JWST observations indicate that interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has dust dominated by amorphous silicates similar to the ISM, unlike the crystalline silicate-rich dust in Solar System comets.
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Protostars and Planets VII , year = 2023, editor =
16 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 53 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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external citations · Pith
abstract
Recent spatially-resolved observations of protoplanetary disks revealed a plethora of substructures, including concentric rings and gaps, inner cavities, misalignments, spiral arms, and azimuthal asymmetries. This is the major breakthrough in studies of protoplanetary disks since Protostars and Planets VI and is reshaping the field of planet formation. However, while the capability of imaging substructures in protoplanetary disks has been steadily improving, the origin of many substructures are still largely debated. The structured distributions of gas and solids in protoplanetary disks likely reflect the outcome of physical processes at work, including the formation of planets. Yet, the diverse properties among the observed protoplanetary disk population, for example, the number and radial location of rings and gaps in the dust distribution, suggest that the controlling process may differ between disks and/or the outcome may be sensitive to stellar or disk properties. In this review, we (1) summarize the existing observations of protoplanetary disk substructures collected from the literature; (2) provide a comprehensive theoretical review of various processes proposed to explain observed protoplanetary disk substructures; (3) compare current theoretical predictions with existing observations and highlight future research directions to distinguish between different origins; and (4) discuss implications of state-of-the-art protoplanetary disk observations to protoplanetary disk and planet formation theory.
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2026 16representative citing papers
JWST/MIRI survey of 2-6 Myr Upper Scorpius disks finds diverse chemotypes, 10-1000x lower water luminosities, and evidence that outer dust traps control inner-disk chemistry.
High-resolution interferometric imaging of eight post-AGB circumbinary discs reveals diverse inner-rim substructures including azimuthal brightness enhancements and arc-like features not explained by inclination alone.
Joint speckle-atmosphere retrievals on JWST spectra of HD 19467 B and a field T dwarf detect H2O, CH4, CO, CO2 and NH3, yield carbon isotopic ratios of 154 and 85 respectively, and show near-solar metallicity with subsolar C/O.
Observations of the HK Tau binary with JWST reveal gas-phase molecular lines in the low-inclination primary and ice absorption features in the edge-on secondary, enabled by their differing inclinations.
ALMA survey detects H2CO in 45% of 20 disks and finds strong correlations of line luminosity with disk size, mass, and stellar luminosity, suggesting grain-surface formation.
ALMA observations of 100 Ophiuchus discs show substructures linked to giant planet formation are common in discs above 10 Earth masses of dust and increase from Class I to Class II stages.
Halos in Elias 2-24, IM Lup, and DM Tau hold 20-30% of total dust mass with cm-sized grains, helping resolve the disk mass-budget problem even though drift and growth timescales are shorter than disk ages.
Synthetic SKA-Mid observations of simulated MHD and photoevaporative disk winds show that free-free emission is detectable in hours and stacked hydrogen recombination lines are spectrally resolvable in ~10 hours.
Two migrating super-Earths in low-viscosity disks trigger narrow and broad dust substructures with high dust-to-gas ratios favorable for planetesimal formation.
The paper proposes the iSEEDs project to integrate machine learning with astrochemistry for extracting physical conditions and molecular abundances from protostellar disk datasets.
Reviews direct imaging of protoplanets and proposes deriving observational estimates of planet mass-to-radius ratio to test formation models, highlighting ELT capabilities.
SKAO will enable the first large-scale high-resolution surveys of cm-wavelength disk emission to constrain dust growth, pebble demographics, and planet formation processes.
This review chapter discusses open questions on protoplanetary disk substructures and how SKA-Mid continuum observations at 12.5 GHz can help resolve them.
The Bern Model has incorporated MHD disk evolution, pebble accretion, and improved interiors, yielding quantitative matches to exoplanet mass functions, radius distributions, and system architectures.
ALMA observed 3933 independent coordinates in nearby star-forming regions for disks and planet formation, analyzed by sky location, frequency coverage, exposure time, spectral lines, and angular resolution.
citing papers explorer
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The Dust Mineralogy of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS from JWST/MIRI Observations
JWST observations indicate that interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has dust dominated by amorphous silicates similar to the ISM, unlike the crystalline silicate-rich dust in Solar System comets.
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Chemical Divergence and Water Depletion: Gas Properties of Evolved Upper Scorpius Disks Revealed by JWST/MIRI
JWST/MIRI survey of 2-6 Myr Upper Scorpius disks finds diverse chemotypes, 10-1000x lower water luminosities, and evidence that outer dust traps control inner-disk chemistry.
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VLTI/PIONIER imaging of post-AGB binaries. An INSPIRING hunt for inner rim substructures in circumbinary discs
High-resolution interferometric imaging of eight post-AGB circumbinary discs reveals diverse inner-rim substructures including azimuthal brightness enhancements and arc-like features not explained by inclination alone.
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JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B
Joint speckle-atmosphere retrievals on JWST spectra of HD 19467 B and a field T dwarf detect H2O, CH4, CO, CO2 and NH3, yield carbon isotopic ratios of 154 and 85 respectively, and show near-solar metallicity with subsolar C/O.
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MINDS: Complementary inclinations in the binary system HK Tau reveal gas- and ice-phase chemistry
Observations of the HK Tau binary with JWST reveal gas-phase molecular lines in the low-inclination primary and ice absorption features in the edge-on secondary, enabled by their differing inclinations.
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The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): Formaldehyde (H$_2$CO) emission and its links to disk properties
ALMA survey detects H2CO in 45% of 20 disks and finds strong correlations of line luminosity with disk size, mass, and stellar luminosity, suggesting grain-surface formation.
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The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA). Substructures as a function of SED Class and disc mass in 100 systems
ALMA observations of 100 Ophiuchus discs show substructures linked to giant planet formation are common in discs above 10 Earth masses of dust and increase from Class I to Class II stages.
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Dust characterization of halos: The extended emission in protoplanetary disks
Halos in Elias 2-24, IM Lup, and DM Tau hold 20-30% of total dust mass with cm-sized grains, helping resolve the disk mass-budget problem even though drift and growth timescales are shorter than disk ages.
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Ionized gas emission in protoplanetary disks with the SKAO
Synthetic SKA-Mid observations of simulated MHD and photoevaporative disk winds show that free-free emission is detectable in hours and stacked hydrogen recombination lines are spectrally resolvable in ~10 hours.
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On the Dust Substructures Triggered by Two Super-Earths Migrating in Low-viscosity Disks
Two migrating super-Earths in low-viscosity disks trigger narrow and broad dust substructures with high dust-to-gas ratios favorable for planetesimal formation.
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Astrochemical Study of Early Embedded Disks
The paper proposes the iSEEDs project to integrate machine learning with astrochemistry for extracting physical conditions and molecular abundances from protostellar disk datasets.
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High-Contrast Imaging of Forming Protoplanets: VLTs, JWST, and the Promise of ELT
Reviews direct imaging of protoplanets and proposes deriving observational estimates of planet mass-to-radius ratio to test formation models, highlighting ELT capabilities.
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Demographics of planet-forming disks with the SKAO
SKAO will enable the first large-scale high-resolution surveys of cm-wavelength disk emission to constrain dust growth, pebble demographics, and planet formation processes.
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Substructures in Planet-Forming Disks with the SKAO
This review chapter discusses open questions on protoplanetary disk substructures and how SKA-Mid continuum observations at 12.5 GHz can help resolve them.
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The formation of planetary systems: physics, populations, and architectures
The Bern Model has incorporated MHD disk evolution, pebble accretion, and improved interiors, yielding quantitative matches to exoplanet mass functions, radius distributions, and system architectures.
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An archival summary: 15 years of ALMA observations on disks and planet formation
ALMA observed 3933 independent coordinates in nearby star-forming regions for disks and planet formation, analyzed by sky location, frequency coverage, exposure time, spectral lines, and angular resolution.