assumed to be complete and unbiased enough to support conclusions about biosignature prospects.

What would settle it

A high-sensitivity fly-through of an Enceladus plume that detects only simple volatiles and no complex organics or isotopic disequilibria would falsify the claim that such plumes enable meaningful biosignature investigations.

read the original abstract

The outgassing signatures of Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton, and Io-like exomoons are the focus of this review chapter. The rocky volcanic world of Io is unique in our Solar System, with plumes reaching to hundreds of kilometres in altitude. Io-like exomoons could leave signatures strong enough to be detected with ground-based telescopes. The icy moons Europa and Enceladus, with their subsurface oceans, are currently the best candidates for life. Triton is different in many ways and raises unexplored questions. Our knowledge of these active moons is derived from space- and ground-based observations. To understand their origin, we discuss moon formation in general, before examining evidence and signatures of plumes on these moons. Given the accessibility of subsurface oceanic material through the occurrence of plumes, we expand on possibilities to investigate biosignatures.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a straightforward review chapter that collates existing observations on plumes from Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton and Io-like exomoons but introduces no new data or models.

read the letter

The paper organizes what is already known about outgassing and plumes on these bodies and links that to biosignature access through subsurface oceans. It covers Io's volcanic plumes, the water plumes on Europa and Enceladus, Triton's nitrogen activity, and possible signatures from exomoons. The sections on general moon formation and the evidence for plumes are clear and draw on the main mission results and ground-based work. The biosignature discussion is practical and shows how plume material could be sampled without new instruments or techniques being invented here. That synthesis is the main value; it brings the targets together in one place for readers who follow icy-moon science. The text does not claim to be a systematic meta-analysis or to resolve open debates, so the reliance on prior literature is not a major problem. One minor soft spot is that completeness of the cited plume studies is assumed rather than demonstrated, but this is typical for a review and does not undermine the summary. No quantitative predictions or derivations are attempted, so there is nothing to check for circularity or fitting issues. This is aimed at planetary scientists and astrobiologists who need context on these specific moons ahead of missions like Europa Clipper or for exomoon searches. It is not a source for new claims, but the organization is useful. I would send it to peer review for a special issue or book chapter on active moons, as the synthesis is timely and the citations look solid.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. This review chapter synthesizes existing literature on the outgassing and plume signatures of Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton, and Io-like exomoons. It covers general moon formation processes, observational evidence for plumes from space- and ground-based data, and the astrobiological potential of using plumes to access subsurface oceanic material for biosignature studies.

Significance. If the cited literature is accurately represented, the review provides a useful integrated overview of active moons, linking their unique plume characteristics to prospects for life detection. It explicitly credits the body of prior observations and highlights the accessibility of subsurface oceans via plumes as a key advantage for Europa and Enceladus in particular.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: the statement that 'Io-like exomoons could leave signatures strong enough to be detected with ground-based telescopes' would benefit from a specific example of a detectable signature (e.g., sodium or sulfur lines) or instrument to improve precision.
[Biosignatures discussion] The biosignatures discussion section would be strengthened by explicitly noting the most recent mission concepts (e.g., Europa Clipper or Enceladus-focused proposals) that could exploit plume sampling.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of our review chapter, which accurately captures its scope as a synthesis of outgassing and plume signatures on Io, Europa, Enceladus, Triton, and exomoons, along with links to subsurface oceans and biosignature detection. We appreciate the recommendation for minor revision.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Review synthesis with no internal derivations or load-bearing self-references

full rationale

This is a review chapter that summarizes existing observations and literature on outgassing signatures, plume evidence, moon formation, and biosignature access for the listed bodies. No new quantitative models, equations, fitted parameters, or predictions are introduced; all statements remain conditional on external citations. The absence of any derivation chain means there are no steps that could reduce by construction to self-definition, fitted inputs, or self-citation loops. The manuscript is self-contained as a synthesis of independent prior work.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

As a review paper, it relies on prior literature rather than new axioms or parameters.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5559 in / 948 out tokens · 23750 ms · 2026-05-10T14:46:29.529612+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

33 extracted references · 33 canonical work pages

[1]

URLhttps://agupubs

doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JS082i028p04641. URLhttps://agupubs. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JS082i028p04641. D. G. Blackmond. The origin of biological homochirality.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2(5):a002147, 2010. D. L. Blaney, K. Hibbitts, S. Diniega, A. G. Davies, R. N. Clark, R. O. Green, M. Hedman, Y. Langevin, J. Lunine, T...

work page doi:10.1029/js082i028p04641 2010
[2]

doi: 10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8

ISSN 0038-6308, 1572-9672. doi: 10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8. URL https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8. A.Blöcker,J.Saur,andL.Roth.Europa’splasmainteractionwithaninhomogeneous atmosphere:DevelopmentofAlfvénwingletswithintheAlfvénwings.Journalof Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(10):9794–9828, 2016. doi: 10.1002/ 2016JA022479. N. J. Bo...

work page doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8 2016
[3]

URLhttps://muse.jhu.edu/book/ 57223

University of Arizona Press, 2009. URLhttps://muse.jhu.edu/book/ 57223. R. J. Cartwright, C. A. Hibbitts, B. J. Holler, U. Raut, T. A. Nordheim, M. Neveu, S. Protopapa, C. R. Glein, E. J. Leonard, L. Roth, C. B. Beddingfield, and G. L. Villanueva. JWST Reveals Spectral Tracers of Recent Surface Modification on Europa.The Planetary Science Journal, Active ...

work page doi:10.3847/psj/adcab9 2009
[4]

doi: 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.17. A. Conrad, F. Pedichini, G. Li Causi, S. Antoniucci, I. de Pater, A. G. Davies, K. de Kleer, R. Piazzesi, V. Testa, P. Vaccari, M. Vicinanza, J. Power, S. Ertel, J. C. Shields, S. Ragland, F. Giorgi, S. M. Jefferies, D. Hope, J. Perry, D. A. Williams, and D. M. Nelson. Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Depo- sition Us...

work page doi:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.17 2024
[5]

Daubar, A.G

ISSN 15729672. doi: 10.1007/S11214-023-01036-Z/METRICS. URL https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-023-01036-z. A. Davies, G. Veeder, D. Matson, and T. Johnson. Io: Charting thermal emission variabilitywiththegalileonimsiothermalemissiondatabase(nited):Lokipatera. Geophysical research letters, 39(1), 2012. A. G. Davies. Temperature, age and crus...

work page doi:10.1007/s11214-023-01036-z/metrics 2012
[6]

doi: 10.1029/2003JE002128

ISSN 01480227. doi: 10.1029/2003JE002128. S. A. Fagents, R. Greeley, R. J. Sullivan, R. T. Pappalardo, and L. M. Prockter. CryomagmaticmechanismsfortheformationofRhadamanthysLinea,tripleband margins,andotherlowalbedofeaturesonEuropa.Icarus,144(1):54–88,32000. ISSN 00191035. doi: 10.1006/icar.1999.6254. M. Famá, J. Shi, and R. Baragiola. Sputtering of ice ...

work page doi:10.1029/2003je002128 1999
[7]

doi: 10.1038/35011008

ISSN 00280836. doi: 10.1038/35011008. URLhttps://scixplorer. org/abs/2000Natur.405...48G/abstract. R. Greeley, R. Sullivan, J. Klemaszewski, K. Homan, J. W. Head, R. T. Pappalardo, J. Veverka, B. E. Clark, T. V. Johnson, K. P. Klaasen, M. Belton, J. Moore, E. Asphaug, M. H. Carr, G. Neukum, T. Denk, C. R. Chapman, C. B. Pilcher, P. E. Geissler, R. Greenbe...

work page doi:10.1038/35011008 1998
[8]

doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.250.4979.421

ISSN 0036-8075. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.250.4979.421. URLhttps: //www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.250.4979.421. C. J. Hansen, D. E. Shemansky, and A. Hendrix. Cassini uvis observations of europa’s oxygen atmosphere and torus.Icarus, 176(2):305–315, 2005. C. J. Hansen, D. E. Shemansky, L. W. Esposito, A. I. Stewart, B. R. Lewis, J. E. Colwell,A.R.Hendrix,...

work page doi:10.1126/science.250.4979.421 2005
[9]

doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96

ISSN 1538-3881. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96/meta. R. Helled, N. Nettelmann, and T. Guillot. Uranus and Neptune: Origin, Evolution and Internal Structure. Space Sci. Rev., 216(3):38, Mar. 2020. doi: 10.1007/ s11214-020-00660-...

work page doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96 2020
[11]

doi: 10.1016/J.PSS.2021.105194

ISSN 0032-0633. doi: 10.1016/J.PSS.2021.105194. M. A. Hesse, J. S. Jordan, S. D. Vance, and A. V. Oza. Downward Ox- idant Transport Through Europa’s Ice Shell by Density-Driven Brine Percolation.Geophysical Research Letters, 49(5):e2021GL095416, 3

work page doi:10.1016/j.pss.2021.105194 2021
[12]

doi: 10.1029/2021GL095416

ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1029/2021GL095416. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GL095416https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021GL095416https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL095416. C. A. Hibbitts, K. Stockstill-Cahill, B. Wing, and C. Paranicas. Color centers in salts—evidence for the presence of sulf...

work page doi:10.1029/2021gl095416 1944
[13]

doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022

ISSN 10902643. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022. J. D. Hofgartner, S. P. Birch, J. Castillo, W. M. Grundy, C. J. Hansen, A. G. Hayes, C. J. Howett, T. A. Hurford, E. S. Martin, K. L. Mitchell, T. A. Nordheim, M. J. Poston, L. M. Prockter, L. C. Quick, P. Schenk, R. N. Schindhelm, and O. M. Umurhan. Hypotheses for Triton’s plumes: New analyses and future ...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022 2019
[14]

URLhttps://www

doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.026. URLhttps://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516301968. S. Ida, S. Ueta, T. Sasaki, and Y. Ishizawa. Uranian satellite formation by evolution ofawatervapourdiskgeneratedbyagiantimpact.NatureAstronomy,4:880–885, Mar. 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41550-020-1049-8. A. P. Ingersoll. Io meteorology: Ho...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.026 2016
[15]

doi: 10.1038/344315a0

ISSN 1476-4687. doi: 10.1038/344315a0. URLhttps://www.nature. com/articles/344315a0. A.P.IngersollandS.P.Ewald. TotalparticulatemassinEnceladusplumesandmass of Saturn’s E ring inferred from Cassini ISS images.Icarus, 216(2):492–506, 12

work page doi:10.1038/344315a0
[16]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2011.09.018

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2011.09.018. A.P.IngersollandS.P.Ewald.DecadaltimescalevariabilityoftheEnceladusplumes inferredfromCassiniimages.Icarus,282:260–275,12017.ISSN0019-1035.doi: Active moons in our Solar System and beyond 51 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2016.09.018. URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0019103516305905. D. Intriliga...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.018 2011
[17]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2007.09.013

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2007.09.013. K.L.JessupandJ.R.Spencer. Spatiallyresolvedhst/stisobservationsofio’sdayside equatorial atmosphere.Icarus, 248:165–189, 2015. K. L. Jessup, J. R. Spencer, G. E. Ballester, R. R. Howell, F. Roesler, M. Vigel, and R. Yelle. The atmospheric signature of io’s prometheus plume and anti-jovian hemisphere: evide...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.013 2007
[18]

doi: 10.1029/2024JE008511

ISSN 2169-9100. doi: 10.1029/2024JE008511. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2024JE008511https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024JE008511https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JE008511. K. A. Kipfer, N. F. W. Ligterink, J. Bouwman, L. Schwander, V. Grimaudo, C. P. de Koning, N. J. Boeren, P. K. Schmidt, R....

work page doi:10.1029/2024je008511 2022
[19]

doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AB20C8

ISSN 2041-8205. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AB20C8. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8/meta. J. Kühn, L. Patty, B.-O. Demory, A. Pommerol, F. Snik, C. Keller, J. Hoeijmakers, O. Poch, D. Stam, V. Pallichadath, et al. Monitoring the earth’s diverse environ- ments with full-...

work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8 2041
[20]

(1993, 3)

doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163. URLhttps://iopscience.iop. org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163https://iopscience. iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163/meta. N. F. Ligterink, V. Grimaudo, P. Moreno-García, R. Lukmanov, M. Tulej, I. Leya, R. Lindner, P. Wurz, C. S. Cockell, P. Ehrenfreund, et al. Origin: a novel and compactlaserdesorption–masss...

work page doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163 2020
[21]

doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD4035

ISSN 0004-637X. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD4035. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4035https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4035/meta. V. V. Makarov and M. Efroimsky. Pathways of survival for exomoons and inner exoplanets. A&A, 672:A78, Apr. 2023. G.G.Managadze,M.H.Engel,S.Getty,P.Wurz,W.B.Brinckerhoff,A.G.Shokolo...

work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4035 2023
[22]

doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD09B5

ISSN 0004-637X. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD09B5. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad09b5https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad09b5/meta. M. Manga and C. Y. Wang. Pressurized oceans and the eruption of liquid water on Europa and Enceladus.Geophysical Research Letters, 34(7), 4 2007. ISSN 00948276. doi: 10.1029/2007GL...

work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad09b5 2007
[23]

2004. M. A. McGrath, M. J. Belton, J. R. Spencer, and P. Sartoretti. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of io’s pele plume and so2 atmosphere.Icarus, 146(2):476–493, 2000. W. B. McKinnon. The shape of Enceladus as explained by an irregular core: Implications for gravity, libration, and survival of its subsurface ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets...

work page doi:10.1002/jgre.20122 2004
[24]

doi: 10.1029/2024GL111929

ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1029/2024GL111929. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2024GL111929https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024GL111929https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL111929. J. Meyer and J. Wisdom. Tidal evolution of mimas, enceladus, and dione.Icarus, 193(1):213–223, 2008. M. Meyer zu Westram,...

work page doi:10.1029/2024gl111929 1944
[25]

doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AD6B29

ISSN 2041-8205. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AD6B29. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29/meta. A.V.Oza,A.Gebek,M.MeyerzuWestram,A.Tokadjian,A.L.Piro,R.Hu,A.Unni, R. Chari, A. Bello-Arufe, C. A. Schmidt, A. J. Louca, Y. Miguel, R. Estrela, J. Yang, M. Damiano, Y. Hasegawa, L....

work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29 2041
[26]

URLhttps://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11214-019-0603-0

doi:10.1007/S11214-019-0603-0. URLhttps://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11214-019-0603-0. C. Porco, D. Dinino, and F. Nimmo. HOW THE GEYSERS, TIDAL STRESSES, AND THERMAL EMISSION ACROSS THE SOUTH POLAR TERRAIN OF ENCELADUS ARE RELATED.The Astronomical Journal, 148(3):45, 7 2014. ISSN 1538-3881. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/148/3/45. URLhttps: //iopscience...

work page doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0603-0 2014
[27]

doi: 10.1126/science.1123013

ISSN 00368075. doi: 10.1126/science.1123013. C. C. Porco, L. Dones, and C. Mitchell. Could it be snowing microbes on ence- ladus? assessing conditions in its plume and implications for future missions. Astrobiology, 17(9):876–901, 2017. M. Pospergelis. Spectroscopic measurements of the four stokes parameters for light scattered by natural objects.Soviet A...

work page doi:10.1126/science.1123013 2017
[28]

Science , keywords =

ISSN 0036-8075. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.246.4936.1422. URLhttps: //ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...246.1422S/abstract. O.Souček,M.Běhounková,M.Lanzendörfer,G.Tobie,andG.Choblet. Variations in plume activity reveal the dynamics of water-filled faults on enceladus.Nature Communications, 15(1):7405, 2024. B. S. Southworth, S. Kempf, and J. Schmidt. Modeling...

work page doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422 2024
[29]

doi: 10.1002/2015GL066502

ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1002/2015GL066502. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015GL066502https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL066502https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066502. B. S. Southworth, S. Kempf, and J. Spitale. Surface deposition of the Enceladus plume and the zenith angle of emissions.I...

work page doi:10.1002/2015gl066502 1944
[30]

M., Stutz, A

The University of Arizona Press, 2018. doi: 10.2458/azu{\_}uapress{\_ }9780816537075-ch008. E. M. Spiers and B. E. Schmidt. Variable Salinity and Hydrogen Production in Europa’s Ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 128(11):e2023JE008028, 11 2023. ISSN 2169-9100. doi: 10.1029/2023JE008028. URL/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JE008028https: //onlinelibrary.w...

work page doi:10.2458/azu 2018
[31]

URLhttps://www

doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.013. URLhttps://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516306583. D. F. Strobel, X. Zhu, and M. E. Summers. On the Vertical Thermal Structure of Io’s Atmosphere.Icarus, Volume 111, Issue 1, p. 18-30., 111(1):18, 9 1994. ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1006/ICAR.1994.1130. URLhttps://ui.adsabs. harvard.edu/...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.013 2017
[32]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2021.114842

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2021.114842. P. Wurz, M. Tulej, A. Riedo, V. Grimaudo, R. Lukmanov, and N. Thomas. In- vestigation of the surface composition by laser ablation/ionization mass spec- trometry. In2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference (50100), pages 1–15, 2021. doi: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438486. P. Wurz, M. Tulej, R. Lukmanov, V. Grimaudo, S...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114842 2021
[33]

URLhttps://iopscience.iop

doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ADAD65. URLhttps://iopscience.iop. org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/adad65. D. T. Young, J. J. Berthelier, M. Blanc, J. L. Burch, A. J. Coates, R. Goldstein, M. Grande, T. W. Hill, R. E. Johnson, V. Kelha, D. J. Mccomas, E. C. Sittler, 78 Haslebacher et al. K. R. Svenes, K. Szegö, P. Tanskanen, K. Ahola, D. Anderson, S. Bakshi, R. A. B...

work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adad65 2041
[34]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2006.12.002

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2006.12.002. URLhttps: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506004428. K. Zhang and D. P. Hamilton. Orbital resonances in the inner neptunian sys- tem: II. Resonant history of Proteus, Larissa, Galatea, and Despina.Icarus, 193(1):267–282, 1 2008. ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2007. 08.024. URLht...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.002 2006

[1] [1]

URLhttps://agupubs

doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JS082i028p04641. URLhttps://agupubs. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JS082i028p04641. D. G. Blackmond. The origin of biological homochirality.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2(5):a002147, 2010. D. L. Blaney, K. Hibbitts, S. Diniega, A. G. Davies, R. N. Clark, R. O. Green, M. Hedman, Y. Langevin, J. Lunine, T...

work page doi:10.1029/js082i028p04641 2010

[2] [2]

doi: 10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8

ISSN 0038-6308, 1572-9672. doi: 10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8. URL https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8. A.Blöcker,J.Saur,andL.Roth.Europa’splasmainteractionwithaninhomogeneous atmosphere:DevelopmentofAlfvénwingletswithintheAlfvénwings.Journalof Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(10):9794–9828, 2016. doi: 10.1002/ 2016JA022479. N. J. Bo...

work page doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8 2016

[3] [3]

URLhttps://muse.jhu.edu/book/ 57223

University of Arizona Press, 2009. URLhttps://muse.jhu.edu/book/ 57223. R. J. Cartwright, C. A. Hibbitts, B. J. Holler, U. Raut, T. A. Nordheim, M. Neveu, S. Protopapa, C. R. Glein, E. J. Leonard, L. Roth, C. B. Beddingfield, and G. L. Villanueva. JWST Reveals Spectral Tracers of Recent Surface Modification on Europa.The Planetary Science Journal, Active ...

work page doi:10.3847/psj/adcab9 2009

[4] [4]

doi: 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.17. A. Conrad, F. Pedichini, G. Li Causi, S. Antoniucci, I. de Pater, A. G. Davies, K. de Kleer, R. Piazzesi, V. Testa, P. Vaccari, M. Vicinanza, J. Power, S. Ertel, J. C. Shields, S. Ragland, F. Giorgi, S. M. Jefferies, D. Hope, J. Perry, D. A. Williams, and D. M. Nelson. Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Depo- sition Us...

work page doi:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.17 2024

[5] [5]

Daubar, A.G

ISSN 15729672. doi: 10.1007/S11214-023-01036-Z/METRICS. URL https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-023-01036-z. A. Davies, G. Veeder, D. Matson, and T. Johnson. Io: Charting thermal emission variabilitywiththegalileonimsiothermalemissiondatabase(nited):Lokipatera. Geophysical research letters, 39(1), 2012. A. G. Davies. Temperature, age and crus...

work page doi:10.1007/s11214-023-01036-z/metrics 2012

[6] [6]

doi: 10.1029/2003JE002128

ISSN 01480227. doi: 10.1029/2003JE002128. S. A. Fagents, R. Greeley, R. J. Sullivan, R. T. Pappalardo, and L. M. Prockter. CryomagmaticmechanismsfortheformationofRhadamanthysLinea,tripleband margins,andotherlowalbedofeaturesonEuropa.Icarus,144(1):54–88,32000. ISSN 00191035. doi: 10.1006/icar.1999.6254. M. Famá, J. Shi, and R. Baragiola. Sputtering of ice ...

work page doi:10.1029/2003je002128 1999

[7] [7]

doi: 10.1038/35011008

ISSN 00280836. doi: 10.1038/35011008. URLhttps://scixplorer. org/abs/2000Natur.405...48G/abstract. R. Greeley, R. Sullivan, J. Klemaszewski, K. Homan, J. W. Head, R. T. Pappalardo, J. Veverka, B. E. Clark, T. V. Johnson, K. P. Klaasen, M. Belton, J. Moore, E. Asphaug, M. H. Carr, G. Neukum, T. Denk, C. R. Chapman, C. B. Pilcher, P. E. Geissler, R. Greenbe...

work page doi:10.1038/35011008 1998

[8] [8]

doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.250.4979.421

ISSN 0036-8075. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.250.4979.421. URLhttps: //www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.250.4979.421. C. J. Hansen, D. E. Shemansky, and A. Hendrix. Cassini uvis observations of europa’s oxygen atmosphere and torus.Icarus, 176(2):305–315, 2005. C. J. Hansen, D. E. Shemansky, L. W. Esposito, A. I. Stewart, B. R. Lewis, J. E. Colwell,A.R.Hendrix,...

work page doi:10.1126/science.250.4979.421 2005

[9] [9]

doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96

ISSN 1538-3881. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96/meta. R. Helled, N. Nettelmann, and T. Guillot. Uranus and Neptune: Origin, Evolution and Internal Structure. Space Sci. Rev., 216(3):38, Mar. 2020. doi: 10.1007/ s11214-020-00660-...

work page doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/96 2020

[10] [11]

doi: 10.1016/J.PSS.2021.105194

ISSN 0032-0633. doi: 10.1016/J.PSS.2021.105194. M. A. Hesse, J. S. Jordan, S. D. Vance, and A. V. Oza. Downward Ox- idant Transport Through Europa’s Ice Shell by Density-Driven Brine Percolation.Geophysical Research Letters, 49(5):e2021GL095416, 3

work page doi:10.1016/j.pss.2021.105194 2021

[11] [12]

doi: 10.1029/2021GL095416

ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1029/2021GL095416. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GL095416https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021GL095416https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL095416. C. A. Hibbitts, K. Stockstill-Cahill, B. Wing, and C. Paranicas. Color centers in salts—evidence for the presence of sulf...

work page doi:10.1029/2021gl095416 1944

[12] [13]

doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022

ISSN 10902643. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022. J. D. Hofgartner, S. P. Birch, J. Castillo, W. M. Grundy, C. J. Hansen, A. G. Hayes, C. J. Howett, T. A. Hurford, E. S. Martin, K. L. Mitchell, T. A. Nordheim, M. J. Poston, L. M. Prockter, L. C. Quick, P. Schenk, R. N. Schindhelm, and O. M. Umurhan. Hypotheses for Triton’s plumes: New analyses and future ...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.022 2019

[13] [14]

URLhttps://www

doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.026. URLhttps://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516301968. S. Ida, S. Ueta, T. Sasaki, and Y. Ishizawa. Uranian satellite formation by evolution ofawatervapourdiskgeneratedbyagiantimpact.NatureAstronomy,4:880–885, Mar. 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41550-020-1049-8. A. P. Ingersoll. Io meteorology: Ho...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.026 2016

[14] [15]

doi: 10.1038/344315a0

ISSN 1476-4687. doi: 10.1038/344315a0. URLhttps://www.nature. com/articles/344315a0. A.P.IngersollandS.P.Ewald. TotalparticulatemassinEnceladusplumesandmass of Saturn’s E ring inferred from Cassini ISS images.Icarus, 216(2):492–506, 12

work page doi:10.1038/344315a0

[15] [16]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2011.09.018

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2011.09.018. A.P.IngersollandS.P.Ewald.DecadaltimescalevariabilityoftheEnceladusplumes inferredfromCassiniimages.Icarus,282:260–275,12017.ISSN0019-1035.doi: Active moons in our Solar System and beyond 51 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2016.09.018. URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0019103516305905. D. Intriliga...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.018 2011

[16] [17]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2007.09.013

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2007.09.013. K.L.JessupandJ.R.Spencer. Spatiallyresolvedhst/stisobservationsofio’sdayside equatorial atmosphere.Icarus, 248:165–189, 2015. K. L. Jessup, J. R. Spencer, G. E. Ballester, R. R. Howell, F. Roesler, M. Vigel, and R. Yelle. The atmospheric signature of io’s prometheus plume and anti-jovian hemisphere: evide...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.013 2007

[17] [18]

doi: 10.1029/2024JE008511

ISSN 2169-9100. doi: 10.1029/2024JE008511. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2024JE008511https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024JE008511https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JE008511. K. A. Kipfer, N. F. W. Ligterink, J. Bouwman, L. Schwander, V. Grimaudo, C. P. de Koning, N. J. Boeren, P. K. Schmidt, R....

work page doi:10.1029/2024je008511 2022

[18] [19]

doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AB20C8

ISSN 2041-8205. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AB20C8. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8/meta. J. Kühn, L. Patty, B.-O. Demory, A. Pommerol, F. Snik, C. Keller, J. Hoeijmakers, O. Poch, D. Stam, V. Pallichadath, et al. Monitoring the earth’s diverse environ- ments with full-...

work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8 2041

[19] [20]

(1993, 3)

doi: 10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163. URLhttps://iopscience.iop. org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163https://iopscience. iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163/meta. N. F. Ligterink, V. Grimaudo, P. Moreno-García, R. Lukmanov, M. Tulej, I. Leya, R. Lindner, P. Wurz, C. S. Cockell, P. Ehrenfreund, et al. Origin: a novel and compactlaserdesorption–masss...

work page doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/163 2020

[20] [21]

doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD4035

ISSN 0004-637X. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD4035. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4035https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4035/meta. V. V. Makarov and M. Efroimsky. Pathways of survival for exomoons and inner exoplanets. A&A, 672:A78, Apr. 2023. G.G.Managadze,M.H.Engel,S.Getty,P.Wurz,W.B.Brinckerhoff,A.G.Shokolo...

work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4035 2023

[21] [22]

doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD09B5

ISSN 0004-637X. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/AD09B5. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad09b5https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad09b5/meta. M. Manga and C. Y. Wang. Pressurized oceans and the eruption of liquid water on Europa and Enceladus.Geophysical Research Letters, 34(7), 4 2007. ISSN 00948276. doi: 10.1029/2007GL...

work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad09b5 2007

[22] [23]

2004. M. A. McGrath, M. J. Belton, J. R. Spencer, and P. Sartoretti. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of io’s pele plume and so2 atmosphere.Icarus, 146(2):476–493, 2000. W. B. McKinnon. The shape of Enceladus as explained by an irregular core: Implications for gravity, libration, and survival of its subsurface ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets...

work page doi:10.1002/jgre.20122 2004

[23] [24]

doi: 10.1029/2024GL111929

ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1029/2024GL111929. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2024GL111929https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024GL111929https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL111929. J. Meyer and J. Wisdom. Tidal evolution of mimas, enceladus, and dione.Icarus, 193(1):213–223, 2008. M. Meyer zu Westram,...

work page doi:10.1029/2024gl111929 1944

[24] [25]

doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AD6B29

ISSN 2041-8205. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/AD6B29. URLhttps: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29https: //iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29/meta. A.V.Oza,A.Gebek,M.MeyerzuWestram,A.Tokadjian,A.L.Piro,R.Hu,A.Unni, R. Chari, A. Bello-Arufe, C. A. Schmidt, A. J. Louca, Y. Miguel, R. Estrela, J. Yang, M. Damiano, Y. Hasegawa, L....

work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29 2041

[25] [26]

URLhttps://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11214-019-0603-0

doi:10.1007/S11214-019-0603-0. URLhttps://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s11214-019-0603-0. C. Porco, D. Dinino, and F. Nimmo. HOW THE GEYSERS, TIDAL STRESSES, AND THERMAL EMISSION ACROSS THE SOUTH POLAR TERRAIN OF ENCELADUS ARE RELATED.The Astronomical Journal, 148(3):45, 7 2014. ISSN 1538-3881. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/148/3/45. URLhttps: //iopscience...

work page doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0603-0 2014

[26] [27]

doi: 10.1126/science.1123013

ISSN 00368075. doi: 10.1126/science.1123013. C. C. Porco, L. Dones, and C. Mitchell. Could it be snowing microbes on ence- ladus? assessing conditions in its plume and implications for future missions. Astrobiology, 17(9):876–901, 2017. M. Pospergelis. Spectroscopic measurements of the four stokes parameters for light scattered by natural objects.Soviet A...

work page doi:10.1126/science.1123013 2017

[27] [28]

Science , keywords =

ISSN 0036-8075. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.246.4936.1422. URLhttps: //ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...246.1422S/abstract. O.Souček,M.Běhounková,M.Lanzendörfer,G.Tobie,andG.Choblet. Variations in plume activity reveal the dynamics of water-filled faults on enceladus.Nature Communications, 15(1):7405, 2024. B. S. Southworth, S. Kempf, and J. Schmidt. Modeling...

work page doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422 2024

[28] [29]

doi: 10.1002/2015GL066502

ISSN 1944-8007. doi: 10.1002/2015GL066502. URLhttps: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015GL066502https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL066502https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066502. B. S. Southworth, S. Kempf, and J. Spitale. Surface deposition of the Enceladus plume and the zenith angle of emissions.I...

work page doi:10.1002/2015gl066502 1944

[29] [30]

M., Stutz, A

The University of Arizona Press, 2018. doi: 10.2458/azu{\_}uapress{\_ }9780816537075-ch008. E. M. Spiers and B. E. Schmidt. Variable Salinity and Hydrogen Production in Europa’s Ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 128(11):e2023JE008028, 11 2023. ISSN 2169-9100. doi: 10.1029/2023JE008028. URL/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JE008028https: //onlinelibrary.w...

work page doi:10.2458/azu 2018

[30] [31]

URLhttps://www

doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.013. URLhttps://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516306583. D. F. Strobel, X. Zhu, and M. E. Summers. On the Vertical Thermal Structure of Io’s Atmosphere.Icarus, Volume 111, Issue 1, p. 18-30., 111(1):18, 9 1994. ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1006/ICAR.1994.1130. URLhttps://ui.adsabs. harvard.edu/...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.013 2017

[31] [32]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2021.114842

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2021.114842. P. Wurz, M. Tulej, A. Riedo, V. Grimaudo, R. Lukmanov, and N. Thomas. In- vestigation of the surface composition by laser ablation/ionization mass spec- trometry. In2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference (50100), pages 1–15, 2021. doi: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438486. P. Wurz, M. Tulej, R. Lukmanov, V. Grimaudo, S...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114842 2021

[32] [33]

URLhttps://iopscience.iop

doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ADAD65. URLhttps://iopscience.iop. org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/adad65. D. T. Young, J. J. Berthelier, M. Blanc, J. L. Burch, A. J. Coates, R. Goldstein, M. Grande, T. W. Hill, R. E. Johnson, V. Kelha, D. J. Mccomas, E. C. Sittler, 78 Haslebacher et al. K. R. Svenes, K. Szegö, P. Tanskanen, K. Ahola, D. Anderson, S. Bakshi, R. A. B...

work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adad65 2041

[33] [34]

doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2006.12.002

ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2006.12.002. URLhttps: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506004428. K. Zhang and D. P. Hamilton. Orbital resonances in the inner neptunian sys- tem: II. Resonant history of Proteus, Larissa, Galatea, and Despina.Icarus, 193(1):267–282, 1 2008. ISSN 0019-1035. doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2007. 08.024. URLht...

work page doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.002 2006