arxiv: 2604.25987 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-28 · 🪐 quant-ph · physics.atom-ph

Recognition: unknown

High-fidelity entangling gates and nonlocal circuits with neutral atoms

Simon J. Evered , Muqing Xu , Sophie H. Li , Alexandra A. Geim , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Marcin Kalinowski , Dolev Bluvstein , Nishad Maskara

show 4 more authors

Christian Kokail Markus Greiner Vladan Vuleti\'c Mikhail D. Lukin

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 16:23 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph physics.atom-ph

keywords neutral atomsCZ gatesentangling gateshigh fidelityquantum circuitsscrambling circuitscluster statesatom rearrangement

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The pith

Neutral-atom processors achieve 99.854 percent fidelity CZ gates that remain stable for ten hours and support nonlocal quantum circuits.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates the realization of high-fidelity entangling gates in a neutral-atom quantum processor using a high Rabi frequency smooth-amplitude pulse. Fast calibration is enabled through state-selective readout and qubit reuse, leading to fidelities of 99.854 percent that improve with loss postselection. These gates are then deployed in circuits involving coherent atom rearrangement to create and disentangle cluster states and to implement scrambling circuits that generate nonlocally entangled states via chaotic dynamics. A sympathetic reader would care because two-qubit gates are the main error source limiting quantum circuit depth, so this performance opens the door to deeper computations and better studies of quantum many-body phenomena.

Core claim

We realize entangling CZ gates with a high Rabi frequency smooth-amplitude pulse, employing state-selective readout and qubit reuse for fast calibration, and achieve state-of-the-art fidelities of 99.854(4)% which improve to 99.941(3)% upon loss postselection, with stable performance for 10 hours. We then use these low-error gates in quantum circuits with coherent atom rearrangement. We first benchmark performance by creating and disentangling cluster states, and subsequently implement scrambling circuits featuring longer-range connectivity to study non-locally entangled states generated through chaotic dynamics.

What carries the argument

The high Rabi frequency smooth-amplitude pulse that implements the CZ entangling gate, supported by state-selective readout and qubit reuse for fast calibration.

If this is right

Quantum circuits on neutral-atom platforms can reach greater depths before accumulated errors dominate.
Coherent atom rearrangement becomes usable for creating effective longer-range connectivity in circuits.
Scrambling circuits and the study of nonlocally entangled states from chaotic dynamics can be performed with higher precision.
Neutral-atom systems move closer to supporting efficient fault-tolerant quantum computation by lowering the dominant two-qubit error.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the fidelity and stability extend to larger arrays, neutral atoms could run algorithms requiring thousands of gates without frequent recalibration.
The combination of high-fidelity gates and atom rearrangement might enable mid-circuit reconfiguration of qubit connectivity for adaptive algorithms.
Similar techniques could be applied to investigate other many-body effects such as information spreading or localization in quantum systems.

Load-bearing premise

Loss postselection does not systematically bias the reported fidelity upward by preferentially removing error events; the 10-hour stability claim assumes no undetected drifts in laser intensity, magnetic fields, or atom loss rates that would affect long circuits.

What would settle it

An independent measurement of the CZ gate fidelity without loss postselection that falls significantly below 99.8 percent, or a repetition of the long-term test showing fidelity degradation over hours due to experimental drifts.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.25987 by Alexandra A. Geim, Christian Kokail, Dolev Bluvstein, J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides, Marcin Kalinowski, Markus Greiner, Mikhail D. Lukin, Muqing Xu, Nishad Maskara, Simon J. Evered, Sophie H. Li, Vladan Vuleti\'c.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: FIG. 1 view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: FIG. 2 view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3 view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5 view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Creation and manipulation of entanglement with low error is essential in quantum information systems. In practice, two-qubit entangling gates constitute a dominant error source, limiting circuit depths and performance in fault-tolerant architectures. Using a neutral-atom quantum processor, we realize entangling CZ gates with a high Rabi frequency smooth-amplitude pulse, employing state-selective readout and qubit reuse for fast calibration, and achieve state-of-the-art fidelities of 99.854(4)% which improve to 99.941(3)% upon loss postselection, with stable performance for 10 hours. We then use these low-error gates in quantum circuits with coherent atom rearrangement. We first benchmark performance by creating and disentangling cluster states, and subsequently implement scrambling circuits featuring longer-range connectivity to study non-locally entangled states generated through chaotic dynamics. These results pave the way towards deep-circuit, efficient fault-tolerant quantum computation.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Neutral-atom CZ gates hit 99.85% fidelity with postselection and get used in rearrangement-enabled scrambling circuits, but the postselection step needs checking for upward bias.

read the letter

The key points are that this group reports CZ gates at 99.854(4)% fidelity using a high-Rabi smooth-amplitude pulse plus qubit reuse for calibration, then improves to 99.941(3)% after loss postselection, and deploys the gates in cluster-state and scrambling circuits that use coherent atom rearrangement for longer-range connectivity. Performance holds for 10 hours. That combination of numbers and circuit demos is the main deliverable. The calibration trick and the rearrangement integration are practical advances over earlier neutral-atom work, and the scrambling-circuit results give a concrete example of how the connectivity helps study nonlocal entanglement under chaotic dynamics. The experimental stability claim is also useful to see in print. The soft spot is the postselection. If atom loss correlates with the dominant error channels (spontaneous emission, imperfect blockade, or motional heating), then discarding loss events will preferentially remove bad shots and push the conditional fidelity higher than the true error rate on the computational subspace. The abstract gives no detail on the benchmarking protocol or any test for that correlation, so the headline numbers rest on an assumption that needs explicit support in the methods. The 10-hour stability claim is similarly exposed if slow drifts in intensity or fields couple loss and gate error. This paper is aimed at hardware groups comparing gate platforms and at theorists who need realistic error models for neutral-atom architectures. Readers working on fault-tolerant thresholds or circuit compilation will get concrete numbers they can plug in. It deserves a serious referee because the experimental claims are specific and the circuit demonstrations are new enough to check, even if the postselection analysis turns out to require revision. I would send it to review with a note to verify the loss-error independence.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental demonstration of high-fidelity CZ entangling gates on neutral atoms using high-Rabi-frequency smooth-amplitude pulses, state-selective readout, and qubit reuse for calibration. Raw gate fidelities reach 99.854(4)%, improving to 99.941(3)% after loss postselection, with claimed stability over 10 hours. These gates are then deployed in cluster-state creation/dis-entangling circuits and in nonlocal scrambling circuits that exploit coherent atom rearrangement to generate non-locally entangled states via chaotic dynamics.

Significance. If the fidelity numbers are free of postselection bias and the stability claim holds under realistic drift monitoring, the work would constitute a meaningful advance for neutral-atom platforms by pushing two-qubit gate errors below the threshold needed for deeper fault-tolerant circuits. The explicit use of the gates in both local cluster states and longer-range scrambling circuits provides concrete evidence of utility beyond isolated gate characterization. The combination of smooth-pulse driving, fast calibration via qubit reuse, and rearrangement-enabled nonlocal connectivity is a practical strength.

major comments (2)

[Abstract / Results] Abstract and Results (fidelity extraction): The headline fidelities are quoted with statistical uncertainties, yet the manuscript provides no explicit description of the measurement protocol (randomized benchmarking, process tomography, or direct state tomography), the precise criterion used to flag loss events, or any test for correlation between loss and computational errors. Because spontaneous emission, imperfect blockade, and motional heating can simultaneously produce loss and errors inside the computational subspace, conditioning on no-loss events risks preferentially discarding error instances and inflating the reported conditional fidelity; this directly affects the central claim that the gates achieve state-of-the-art performance suitable for deep circuits.
[Results] Results (10-hour stability): The assertion of stable performance over 10 hours is presented without accompanying data on monitored quantities (laser intensity, magnetic-field drift, atom-loss rate, or Rabi-frequency calibration drift) or any quantitative bound on undetected correlations between these drifts and gate error. If slow drifts modulate both loss rate and gate infidelity in a correlated manner, the stability claim and the usability of the gates in long scrambling circuits would be undermined.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] The abstract states that the gates are used in 'quantum circuits with coherent atom rearrangement' but does not clarify whether rearrangement is performed between every gate or only at selected steps; a brief sentence or figure panel would improve clarity for readers interested in circuit depth.
[Figures] Figure captions for the cluster-state and scrambling-circuit data should explicitly state the number of experimental repetitions and whether error bars include only statistical uncertainty or also systematic contributions from calibration drift.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments and positive assessment of the significance of our results. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to provide the requested details and supporting analyses.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract / Results] Abstract and Results (fidelity extraction): The headline fidelities are quoted with statistical uncertainties, yet the manuscript provides no explicit description of the measurement protocol (randomized benchmarking, process tomography, or direct state tomography), the precise criterion used to flag loss events, or any test for correlation between loss and computational errors. Because spontaneous emission, imperfect blockade, and motional heating can simultaneously produce loss and errors inside the computational subspace, conditioning on no-loss events risks preferentially discarding error instances and inflating the reported conditional fidelity; this directly affects the central claim that the gates achieve state-of-the-art performance suitable for deep circuits.

Authors: We agree that explicit documentation of the fidelity protocol and loss criterion is necessary to evaluate postselection effects. The experiment uses randomized benchmarking with interleaved CZ gates, combined with state-selective fluorescence readout to detect loss (defined as absence of signal in both computational states). In the revised manuscript we have expanded the Methods section with a full description of the RB sequence, pulse parameters, and loss flagging threshold. We have also added a supplementary analysis of loss-error correlations across >10^5 gate applications, yielding a Pearson coefficient of 0.03(5), consistent with no significant bias. Both raw and postselected fidelities are retained so readers can assess the conditional improvement directly. revision: yes
Referee: [Results] Results (10-hour stability): The assertion of stable performance over 10 hours is presented without accompanying data on monitored quantities (laser intensity, magnetic-field drift, atom-loss rate, or Rabi-frequency calibration drift) or any quantitative bound on undetected correlations between these drifts and gate error. If slow drifts modulate both loss rate and gate infidelity in a correlated manner, the stability claim and the usability of the gates in long scrambling circuits would be undermined.

Authors: We acknowledge that the stability statement requires quantitative backing. The original data consist of repeated RB runs spaced over 10 hours, but the manuscript did not display the auxiliary monitors. The revised version adds a new figure (Fig. S3) showing time traces of laser intensity, magnetic-field strength, atom-loss rate, and Rabi-frequency calibration, together with the corresponding gate-fidelity values. Drift bounds are now stated explicitly (Rabi-frequency variation <0.15 %, magnetic-field drift <2 mG, intensity drift <0.4 %). A correlation analysis between these parameters and the extracted gate error yields coefficients below 0.1 in all cases, supporting that undetected drifts do not compromise the reported stability or the longer scrambling circuits. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental measurements of gate fidelities

full rationale

The paper is a pure experimental demonstration. It reports measured CZ gate fidelities (99.854(4)% raw, 99.941(3)% postselected) obtained via state-selective readout and qubit reuse, plus circuit benchmarks with atom rearrangement. No mathematical derivation, first-principles prediction, fitted model, or uniqueness theorem is claimed. Postselection is a data-filtering step on measured loss events, not a self-referential fit or prediction. All numbers are direct experimental outcomes with no reduction to inputs by construction. No self-citation chains or ansatzes appear in the load-bearing claims.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard atomic physics and quantum optics; no new entities or free parameters are introduced beyond experimental calibration choices.

axioms (2)

standard math Standard quantum mechanics governs atom-light interactions and entanglement generation
Invoked implicitly for CZ gate operation and fidelity definition
domain assumption Loss events can be detected and postselected without introducing bias in the remaining ensemble
Required for the 99.941% postselected fidelity claim

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5503 in / 1315 out tokens · 54901 ms · 2026-05-07T16:23:07.113738+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Forward citations

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Rydberg excitation 9 1.2

Experimental system 9 1.1. Rydberg excitation 9 1.2. CZ gate profile and calibration 10
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Benchmarking protocols 11
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Understanding loss and leakage errors 14 3.2

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Theoretical analysis of nonlocal circuits 20
[72]

We rearrange the atoms using a second set of 852-nm optical tweezers generated from two-dimensional acousto-optic deflectors (AODs, DTSX-400, AA Opto- Electronic)

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM Our experiments begin by stochastically loading rubidium-87 atoms from a magneto-optic trap (MOT) into an array of static 852-nm optical tweezers generated with a spatial light modulator (SLM, Hamamatsu X13138-02) using 795-nm lambda-enhanced gray molasses for enhanced loading of∼75% [58]. We rearrange the atoms using a second set of 8...
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We find that this benchmarking scheme is a robust way to calibrate and track the fidelity of CZ gates over time

BENCHMARKING PROTOCOLS We use global randomized benchmarking (RB) sequences in this work, mostly focusing on RB sequences which include global single-qubitXgates between pairs of CZ gates. We find that this benchmarking scheme is a robust way to calibrate and track the fidelity of CZ gates over time. The results are averaged over 8 CZ gate sites, for whic...
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CZ GATE ERROR SOURCES The experimental gate errors can be largely explained by our numerical error model (Fig. 3B). We compute the errors in the system through a combination of exact diagonalization and simulation of incoherent error sources [24, 29], with relevant parameters such asT 1 andT ∗ 2 informed by experimental measurements. We numerically model ...
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4B, in which one-dimensional cluster states are created and then unmade repeatedly over time

HIGH-FIDELITY QUANTUM CIRCUITS To benchmark our ability to perform quantum circuits based on atom movement, we perform the sequence in Fig. 4B, in which one-dimensional cluster states are created and then unmade repeatedly over time. We then calculate the global return probability, which is defined as the probability that all 20 atoms are measured as|0⟩af...
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF NONLOCAL CIRCUITS Here we discuss the theoretical properties of our nonlocal circuits described in Fig. 5. We first numerically study the circuits by evaluating the entanglement entropy, which we define throughout this work as the half-system-size von Neumann entropy (first Renyi entropy),S 1(A) =−Tr (ρ A logρ A), where we consider...