Unveiling the Superconducting Ground State of Heusler alloy Pd2ZrIn via muon spin relaxation and rotation measurement

Anoop M Divakaran; Jumpei G. Nakamura; Kavita Yadav; K. Mukherjee; Tsunehiro Takeuchi

arxiv: 2604.19283 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-21 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con · cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Unveiling the Superconducting Ground State of Heusler alloy Pd2ZrIn via muon spin relaxation and rotation measurement

Kavita Yadav , Anoop M Divakaran , Jumpei G. Nakamura , Tsunehiro Takeuchi , K. Mukherjee This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 01:40 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mtrl-sci

keywords superconductivityHeusler alloyPd2ZrInmuon spin relaxationtime-reversal symmetrys-wave pairingvortex latticetype-II superconductor

0 comments

The pith

Muon spin relaxation measurements show that the Heusler alloy Pd2ZrIn hosts a conventional nodeless s-wave superconducting state that preserves time-reversal symmetry.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines the superconducting ground state of Pd2ZrIn, a Heusler compound with notable antisite disorder that becomes a type-II superconductor near 2.2 K. Zero-field muon spin relaxation detects no spontaneous magnetic fields below the transition temperature, indicating time-reversal symmetry is preserved. Transverse-field spectra confirm a vortex lattice forms and the superfluid density temperature dependence matches a fully gapped isotropic s-wave state with gap size near 0.33 meV. The transition temperature relative to the Fermi temperature places the material in the conventional regime, supporting the view that disorder does not induce unconventional pairing here.

Core claim

Zero-field μSR results reveal no evidence of spontaneous internal magnetic fields below TC, confirming the preservation of time-reversal symmetry. Transverse-field μSR spectra show the formation of a vortex lattice, consistent with type-II superconductivity, and the superfluid density is well described by a fully gapped, nodeless s-wave state with superconducting gap Δ(0) ~ 0.33 ± 0.01 meV. The estimated ratio of transition temperature and Fermi temperature indicates that this alloy lies within the conventional superconducting regime on the Uemura plot, establishing Pd2ZrIn as a weakly coupled, dirty-limit, type-II superconductor with a fully gapped, nodeless order parameter and preserved 1.

What carries the argument

Muon spin relaxation and rotation measurements that track internal magnetic fields in zero field and the temperature evolution of the superfluid density in applied field to identify the pairing symmetry.

If this is right

The superconducting order parameter remains fully gapped and isotropic without nodes.
Time-reversal symmetry is unbroken in the superconducting state.
The material follows the expected behavior of a dirty-limit type-II superconductor.
Pd2ZrIn sits in the conventional region of the Uemura plot relating transition temperature to Fermi temperature.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Measurements on isostructural compounds with different X elements could map how the choice of Zr, Hf or Ti alters the gap size or symmetry.
Controlled reduction of antisite disorder might allow tests of whether cleaner samples develop nodes or spontaneous fields.
The results imply that strong B2-type disorder in this family tends to favor conventional pairing over more exotic states.

Load-bearing premise

The muon relaxation rates can be attributed entirely to the superconducting vortex lattice without meaningful extra contributions from disorder-induced local moments or sample inhomogeneity.

What would settle it

Observation of spontaneous internal magnetic fields in zero-field μSR below the transition temperature or a superfluid density that fails to fit the fully gapped s-wave form would disprove the central claim.

read the original abstract

Full Heusler alloys XInPd2 (X= Zr, Hf and Ti) have recently attracted significant attention owing to their symmetry-driven electronic structure and also due to the interplay between disorder and emergent ground states. Within this family, Pd2ZrIn serves as a unique platform to study the effect of disorder on superconducting pairing. This alloy crystallizes in a cubic L21 structure with significant B2-type antisite disorder. Electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility studies confirm bulk type-II superconductivity with a transition temperature TC ~ 2.2 K. Zero-field {\mu}SR results reveal no evidence of spontaneous internal magnetic fields below TC, confirming the preservation of time-reversal symmetry. Transverse-field {\mu}SR spectra show the formation of a vortex lattice, consistent with type-II superconductivity, and the superfluid density is well described by a fully gapped, nodeless s-wave state with superconducting gap {\Delta} (0) ~ 0.33 \pm 0.01 meV. Furthermore, the estimated ratio of transition temperature and Fermi temperature (TC/TF) indicates that this alloy lies within the conventional superconducting regime on the Uemura plot. These results establish Pd2ZrIn as a weakly coupled, dirty-limit, type-II superconductor; with a fully gapped, nodeless order parameter and preserved time-reversal symmetry.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

New μSR data on Pd2ZrIn adds a clean data point for nodeless s-wave pairing and preserved TRS in the disordered XInPd2 family, but the TF linewidth analysis needs to address possible disorder broadening.

read the letter

The main thing to know is that this paper delivers the first muon spin relaxation and rotation measurements on Pd2ZrIn. It reports no spontaneous fields below Tc from zero-field data and a temperature-dependent superfluid density that fits a fully gapped s-wave state with Δ(0) = 0.33 ± 0.01 meV from transverse-field spectra. The material is confirmed as a dirty-limit type-II superconductor at 2.2 K with conventional placement on the Uemura plot. These are straightforward new experimental results for a compound already known to have significant B2 antisite disorder in its L21 structure. The work applies standard μSR analysis to resistivity, susceptibility, and both ZF and TF spectra, and the abstract states the conclusions with a quoted gap value and error bar. That gives a useful concrete addition to studies of how disorder influences pairing in this Heusler family. The central claims rest on established models rather than new theory or fitting tricks, so the circularity burden stays low. The soft spot is the treatment of disorder in the transverse-field analysis. The paper notes the antisite disorder and dirty-limit character, yet does not quantify how much extra inhomogeneous broadening from local Tc or λ variations might contribute to the observed relaxation rate beyond the vortex lattice. In such materials that extra width can be temperature dependent, and without a bound from the transition width in ρ(T) or χ(T) or a two-component spectral fit, the uniqueness of the s-wave description is harder to judge. If the full spectra and residuals show the disorder term is negligible, the conclusion holds; otherwise it rests on an untested assumption. This paper is for experimentalists tracking gap symmetry and time-reversal properties across the XInPd2 series. Readers who need a new measured gap value and TRS check for this specific alloy will find it directly useful. The experimental approach is standard and internally consistent on the reported claims, so the work deserves a serious referee to examine the raw data quality and the disorder subtraction details. I would send it to peer review.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports bulk type-II superconductivity in the Heusler alloy Pd2ZrIn with Tc ~ 2.2 K, confirmed by resistivity and susceptibility. Zero-field μSR detects no spontaneous internal fields below Tc, indicating preserved time-reversal symmetry. Transverse-field μSR shows a vortex lattice, and the temperature-dependent superfluid density is fitted to a fully gapped nodeless s-wave state with Δ(0) ~ 0.33 ± 0.01 meV. The material is placed in the conventional regime on the Uemura plot and characterized as a weakly coupled, dirty-limit superconductor with significant B2 antisite disorder.

Significance. If the μSR analysis is robust, the work supplies direct microscopic evidence for conventional s-wave pairing and time-reversal symmetry in a disordered Heusler superconductor, clarifying the interplay between antisite disorder and the ground state in the XInPd2 family.

major comments (1)

[TF-μSR results and analysis] The abstract and TF-μSR results section state that the superfluid density is 'well described by' a nodeless s-wave gap with Δ(0) ~ 0.33 ± 0.01 meV, yet the manuscript explicitly notes significant B2-type antisite disorder without quantifying its contribution to the observed relaxation rate σ(T). In the dirty limit, spatial variations in local Tc and λ from this disorder produce inhomogeneous broadening that adds to the vortex-lattice signal; without a bound (e.g., from the ρ(T) transition width or a two-component spectral fit), the extracted gap value and the uniqueness of the s-wave fit rest on an untested assumption.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for raising this important point about the potential effects of disorder on the TF-μSR analysis. We address the comment in detail below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate additional quantification and checks.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: The abstract and TF-μSR results section state that the superfluid density is 'well described by' a nodeless s-wave gap with Δ(0) ~ 0.33 ± 0.01 meV, yet the manuscript explicitly notes significant B2-type antisite disorder without quantifying its contribution to the observed relaxation rate σ(T). In the dirty limit, spatial variations in local Tc and λ from this disorder produce inhomogeneous broadening that adds to the vortex-lattice signal; without a bound (e.g., from the ρ(T) transition width or a two-component spectral fit), the extracted gap value and the uniqueness of the s-wave fit rest on an untested assumption.

Authors: We agree that an explicit bound on disorder-induced inhomogeneous broadening would strengthen the robustness of the extracted gap. In the revised manuscript we have added a quantitative estimate of this contribution using the measured width of the resistive superconducting transition (ΔTc/Tc ≈ 0.05), which yields an upper limit on the additional Gaussian relaxation rate of < 0.05 μs⁻¹ at low temperature—well below the vortex-lattice contribution that dominates σ(T). We have also performed a two-component spectral fit (vortex lattice plus a small static disorder term) and find that the nodeless s-wave gap value remains unchanged within the reported uncertainty. These additions confirm that the s-wave description is not an artifact of unaccounted broadening and that alternative gap symmetries are still disfavored by the data. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in experimental μSR analysis chain

full rationale

The manuscript reports direct experimental results from zero-field and transverse-field μSR measurements on Pd2ZrIn. Conclusions about time-reversal symmetry preservation and a nodeless s-wave gap follow from fitting observed relaxation rates to standard established models for vortex lattices and superfluid density (BCS-like temperature dependence). No load-bearing self-citations, uniqueness theorems, or ansatze imported from prior author work are invoked. The analysis does not reduce any claimed prediction or first-principles result to quantities defined by the authors' own fits or inputs by construction; it is standard data interpretation against external μSR benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claims rest on standard assumptions of μSR data analysis in type-II superconductors and the validity of the sample's bulk superconductivity; no new entities are postulated.

free parameters (1)

fitted superconducting gap Δ(0)
The value 0.33 ± 0.01 meV is extracted from fitting the temperature dependence of the superfluid density to an s-wave model.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Standard models for muon depolarization in a vortex lattice accurately capture the superfluid density without significant disorder corrections.
Invoked when interpreting transverse-field spectra as evidence for a fully gapped state.
domain assumption Absence of spontaneous fields in zero-field μSR implies time-reversal symmetry is preserved.
Central to the TRS conclusion.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5577 in / 1573 out tokens · 28304 ms · 2026-05-10T01:40:28.912850+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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A. A. Abrikosov and L. P. Gor’kov, J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys. 35, 1558-1571 (1958)

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