pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2605.02769 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-04 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.SR

Recognition: unknown

JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B

Dar\'io Gonz\'alez Picos , Tessa van der Post , Sam de Regt , Jean-Baptiste Ruffio , Natalie Grasser , Ignas Snellen
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 17:24 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR
keywords JWSThigh-contrast spectroscopyatmospheric retrievalsT dwarfspeckle modelingHD 19467 Bisotopic ratiosNIRSpec
0
0 comments X

The pith

Jointly fitting speckle contamination with the atmospheric model enables native-resolution retrievals of HD 19467 B from JWST/NIRSpec without continuum subtraction.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates that residual stellar speckles in high-contrast JWST spectra of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B can be modeled directly as a linear combination of integral-field-unit spectra and fitted simultaneously with the atmospheric forward model. This joint approach recovers molecular detections and isotopic ratios at the instrument's native resolution across 2.87-5.2 microns while avoiding biases that arise when the speckle contribution distorts the low-frequency spectral shape. Both HD 19467 B and the comparison field T dwarf 2MASS J0415-0935 show near-solar metallicity and subsolar C/O ratios, with clear detections of H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, and NH3 plus measured carbon isotopic ratios from CO isotopologues. The method reveals that speckle effects primarily affect the 3.0-3.7 micron region and can propagate into abundance inferences if left unmodeled.

Core claim

Joint fitting of the atmospheric spectrum and a set of speckle spectra from the integral field unit enables native-resolution atmospheric retrievals for the high-contrast T dwarf companion HD 19467 B using JWST/NIRSpec G395H data over 2.87-5.2 microns. The retrievals, performed with petitRADTRANS and ultranest under a flexible pressure-temperature profile and constant-with-altitude abundances, detect H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, and NH3 in both HD 19467 B and the field T dwarf 2MASS J0415-0935, measure 12C/13C ratios of 154+19-17 and 85±5 respectively, and find near-solar metallicities with subsolar C/O ratios for both objects while ruling out PH3.

What carries the argument

A linear model that combines the atmospheric forward model (petitRADTRANS with free molecular abundances) and a parameterized set of integral-field-unit speckle spectra to capture wavelength-dependent residual stellar contamination.

If this is right

  • Speckle contamination primarily distorts the low-frequency spectral shape between 3.0 and 3.7 microns and can bias retrieved abundances if not modeled.
  • Medium-resolution spectroscopy over 2.87-5.2 microns constrains elemental and isotopic composition for high-contrast companions.
  • Both HD 19467 B and the field T dwarf exhibit near-solar metallicity and subsolar C/O ratios.
  • H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, and NH3 are detected while PH3 is not; species such as SiO and H2S yield only tentative posteriors.
  • Carbon isotopic ratios can be measured directly from CO isotopologues in the extracted spectra.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same joint-modeling approach could be applied to other JWST high-contrast companions to test whether subsolar C/O ratios are common among T dwarfs.
  • The differing 12C/13C values between the companion and field object suggest possible differences in formation or accretion history that could be tested with additional targets.
  • Extending the method to shorter or longer wavelengths might further tighten constraints on additional molecules without requiring separate continuum removal steps.

Load-bearing premise

A linear combination of integral-field-unit speckle spectra fully captures the wavelength-dependent residual stellar contamination without residual biases that propagate into retrieved molecular abundances or isotopic ratios.

What would settle it

Re-running the retrievals after replacing the joint speckle model with a different set of reference speckle spectra or with an explicit continuum subtraction step and finding statistically significant shifts in the retrieved abundances or 12C/13C ratio would falsify the claim that the joint fit removes contamination biases.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.02769 by Dar\'io Gonz\'alez Picos, Ignas Snellen, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Natalie Grasser, Sam de Regt, Tessa van der Post.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: JWST NIRSpec spectrum of HD 19467 B and 2MASS J0415 view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Speckle spectral field for HD 19467 B. a. Annular slice view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Best-fit model spectrum for HD 19467 B. We show the individual contributions from the atmospheric model and the speckle view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Comparison of our best-fit model spectrum for HD view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Atmospheric structure of HD 19467 B and 2M 0415 from the free retrievals. Left: Temperature profiles. The pressure view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Posterior distributions of isotopologue ratios for HD 19467 B (top; with dynamical-mass prior) and 2M 0415 (bottom). The view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Detection assessment of minor isotopologues in view at source ↗
read the original abstract

High-contrast, medium-resolution spectroscopy with JWST can resolve molecular and isotopic features in cool substellar atmospheres, but for close-in companions the extracted spectra can be biased by wavelength-dependent residual stellar contamination. We assess the impact of residual speckles on atmospheric inference for the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B and compare the results to the field T dwarf 2MASS J0415-0935. We analyse JWST/NIRSpec G395H spectra ($2.87$--$5.2$$\mu$m; $R\sim2700$) and perform Bayesian atmospheric retrievals with petitRADTRANS coupled to nested sampling using ultranest. We use a flexible, parameterised pressure-temperature profile with free, constant-with-altitude molecular abundances. For HD 19467 B we fit the PSF-subtracted spectrum with a linear model that includes the atmospheric model and a set of speckle spectra from the integral field unit. We detect H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO, CO$_2$, and NH$_3$ in both atmospheres and measure carbon isotopic ratios from CO isotopologues, finding $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C$=154^{+19}_{-17}$ for HD 19467 B and $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C$=85\pm5$ for 2MASS J0415-0935. Speckle contamination primarily affects the low-frequency spectral shape at $3.0$--$3.7$$\mu$m and can affect retrieved abundances if not accounted for. We obtain seemingly constrained posteriors for some additional species (e.g.\ SiO and H$_2$S) in some cases, but treat these as tentative because cross-correlation does not yield significant detections; PH$_3$ is not detected in either target. Joint fitting of the atmospheric spectrum and the speckle contamination enables native-resolution retrievals of the high-contrast companion HD 19467 B with JWST/NIRSpec without continuum subtraction. Over $2.87$--$5.2$$\mu$m, medium-resolution spectroscopy constrains elemental and isotopic composition; both objects exhibit near-solar metallicity and subsolar C/O ratios.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript analyzes JWST/NIRSpec G395H medium-resolution spectra (2.87–5.2 μm) of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B and the field T dwarf 2MASS J0415-0935. Bayesian atmospheric retrievals are performed with petitRADTRANS and ultranest, using a flexible parameterized P-T profile and constant-with-altitude molecular abundances. For the companion, the PSF-subtracted spectrum is jointly fit with the atmospheric model plus a linear combination of IFU-extracted speckle spectra to model residual stellar contamination. Detections of H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, and NH3 are reported for both objects; carbon isotopic ratios are measured from CO isotopologues (154+19−17 for HD 19467 B and 85±5 for the field dwarf); both show near-solar metallicity and subsolar C/O. Speckle contamination is noted to affect the low-frequency shape at 3.0–3.7 μm.

Significance. If the joint speckle-atmosphere fit is shown to be free of significant residual biases, the work provides a practical route to native-resolution atmospheric retrievals of high-contrast companions without continuum subtraction. The reported isotopic ratio for HD 19467 B and the direct comparison to a field T dwarf would be useful benchmarks for substellar atmospheric chemistry.

major comments (2)
  1. [Speckle modeling and joint retrieval (abstract and methods)] The central claim that joint fitting of the atmospheric model and speckle spectra enables unbiased native-resolution retrievals rests on the assumption that a linear combination of IFU speckle spectra fully spans the wavelength-dependent residual contamination at the companion location. The abstract notes that speckle effects alter the low-frequency shape at 3.0–3.7 μm and can affect abundances if ignored, yet no residual spectra after the joint fit, no injection-recovery tests with known abundances, and no quantitative bounds on possible systematic residuals are presented. Any unmodeled chromatic residuals could be absorbed into the free molecular VMRs, P-T parameters, or isotopic ratio, directly impacting the reported near-solar metallicity, subsolar C/O, and 12C/13C = 154+19−17.
  2. [Atmospheric retrieval results and discussion] No quantitative fit statistics (reduced χ², Bayesian evidence ratios, or posterior predictive checks) or explicit discussion of covariance between the speckle linear coefficients and the atmospheric parameters (VMRs, P-T profile, isotopic ratio) are referenced. The abstract states that some additional species (SiO, H2S) yield seemingly constrained posteriors but are treated as tentative because cross-correlation yields no significant detection; without the actual posterior distributions or covariance matrices, it is difficult to evaluate whether the reported elemental and isotopic compositions are robust.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract claims 'both objects exhibit near-solar metallicity and subsolar C/O ratios' but does not quote the actual retrieved values with uncertainties; these should be stated explicitly.
  2. [Methods] Clarify the exact number of speckle basis spectra included in the linear model, the criterion used to select them from the IFU data cube, and whether any regularization or priors were applied to the speckle coefficients.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and detailed comments, which have prompted us to strengthen the presentation and validation of our joint speckle-atmosphere retrieval approach. We address each major comment point by point below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Speckle modeling and joint retrieval (abstract and methods)] The central claim that joint fitting of the atmospheric model and speckle spectra enables unbiased native-resolution retrievals rests on the assumption that a linear combination of IFU speckle spectra fully spans the wavelength-dependent residual contamination at the companion location. The abstract notes that speckle effects alter the low-frequency shape at 3.0–3.7 μm and can affect abundances if ignored, yet no residual spectra after the joint fit, no injection-recovery tests with known abundances, and no quantitative bounds on possible systematic residuals are presented. Any unmodeled chromatic residuals could be absorbed into the free molecular VMRs, P-T parameters, or isotopic ratio, directly impacting the reported near-solar metallicity, subsolar C/O, and 12C/13C = 154+19−17.

    Authors: We agree that explicit validation of the joint fit is essential to support the claim of unbiased retrievals. The speckle spectra are drawn from multiple IFU spaxels to sample the chromatic variations at the companion location, and the linear coefficients are fit simultaneously with the atmospheric parameters. In the revised manuscript we will add residual spectra (observed minus best-fit atmosphere+speckle model) to demonstrate that no significant systematic structure remains after the fit. We also acknowledge the value of injection-recovery tests; although not performed in the submitted version, we will include a limited set of such tests using simulated data with known abundances to quantify any residual bias on the reported isotopic ratio and elemental abundances. We have further added quantitative discussion of possible systematic residuals derived from the posterior predictive distribution. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Atmospheric retrieval results and discussion] No quantitative fit statistics (reduced χ², Bayesian evidence ratios, or posterior predictive checks) or explicit discussion of covariance between the speckle linear coefficients and the atmospheric parameters (VMRs, P-T profile, isotopic ratio) are referenced. The abstract states that some additional species (SiO, H2S) yield seemingly constrained posteriors but are treated as tentative because cross-correlation yields no significant detection; without the actual posterior distributions or covariance matrices, it is difficult to evaluate whether the reported elemental and isotopic compositions are robust.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting these omissions in the presentation of results. The revised manuscript now includes reduced χ² values for the best-fit models of both targets and Bayesian evidence ratios for models with and without key species. We have added an explicit section discussing the covariance between speckle linear coefficients and atmospheric parameters (VMRs, P-T profile, isotopic ratio), with accompanying corner plots demonstrating that the reported near-solar metallicity, subsolar C/O, and 12C/13C ratios are not strongly degenerate with the speckle terms. For the additional species (SiO, H2S), we have clarified the text to emphasize that posterior constraints alone are insufficient for detection claims and that cross-correlation provides the more reliable test; full posterior distributions are now provided in an appendix for reader evaluation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; retrievals are data-driven fits with independent speckle basis

full rationale

The paper performs standard Bayesian retrievals using petitRADTRANS on the observed NIRSpec spectrum of HD 19467 B. The model is a linear combination of the atmospheric forward model (with free P-T parameters and molecular abundances) plus a set of IFU-extracted speckle spectra whose coefficients are also free parameters. The isotopic ratios (e.g., 12C/13C) are computed directly from the posterior on the relative CO isotopologue abundances after the joint fit; they are not defined in terms of other fitted quantities or prior results. The speckle basis vectors are constructed from the same dataset but are not derived from the atmospheric model or from any self-citation. No step renames a fitted parameter as a prediction, imports a uniqueness theorem from the authors' prior work, or smuggles an ansatz via citation. The derivation chain is self-contained against the observed spectrum and does not reduce to its inputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

4 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The retrieval rests on a standard set of atmospheric-modeling assumptions plus several free parameters that are fitted to the data. No new physical entities are postulated.

free parameters (4)
  • pressure-temperature profile parameters
    Flexible parameterized P-T profile with multiple free nodes or coefficients fitted to the spectrum.
  • molecular volume mixing ratios
    Constant-with-altitude abundances for H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, NH3 and additional species treated as free parameters.
  • speckle linear coefficients
    Set of coefficients scaling the integral-field-unit speckle spectra in the joint linear model.
  • carbon isotopic ratio
    Derived from relative CO isotopologue abundances but effectively fitted as part of the retrieval.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Molecular abundances are constant with altitude
    Explicitly stated in the retrieval setup; common but not universally true for all species.
  • domain assumption The linear combination of speckle templates fully describes residual contamination
    Central modeling choice whose validity determines whether retrieved abundances are unbiased.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5737 in / 1881 out tokens · 48234 ms · 2026-05-08T17:24:01.272748+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

297 extracted references · 168 canonical work pages · 4 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    2022, ApJS, 259, 35, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac4414

    The. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac4414 , file =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac4414

  2. [2]

    Abel, Martin and Frommhold, Lothar and Li, Xiaoping and Hunt, Katharine L. C. , doi =. Collision-. J. Phys. Chem. A , month =

  3. [3]

    Accretion in Brown Dwarfs:

  4. [4]

    Ackerman, M.S

    , keywords =. doi:10.1086/321540 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1086/321540

  5. [5]

    Galactic stellar populations and planets

    Adibekyan, V. Zh and Sousa, S. G. and Santos, N. C. and Mena, E. Delgado and Hern. Chemical Abundances of 1111. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219401 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219401

  6. [6]

    L., et al

    Agol, Eric and Dorn, Caroline and Grimm, Simon L. and Turbet, Martin and Ducrot, Elsa and Delrez, Laetitia and Gillon, Micha. Refining the. The Planetary Science Journal , keywords =. doi:10.3847/PSJ/abd022 , file =

    work page doi:10.3847/psj/abd022

  7. [7]

    and Macintosh, Bruce and Mawet, Dimitri and Nielsen, Eric L

    Agrawal, Shubh and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Konopacky, Quinn M. and Macintosh, Bruce and Mawet, Dimitri and Nielsen, Eric L. and Hoch, Kielan K. W. and Liu, Michael C. and Barman, Travis S. and Thompson, William and Greenbaum, Alexandra Z. and Marois, Christian and Patience, Jenny , doi =. Detecting. AJ , langid =

  8. [8]

    Aguado, D. S. and Molaro, P. and Caffau, E. and Gonz. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244627 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244627

  9. [9]

    and McDonald, Catriona H

    Ahrer, Eva-Maria and Gandhi, Siddharth and Alderson, Lili and Kirk, James and Teske, Johanna and Booth, Richard A. and McDonald, Catriona H. and Christie, Duncan A. and Claringbold, Alastair B. and Nealon, Rebecca and Panwar, Vatsal and Veras, Dimitri and Wakeford, Hannah R. and Wheatley, Peter J. and Zamyatina, Maria , doi =. Tracing the Formation and Mi...

  10. [10]

    doi:10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705 , journal =

    work page doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 1974

  11. [11]

    Mapping atmospheric features of the planetary-mass brown dwarf SIMP 0136 with JWST NIRISS

    Mapping Atmospheric Features of the Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2509.00149 , eprint =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.00149

  12. [12]

    A Method of Univariate Interpolation That Has the Accuracy of a Third-Degree Polynomial , url =

    Akima, Hiroshi , doi =. A Method of Univariate Interpolation That Has the Accuracy of a Third-Degree Polynomial , url =. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. , langid =

  13. [13]

    Akima, Hiroshi , doi =. A. J. ACM , month =

  14. [14]

    A&A , langid =

    Alcal. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937309 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937309

  15. [15]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

    Alcal. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140918 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140918

  16. [16]

    X-Shooter Spectroscopy of Young Stellar Objects

    Alcal. X-Shooter Spectroscopy of Young Stellar Objects. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322254 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322254

  17. [17]

    X-Shooter Spectroscopy of Young Stellar Objects in

    Alcal. X-Shooter Spectroscopy of Young Stellar Objects in. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629929 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629929

  18. [18]

    R., Alam, M

    , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05591-3 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05591-3

  19. [19]

    E., Wallack, N

    Alderson, Lili and Moran, Sarah E. and Wallack, Nicole L. and Batalha, Natasha E. and Wogan, Nicholas F. and Dattilo, Anne and Wakeford, Hannah R. and Redai, Jea Adams and Alam, Munazza K. and Aguichine, Artyom and Batalha, Natalie M. and Gagnebin, Anna and Gao, Peter and Kirk, James and. The Astronomical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adad64...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adad64

  20. [20]

    Determination of the Initial Hydrogen Isotopic Composition of the Solar System , url =

    Al. Determination of the Initial Hydrogen Isotopic Composition of the Solar System , url =. Nat Astron , langid =. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01595-7 , file =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01595-7

  21. [21]

    Alexander, C. M. O'D. and Cody, G. D. and De Gregorio, B. T. and Nittler, L. R. and Stroud, R. M. , doi =. The Nature, Origin and Modification of Insoluble Organic Matter in Chondrites, the Major Source of. Geochemistry , keywords =

  22. [22]

    and Mordasini, C

    Alibert, Y. and Mordasini, C. and Benz, W. and Winisdoerffer, C. , doi =. Models of Giant Planet Formation with Migration and Disc Evolution , url =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  23. [23]

    Allard, F. , doi =. The. Proc. IAU , langid =

  24. [24]

    , keywords =

    , keywords =. doi:10.1086/321547 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1086/321547

  25. [25]

    Allard, France and Hauschildt, Peter H. , doi =. Model. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

  26. [26]

    2012, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 370, 2765, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0269

    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0269 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0269 2011

  27. [27]

    Allard, N. F. and Spiegelman, F. and Leininger, T. and Molliere, P. , doi =. New Study of the Line Profiles of Sodium Perturbed by. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  28. [28]

    Allers, K. N. and Jaffe, D. T. and Luhman, K. L. and Liu, Michael C. and Wilson, J. C. and Skrutskie, M. F. and Nelson, M. and Peterson, D. E. and Smith, J. D. and Cushing, M. C. , doi =. Characterizing. ApJ , langid =

  29. [29]

    Allers, K. N. and Liu, Michael C. , doi =. A. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

  30. [30]

    2022, title Youth analysis of near-infrared spectra of young low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 657.0, A129, 10.1051/0004-6361/202142050

    Youth Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectra of Young Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs , url =. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142050 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142050

  31. [31]

    and Plez, B

    Alvarez, R. and Plez, B. , doi =. Near-Infrared Narrow-Band Photometry of

  32. [32]

    Amarsi, A. M. and Grevesse, N. and Asplund, M. and Collet, R. , doi =. The Solar Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Abundances from a. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  33. [33]

    PDRs4All XVIII. JWST-NIRCam Photometric properties of protoplanetary disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster

    Amiot, P. and Bern. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.16262 , file =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16262

  34. [34]

    WASP-189b: an ultra-hot Jupiter transiting the bright A star HR 5599 in a polar orbit

    arXiv:1809.04897 [astro-ph] , keywords =. arXiv , author =:1809.04897 , file =

    work page Pith review arXiv

  35. [35]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.14513 , eprint =

    Phosphorus in Cool Stars of Various Metallicities:. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.14513 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.14513

  36. [36]

    doi:10.1088/0067-0049/200/2/15 , file =

    ApJS , langid =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/200/2/15 , file =

    work page doi:10.1088/0067-0049/200/2/15

  37. [37]

    Anstee, S. D. and O'Mara, B. J. , doi =. Width Cross-Sections for Collisional Broadening of s-p and p-s Transitions by Atomic Hydrogen , url =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =

  38. [38]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2504.11425 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.11425

  39. [39]

    Origin of the Elements , url =

    Arcones, Almudena and Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl , doi =. Origin of the Elements , url =. Astron Astrophys Rev , keywords =

  40. [40]

    2018, , 616, A17, 10.1051/0004-6361/201833234

    Gaia. A&A , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833234 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833234

  41. [41]

    R., et al

    Argyriou, Ioannis and Glasse, Alistair and Law, David R. and Labiano, Alvaro and. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346489 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346489

  42. [42]

    Line-by-Line

    Artigau,. Line-by-Line. The Astronomical Journal , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce6 , file =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7ce6

  43. [43]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2406.08304 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.08304

  44. [44]

    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences , langid =

    Artymowicz, Pawel , doi =. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences , langid =

  45. [45]

    and Pitkin, Matthew and Schneider, Doris and Speagle, Joshua S

    Nested Sampling for Physical Scientists , url =. Nat Rev Methods Primers , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00121-x , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00121-x

  46. [46]

    Jacques and Scott, Pat , doi =

    Asplund, Martin and Grevesse, Nicolas and Sauval, A. Jacques and Scott, Pat , doi =. The. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  47. [47]

    The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140445 , eid =. arXiv , author =:2105.01661 , journal =

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140445

  48. [48]

    NIST , langid =

    Atomic. NIST , langid =

  49. [49]

    Atreya, S. K. and Wong, M. H. and Owen, T. C. and Mahaffy, P. R. and Niemann, H. B. and. A Comparison of the Atmospheres of. Planetary and Space Science , month =. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00047-1 , issn =

    work page doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(99)00047-1

  50. [50]

    and Zimmerman, Barbara A

    Audouze, Jean and Truran, James W. and Zimmerman, Barbara A. , doi =. Hot. The Astrophysical Journal , month =

  51. [51]

    Aumann, H. H. and Gillespie, Jr., C. M. and Low, F. J. , doi =. The. ApJ , langid =

  52. [52]

    AuoouzEf, Jean , file =. ApJ. . . , langid =

  53. [53]

    arXiv , author =:1301.5281 , journal =

    doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/46 , eid =. arXiv , author =:1301.5281 , journal =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/765/1/46

  54. [54]

    The rotation-vibration spectrum of hot H _ 2 S

    , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1133 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1133

  55. [55]

    Baba, Junichi and Tsujimoto, Takuji and Saitoh, Takayuki R. , doi =. Solar. ApJL , langid =

  56. [56]

    and Theissen, Christopher A

    Baburaj, Aneesh and Konopacky, Quinn M. and Theissen, Christopher A. and Peacock, Sarah and Huseby, Lori and Fulton, Benjamin J. and Gerasimov, Roman and Barman, Travis S. and Hoch, Kielan K. W. , doi =. A. AJ , langid =

  57. [57]

    ApJ , langid =

    Bacciotti, Francesca and Miquel Girart, Josep and Padovani, Marco and Podio, Linda and Paladino, Rosita and Testi, Leonardo and Bianchi, Eleonora and Galli, Daniele and Codella, Claudio and Coffey, Deirdre and Favre, Cecile and Fedele, Davide , doi =. ApJ , langid =

  58. [58]

    Protostars and Planets VII , year = 2023, editor =

    Structured. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2210.13314 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2210.13314

  59. [59]

    Correcting

    Bailey, Jeremy and Simpson, Andrew and Crisp, David , doi =. Correcting. PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC , langid =

  60. [60]

    Correcting

    Bailey, Jeremy and Simpson, Andrew and Crisp, David , doi =. Correcting. PASP , langid =

  61. [61]

    Bailey, Vanessa and Meshkat, Tiffany and Reiter, Megan and Morzinski, Katie and Males, Jared and Su, Kate Y. L. and Hinz, Philip M. and Kenworthy, Matthew and Stark, Daniel and Mamajek, Eric and Briguglio, Runa and Close, Laird M. and Follette, Katherine B. and Puglisi, Alfio and Rodigas, Timothy and Weinberger, Alycia J. and Xompero, Marco , doi =. ApJL ...

  62. [62]

    Bai, Yu and Luo, A-Li and Comte, Georges and Zhao, Jing-Kun and Yang, Hai-Feng and Guo, Yan-Xin and Wang, You-Fen and Li, Yin-Bi and Du, Bing and Hou, Wen and Kong, Xiao and Yi, Zhen-Ping and Song, Yi-Han and Bai, Zhong-Rui and Zhang, Jian-Nan and Wang, Meng-Xin and Chen, Jian-Jun and Chen, Xiao-Yan and Wu, Ke-Fei and Zuo, Fang and Wu, Yue and Cao, Zi-Hua...

  63. [63]

    Search for

    Bakos, G. Search for. Proc. IAU , langid =. doi:10.1017/S1743921308026197 , file =

    work page doi:10.1017/s1743921308026197

  64. [64]

    , keywords =

    Bakos, G. and Noyes, R. W. and Kov. Wide-. PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC , langid =. doi:10.1086/382735 , file =

    work page doi:10.1086/382735

  65. [65]

    arXiv , author =:2309.04403 , file =

    work page arXiv

  66. [66]

    arXiv , author =:2312.08283 , file =

    work page arXiv

  67. [67]

    Evolutionary models for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs: Uncertainties and limits at very young ages

    Baraffe, I. and Chabrier, G. and Allard, F. and Hauschildt, P. H. , copyright =. Evolutionary Models for Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs:. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011638 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011638

  68. [68]

    New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit

    Baraffe, Isabelle and Homeier, Derek and Allard, France and Chabrier, Gilles , copyright =. New Evolutionary Models for Pre-Main Sequence and Main Sequence Low-Mass Stars down to the Hydrogen-Burning Limit , url =. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425481 , file =

    work page Pith review doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425481

  69. [69]

    Barber, R. J. and Strange, J. K. and Hill, C. and Polyansky, O. L. and Mellau, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2011 , file =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2011

  70. [70]

    Barklem, P. S. and Collet, R. , doi =. Partition Functions and Equilibrium Constants for Diatomic Molecules and Atoms of Astrophysical Interest , url =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  71. [71]

    and Amarsi, Anish M

    Barklem, Paul S. and Amarsi, Anish M. , doi =. Revisiting the Statistical Equilibrium of. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  72. [72]

    and Macintosh, Bruce and Konopacky, Quinn M

    Barman, Travis S. and Macintosh, Bruce and Konopacky, Quinn M. and Marois, Christian , doi =. ApJ , langid =

  73. [73]

    Nature , keywords =

    Barrado, David and Molli. Nature , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06813-y , file =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06813-y

  74. [74]

    and Boogert, Adwin and Li, Jialu and DeWitt, Curtis N

    Barr, Andrew G. and Boogert, Adwin and Li, Jialu and DeWitt, Curtis N. and Montiel, Edward and Richter, Matthew J. and Indriolo, Nick and Pendleton, Yvonne and Chiar, Jean and M. Tielens, Alexander G. G. , doi =. Infrared. ApJ , langid =

  75. [75]

    and Marsh, Kenneth A

    Barsony, Mary and Ressler, Michael E. and Marsh, Kenneth A. , doi =. A. ApJ , langid =

  76. [76]

    Bast, J. E. and Brown, J. M. and Herczeg, G. J. and van Dishoeck, E. F. and Pontoppidan, K. M. , copyright =. Single Peaked. A&A , langid =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015225 , file =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015225

  77. [77]

    and Marley, Mark S

    Batalha, Natasha E. and Marley, Mark S. and Lewis, Nikole K. and Fortney, Jonathan J. , doi =. Exoplanet. ApJ , langid =

  78. [78]

    and Lopes, D

    Batalha, C. and Lopes, D. F. and Batalha, N. M. , doi =. Variability of. ApJ , langid =

  79. [79]

    Bate, M. R. and Bonnell, I. A. and Bromm, V. , doi =. The Formation Mechanism of Brown Dwarfs , url =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , langid =

  80. [80]

    , copyright =

    Batygin, Konstantin and Adams, Fred C. , copyright =. Determination of. Nat Astron , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02512-y , file =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02512-y

Showing first 80 references.