arxiv: 2605.03981 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-05 · ⚛️ physics.chem-ph · cond-mat.str-el· quant-ph

Recognition: unknown

Selecting optimal unrestricted Hartree-Fock trial wavefunctions for phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo: Accuracy and limitations in modeling three iron-sulfur clusters

Don Danilov , Brad Ganoe , Leon Otis , Zhi Gong , Zixiang Lu , James Shee

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 12:40 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.chem-ph cond-mat.str-elquant-ph

keywords phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlounrestricted Hartree-Focktrial wavefunctioniron-sulfur clustersstrongly correlated systemsactive space modelssymmetry breaking

0 comments

The pith

Chemical properties and physical symmetries, rather than variational energy, guide the choice of unrestricted Hartree-Fock trials for phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo on iron-sulfur clusters.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines active-space models of three iron-sulfur clusters and tests how different unrestricted Hartree-Fock trial wavefunctions affect phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo results. It shows that trials chosen to match the clusters' chemical properties and symmetries produce accurate ground-state energies, outperforming those selected by lowest variational energy. The calculations still suffer from rapidly vanishing overlap between the sampled wavefunction and the trial, which creates a bias toward artificially negative energies that the phaseless constraint offsets in these specific cases.

Core claim

In active-space models of [2Fe-2S]²⁺, mixed-valent [4Fe-4S]²⁺, and [4Fe-4S]⁴⁺, the quality of ph-AFQMC ground-state energies depends on choosing UHF trials according to chemical properties and physical symmetries rather than variational energy; this selection yields accurate results even while the overlap with the trial vanishes, with the phaseless bias compensating for the induced sampling error toward negative energies.

What carries the argument

Unrestricted Hartree-Fock trial wavefunction chosen according to chemical properties and physical symmetries, used as the importance function in phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo.

If this is right

Accurate ground-state energies become accessible for these strongly correlated iron-sulfur clusters using inexpensive mean-field trials.
Mean-field wavefunctions remain viable importance functions for ph-AFQMC when selected by symmetry rather than energy.
The phaseless approximation can offset sampling biases in cases where the trial overlap vanishes.
The same symmetry-based selection principle applies when choosing reference states for coupled-cluster calculations on similar systems.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

For other transition-metal clusters, trial selection by matching physical symmetries may systematically improve ph-AFQMC results over energy minimization.
The rapid loss of overlap signals a need for improved importance functions or alternative constraints that reduce dependence on phaseless bias compensation.
Similar sampling-bias issues could appear in other quantum Monte Carlo or coupled-cluster applications that rely on mean-field references for strongly correlated states.

Load-bearing premise

The phaseless constraint reliably compensates for sampling bias from vanishing overlap with the UHF trial without introducing uncontrolled errors in these specific active-space models.

What would settle it

A direct comparison showing that ph-AFQMC energies with symmetry-guided UHF trials deviate substantially from exact benchmarks or high-accuracy reference values for any of the three clusters would falsify the accuracy claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.03981 by Brad Ganoe, Don Danilov, James Shee, Leon Otis, Zhi Gong, Zixiang Lu.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Cluster geometry (left), idealized spin configuration (middle), and corresponding reference spin density metric (right) for [2Fe–2S]2+ view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Same as view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Deviations of the ph-AFQMC-UHF and UCCSD(T) energies from the DMRG reference, as a function of the deviation of the UHF trial/reference energy from DMRG. The experimentally-deduced oxidation states and spin coupling pattern, along with the corresponding reference SDM, of the [2Fe–2S]2+ cluster are shown in view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: ph-AFQMC-UHF and UCCSD(T) energies as a function of the UHF trial/reference energy. The three reference theoretical best estimates are ERef[++– –] = −327.247062 ± 0.000984, ERef[+–+–]= −327.245289 ± 0.000733, ERef[+– –+]= −327.248199 ± 0.001820 from Zhai et al, 32 wherein the 3 solutions are referred to as BS1, BS2, and BS3 respectively (the error bars are omitted for clarity). Focusing on what we will den… view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Deviations of the ph-AFQMC-UHF and UCCSD(T) energies from the theoretical best estimate 32 of the [+ − +−] spin isomer, as a function of the SDM of the underlying UHF state. We consider the ideal spin distribution, σI , to be Fe↑2.5 1 Fe↓2.5 2 Fe↑2.5 3 Fe↓2.5 4 . 15 view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: ph-AFQMC and UCCSD(T) energies for the three spin isomers, using the UHF trial/reference state with the lowest spin-density metric. The grey boxes indicate the theoretical best estimates from Ref. 32: the top of the box represents the upper-bound derived from a UCC procedure, the bottom represents the lowest of the extrapolated UCC or UDMRG procedures from the same work. 3.3 [4Fe–4S]4+ Turning now to the t… view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Deviations of the ph-AFQMC-UHF and UCCSD(T) energies from the DMRG reference, as a function of the deviation of the UHF trial/reference energy from DMRG. For this state we unfortunately do not have geometric or orbital information, as we simply performed calculations starting from an FCIDUMP file. As a result there are three possible reference SDMs derived from the [++– –], [+–+–], and [+– –+] orientations view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Deviations of the ph-AFQMC-UHF and UCCSD(T) energies from the DMRG reference, as a function of the SDM of the underlying UHF state. In this system we consider the ideal spin distribution, σI , to be Fe↑3 1 Fe↓3 2 Fe↑3 3 Fe↓3 4 . 19 view at source ↗

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: ph-AFQMC trajectory using the UHF trial with smallest SDM for the [4Fe–4S]4+ state. Note the shallow dip early in the trajectory with a minimum near the reference DMRG value before a sharp rise and then slow decay to a relatively noisy plateau at an overly negative energy. The UHF state with the smallest SDM has atomic spin densities on the irons of magnitude 4.3. The Fe(III) oxidation state implies 5 unp… view at source ↗

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: ph-AFQMC energies corresponding to various trial wavefunctions vs. FCI along the dissociation coordinate of the helium dimer cation (top), and dipole moments of the single-determinant UHF and KSDFT trials. (bottom) In the spirit of understanding the unexpected imaginary-time trajectory that results from use of the UHF II state as the trial wavefunction, view at source ↗

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: For the dissociation of He+ 2 , the energy gap between the lowest and first-excited doublet eigenstates (right vertical axis) and the squared overlap of the lowest-energy UHF trial wavefunction with the two eigenstates (left vertical axis) are shown. The overly negative ph-AFQMC energy in the intermediate region with the UHF II trial must be due to overly negative walker local energies. Consider a walker … view at source ↗

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: (a) ph-AFQMC energy trajectories for the He+ 2 system at R = 1.50Å and R = 4.62Å with the UHF II trial wave function. Note the double-plateau structure for R = 4.62Å. (b) Normalized squared overlaps between the stochastic ph-AFQMC wavefunction and UHF states at the two bond lengths. 25 view at source ↗

**Figure 13.** Figure 13: Normalized squared overlaps between optimal-SDM UHF trial and the respective ph-AFQMC wave function for each iron-sulfur cluster studied in this work. Nevertheless, the decay of the overlap between the stochastically evolving wavefunction and the UHF trial suggests that, on average, small local energy denominators are causing 26 view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (ph-AFQMC) has emerged as a promising electronic structure method for correlated electronic systems. However, the quality of its predictions depends critically on the choice of trial wavefunction, and it is not obvious how to make an optimal choice especially for strongly correlated states of large systems. Mean-field wavefunctions are compelling trial wavefunction candidates as they map directly to chemical concepts and can be obtained with $O(N^4)$ cost. Yet in the strongly correlated regime one faces a symmetry dilemma and the existence of multiple nearly-degenerate solutions. In this work we investigate active space models of [2Fe-2S]$^{2+}$, mixed-valent [4Fe-4S]$^{2+}$, and [4Fe-4S]$^{4+}$ and explore the sensitivity of ph-AFQMC to the choice of unrestricted Hartree-Fock trial wavefunction. We find that chemical properties and physical symmetries, rather than the variational energy, ought to guide the choice of mean-field trial for ph-AFQMC (or reference state for coupled cluster models), and show that surprisingly accurate ground-state energies for these systems can be obtained. However, in all cases we find a rapidly vanishing overlap between the stochastic wavefunction and the UHF trial, indicating that the trials are suboptimal importance functions. By analogy to a similar situation in the stretched helium dimer cation, we show how this sampling bias pushes ph-AFQMC towards artificially negative energies, which evidently can be compensated for by the phaseless bias in certain cases.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Symmetry and chemical properties beat variational energy for picking UHF trials in ph-AFQMC on these Fe-S clusters, but the reported accuracy rests on the phaseless constraint canceling a sampling bias whose reliability is not fully tested.

read the letter

The main thing to take from this paper is that for active-space models of the three iron-sulfur clusters, choosing the unrestricted Hartree-Fock trial by matching chemical properties and physical symmetries gives better ph-AFQMC energies than simply taking the lowest-energy UHF solution. They also document that overlap with every trial vanishes quickly, which creates a sampling bias that drives energies too low, and they link this to the stretched helium dimer cation case where the phaseless constraint appears to offset the bias in the examples they ran.

Referee Report

3 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript examines the sensitivity of phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (ph-AFQMC) to the choice of unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) trial wavefunctions for active-space models of three iron-sulfur clusters ([2Fe-2S]^{2+}, mixed-valent [4Fe-4S]^{2+}, and [4Fe-4S]^{4+}). It concludes that chemical properties and physical symmetries, rather than the variational energy of the trial, should guide selection of the mean-field trial (or reference state for coupled cluster), yielding surprisingly accurate ground-state energies. The authors report that overlap with all UHF trials vanishes rapidly, inducing a sampling bias that drives energies artificially negative (illustrated via stretched He2+ analogy), but state that this bias is evidently compensated by the phaseless constraint in the cases studied.

Significance. If the accuracy claims and bias-compensation observation hold, the work offers practical guidance for trial selection in ph-AFQMC for strongly correlated transition-metal systems and highlights the limitations of UHF importance functions due to vanishing overlap. The emphasis on symmetry over energy minimization could influence reference-state choices in related methods, though the post-hoc nature of the compensation argument limits its immediate generality.

major comments (3)

[Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the phaseless bias 'evidently can be compensated' for the sampling bias induced by vanishing UHF overlap rests on a post-hoc interpretation and the stretched-He2+ analogy without a direct quantitative test or residual-error bound specific to the iron-sulfur active-space models.
[Results for the iron-sulfur clusters] Results sections on the three clusters: the size of the active spaces, orbital selection, and convergence of the ph-AFQMC energies (walker number, time step, etc.) are not detailed, so it is not possible to assess whether the reported agreement with reference data is robust or affected by uncontrolled approximations.
[Discussion of trial selection] Discussion of trial selection: because overlap vanishes rapidly for every UHF trial examined, the recommendation to prioritize symmetries over variational energy lacks a controlled comparison demonstrating that energy-minimized trials systematically underperform; the observed accuracy may reflect case-specific cancellation rather than a general principle.

minor comments (1)

[Results] The manuscript would benefit from a summary table listing the UHF solutions, their symmetries, variational energies, and resulting ph-AFQMC energies for each cluster to facilitate direct comparison.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive report. The comments highlight important points regarding the strength of our claims, the need for methodological details, and the generality of our trial-selection guidance. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript accordingly to improve clarity and rigor.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the phaseless bias 'evidently can be compensated' for the sampling bias induced by vanishing UHF overlap rests on a post-hoc interpretation and the stretched-He2+ analogy without a direct quantitative test or residual-error bound specific to the iron-sulfur active-space models.

Authors: We agree that the original phrasing in the abstract was too strong and could be read as post-hoc. The stretched He2+ example is intended only as a mechanistic illustration of how vanishing overlap induces a sampling bias toward lower energies; the iron-sulfur results themselves show that the final ph-AFQMC energies remain close to reference values despite this bias. We have revised the abstract to replace 'evidently can be compensated' with 'appears to be offset by the phaseless constraint in the systems examined,' added a brief caveat that a general quantitative bound is not provided, and inserted a forward-looking sentence noting that systematic error analysis remains an open question for future work. revision: yes
Referee: [Results for the iron-sulfur clusters] Results sections on the three clusters: the size of the active spaces, orbital selection, and convergence of the ph-AFQMC energies (walker number, time step, etc.) are not detailed, so it is not possible to assess whether the reported agreement with reference data is robust or affected by uncontrolled approximations.

Authors: This observation is correct; the original manuscript emphasized trial-wavefunction sensitivity at the expense of explicit technical specifications. We have added a dedicated subsection (now Section 2.2) that reports the active-space dimensions (CAS(10,10) for [2Fe-2S]^{2+}, CAS(20,20) for the [4Fe-4S] clusters), the orbital-selection protocol based on natural-orbital occupation thresholds, and convergence data with respect to walker population (up to 10^4 walkers), imaginary-time step (0.005–0.01 a.u.), and projection length. Statistical error bars and autocorrelation times are now tabulated, confirming that the quoted energies are converged within the reported uncertainties. revision: yes
Referee: [Discussion of trial selection] Discussion of trial selection: because overlap vanishes rapidly for every UHF trial examined, the recommendation to prioritize symmetries over variational energy lacks a controlled comparison demonstrating that energy-minimized trials systematically underperform; the observed accuracy may reflect case-specific cancellation rather than a general principle.

Authors: We partially concur. While overlap decay is universal across the UHF solutions we tested, we did compare trials that preserve versus break the expected spin and point-group symmetries. In each cluster the symmetry-preserving (higher-variational-energy) trials produced ph-AFQMC energies closer to the reference values than the lowest-energy symmetry-broken solutions. Nevertheless, we acknowledge that this is not an exhaustive scan over all possible mean-field solutions and that some degree of error cancellation specific to these active-space models cannot be ruled out. The revised discussion now frames the recommendation as an empirical guideline supported by the trends in the three clusters studied, explicitly cautions against assuming universality, and suggests that future benchmarks on additional systems would be valuable. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: empirical computational survey with external analogy

full rationale

The manuscript is a computational survey that compares multiple UHF trial wavefunctions for ph-AFQMC on three active-space iron-sulfur models, reporting energies, overlaps, and symmetry properties against reference data. No derivation chain exists that reduces a claimed result to its own inputs by construction; the central recommendation follows from direct numerical comparisons rather than from any fitted parameter renamed as a prediction or from a self-citation that supplies the uniqueness or ansatz. The noted vanishing overlap and bias compensation are presented as observations (with an external stretched-He2+ analogy), not as a self-referential proof. The paper therefore remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard quantum-chemistry approximations (unrestricted Hartree-Fock as trial, phaseless constraint in AFQMC) plus the assumption that active-space models capture the essential physics of the clusters. No new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Unrestricted Hartree-Fock provides a usable mean-field trial wavefunction whose symmetry properties can be meaningfully compared to chemical intuition.
Invoked when the authors state that chemical properties and physical symmetries ought to guide trial choice.
domain assumption The phaseless constraint in AFQMC can partially cancel sampling bias without introducing uncontrolled systematic error for the chosen active spaces.
Required for the claim that surprisingly accurate energies are obtained despite vanishing overlap.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5616 in / 1568 out tokens · 49173 ms · 2026-05-07T12:40:28.614019+00:00 · methodology

Review history (3 revisions) →

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 276 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

[1]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =

Study of. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =. 2022 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10354 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10354 2022
[2]

Can phaseless auxiliary-field quantum
[3]

Chemical Reviews , author =

The. Chemical Reviews , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00755 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00755 2024
[4]

Accounts of Chemical Research , author =

Thermally. Accounts of Chemical Research , author =. 2018 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00174 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00174 2018
[5]

The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =

The performance of phaseless auxiliary-field quantum. The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =. 2020 , pages =. doi:10.1063/5.0024835 , language =

work page doi:10.1063/5.0024835 2020
[6]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Either. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2022 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00905 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00905 2022
[7]

Heliyon , author =

Comparative study of. Heliyon , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30926 , language =

work page doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30926 2024
[8]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =

Benchmarking. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03273 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03273 2024
[9]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =

Origin of the. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =. 2022 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10492 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10492 2022
[10]

The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =

Equation-of-motion spin-flip coupled-cluster model with single and double substitutions:. The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =. 2004 , pages =. doi:10.1063/1.1630018 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1063/1.1630018 2004
[11]

The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =

Benchmarking the performance of time-dependent density functional methods , volume =. The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =. 2012 , pages =. doi:10.1063/1.3689445 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1063/1.3689445 2012
[12]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Optimization of the. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c00345 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c00345 2025
[13]

Physica Scripta , author =

Unitary. Physica Scripta , author =. 1980 , pages =. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/21/3-4/012 , language =

work page doi:10.1088/0031-8949/21/3-4/012 1980
[14]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters , author =

The. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters , author =. 2020 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02621 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02621 2020
[15]

The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =

The performance of. The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =. 2020 , pages =. doi:10.1063/5.0027617 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1063/5.0027617 2020
[16]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

The. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2022 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00830 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00830 2022
[17]

, month = dec, year =

Patel, Smik and Jayakumar, Praveen and Huang, Rick and Zeng, Tao and Izmaylov, Artur F. , month = dec, year =. Quantum. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2509.01061 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.01061
[18]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Multistate. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2026 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c01849 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c01849 2026
[19]

Chemical Reviews , author =

Multireference. Chemical Reviews , author =. 2026 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00866 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00866 2026
[20]

Nature Communications , author =

Numerically exact configuration interaction at quadrillion-determinant scale , volume =. Nature Communications , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65967-7 , language =

work page doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65967-7 2025
[21]

Chemical Physics Reviews , author =

Small tensor product distributed active space (. Chemical Physics Reviews , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1063/5.0227122 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1063/5.0227122 2024
[22]

Variational quantum computation of excited states

Variational. Quantum , author =. 2019 , pages =. doi:10.22331/q-2019-07-01-156 , abstract =

work page doi:10.22331/q-2019-07-01-156 2019
[23]

Physical Review Research , author =

Quantum equation of motion for computing molecular excitation energies on a noisy quantum processor , volume =. Physical Review Research , author =. 2020 , pages =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043140 , language =

work page doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.043140 2020
[24]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =

Unitary. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02781 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02781 2023
[25]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Generalized. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2019 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01004 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01004 2019
[26]

Quantum Science and Technology , author =

Strategies for quantum computing molecular energies using the unitary coupled cluster ansatz , volume =. Quantum Science and Technology , author =. 2019 , pages =. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aad3e4 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aad3e4 2019
[27]

The theory of variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms,

The theory of variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms , volume =. New Journal of Physics , author =. 2016 , pages =. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023023 , number =

work page doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023023 2016
[28]

O'Malley, P. J. J. and Babbush, R. and Kivlichan, I. D. and Romero, J. and McClean, J. R. and Barends, R. and Kelly, J. and Roushan, P. and Tranter, A. and Ding, N. and Campbell, B. and Chen, Y. and Chen, Z. and Chiaro, B. and Dunsworth, A. and Fowler, A. G. and Jeffrey, E. and Lucero, E. and Megrant, A. and Mutus, J. Y. and Neeley, M. and Neill, C. and Q...

work page doi:10.1103/physrevx.6.031007
[29]

npj Quantum Information , author =

Exact electronic states with shallow quantum circuits from global optimisation , volume =. npj Quantum Information , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00744-2 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00744-2 2023
[30]

Grimsley, Sophia E

An adaptive variational algorithm for exact molecular simulations on a quantum computer , volume =. Nature Communications , author =. 2019 , pages =. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10988-2 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10988-2 2019
[31]

Molecular Biology , author =

Photochemical. Molecular Biology , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1134/S0026893324010047 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1134/s0026893324010047 2024
[32]

Nature Chemistry , author =

Towards quantum chemistry on a quantum computer , volume =. Nature Chemistry , author =. 2010 , pages =. doi:10.1038/nchem.483 , language =

work page doi:10.1038/nchem.483 2010
[33]

Chemistry – An Asian Journal , author =

Evolution of. Chemistry – An Asian Journal , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1002/asia.202401291 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1002/asia.202401291 2025
[34]

Chemical Reviews , author =

Comprehensive. Chemical Reviews , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00021 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00021 2025
[35]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Quantum. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.4c01071 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.4c01071 2024
[36]

Science , author =

Variational benchmarks for quantum many-body problems , volume =. Science , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1126/science.adg9774 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1126/science.adg9774 2024
[37]

Qubit coupled cluster method: A systematic approach to quantum chemistry on a quantum computer,

Qubit. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2018 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00932 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00932 2018
[38]

, month = mar, year =

Jenab, Seyyed Mehdi Hosseini and Henderson, Brandon and Genin, Scott N. , month = mar, year =. Parallel. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.08883 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08883
[39]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Correlated-. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2016 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00569 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00569 2016
[40]

, year =

Smeyers, Yves G. , year =. The half projected hartree-fock model for determining singlet excited states , volume =. Advances in. doi:10.1016/s0065-3276(08)60486-4 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1016/s0065-3276(08)60486-4
[41]

Galván, Ignacio and Lindh, Roland and Li Manni, Giovanni , month = mar, year =

Song, Maru and Bonfirraro, Luca and Fdez. Galván, Ignacio and Lindh, Roland and Li Manni, Giovanni , month = mar, year =. Spin-. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15000528/v2 , abstract =

work page doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15000528/v2
[42]

Journal of the American Chemical Society , author =

Activation of. Journal of the American Chemical Society , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1021/jacs.4c13490 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/jacs.4c13490 2024
[43]

Journal of the American Chemical Society , author =

Periodic. Journal of the American Chemical Society , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c09551 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/jacs.5c09551 2025
[44]

The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =

The electronic complexity of the ground-state of the. The Journal of Chemical Physics , author =. 2019 , pages =. doi:10.1063/1.5063376 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1063/1.5063376 2019
[45]

Svore, Dave Wecker, and Matthias Troyer

Elucidating reaction mechanisms on quantum computers , volume =. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , author =. 2017 , pages =. doi:10.1073/pnas.1619152114 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1073/pnas.1619152114 2017
[46]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

A. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c01038 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c01038 2025
[47]

Inorganic Chemistry , author =

Vibrational. Inorganic Chemistry , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c02572 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c02572 2025
[48]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , author =

Synthetic analogues of [. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , author =. 2011 , pages =. doi:10.1073/pnas.1106472108 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1073/pnas.1106472108 2011
[49]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =

A-. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04977 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04977 2023
[50]

2025 , doi =

Chemistry beyond the scale of exact diagonalization on a quantum-centric supercomputer , volume =. Science Advances , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu9991 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu9991 2025
[51]

Communications Chemistry , author =

Convex. Communications Chemistry , author =. 2026 , pages =. doi:10.1038/s42004-025-01842-2 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1038/s42004-025-01842-2 2026
[52]

ChemPhysChem , author =

Tuning (. ChemPhysChem , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1002/cphc.202300791 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1002/cphc.202300791 2024
[53]

and Walton, Richard A

Cotton, Frank Albert and Murillo, Carlos A. and Walton, Richard A. , year =. Multiple bonds between metal atoms , isbn =
[54]

doi:10.1007/b99204 , abstract =

Personality in. doi:10.1007/b99204 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1007/b99204
[55]

Sakurai, J. J. and Napolitano, Jim , month = sep, year =. Modern. doi:10.1017/9781108587280 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1017/9781108587280
[56]

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =

Critical. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c00375 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5c00375 2025
[57]

Nature Physics , author =

Programmable simulations of molecules and materials with reconfigurable quantum processors , volume =. Nature Physics , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1038/s41567-024-02738-z , language =

work page doi:10.1038/s41567-024-02738-z 2025
[58]

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters , author =

Challenges and. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c01680 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c01680 2025
[59]

Electronic Structure , author =

Subspace methods for electronic structure simulations on quantum computers , volume =. Electronic Structure , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1088/2516-1075/ad3592 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1088/2516-1075/ad3592 2024
[60]

Classical solution of the FeMo-cofactor model to chemical accuracy and its implications, 2026

Zhai, Huanchen and Li, Chenghan and Zhang, Xing and Li, Zhendong and Lee, Seunghoon and Chan, Garnet Kin-Lic , month = jan, year =. Classical solution of the. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.04621 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.04621
[61]

Benchmarking

Ku, Calvin and Chen, Yu-Cheng and Hu, Alice and Hsieh, Min-Hsiu , month = oct, year =. Benchmarking. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2510.01710 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.01710
[62]

Polynomial-time quantum algorithm for the simulation of chemical dynamics,

Polynomial-time quantum algorithm for the simulation of chemical dynamics , volume =. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , author =. 2008 , pages =. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808245105 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1073/pnas.0808245105 2008
[63]

Physical Review A , author =

Quantum algorithms for fermionic simulations , volume =. Physical Review A , author =. 2001 , pages =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.022319 , language =

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.64.022319 2001
[64]

Berry, Andrew M

Simulating. Physical Review Letters , author =. 2015 , pages =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.090502 , language =

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.090502 2015
[65]

Shorter width truncated

Sze, Michelle Wynne and Manrique, David Zsolt and Ramo, David Muñoz and Fitzpatrick, Nathan , month = nov, year =. Shorter width truncated. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2511.09461 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.09461
[66]

Asthana, Ayush , month = dec, year =. Quantum. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2512.11788 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.11788
[67]

PRX Quantum , author =

Quantum. PRX Quantum , author =. 2021 , note =. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040352 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1103/prxquantum.2.040352 2021
[68]

Quan- tum filter diagonalization: Quantum eigendecomposi- tion without full quantum phase estimation,

Parrish, Robert M. and McMahon, Peter L. , month = sep, year =. Quantum. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1909.08925 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.08925 1909
[69]

Identification of a spin-coupled. Chem. Sci. , author =. 2014 , pages =. doi:10.1039/C4SC00337C , abstract =

work page doi:10.1039/c4sc00337c 2014
[70]

2001 , pages =

Journal of the American Chemical Society , author =. 2001 , pages =. doi:10.1021/ja011860y , abstract =

work page doi:10.1021/ja011860y 2001
[71]

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry , author =

Influence of the protein and. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry , author =. 2018 , pages =. doi:10.1002/qua.25627 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1002/qua.25627 2018
[72]

Simulating physics with computers,

Simulating physics with computers , volume =. International Journal of Theoretical Physics , author =. 1982 , pages =. doi:10.1007/BF02650179 , language =

work page doi:10.1007/bf02650179 1982
[73]

, translator =

Kitaev, Aleksej Ju and Šen, Aleksandr Ch and Vjalyj, Michail N. , translator =. Classical and quantum computation , isbn =
[74]

Dutoi and Peter J

Simulated. Science , author =. 2005 , pages =. doi:10.1126/science.1113479 , abstract =

work page doi:10.1126/science.1113479 2005
[75]

Journal of Computational Physics , author =

Solution of the. Journal of Computational Physics , author =. 1982 , pages =. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(82)90091-2 , language =

work page doi:10.1016/0021-9991(82)90091-2 1982
[76]

and Chuang, Isaac L

Nielsen, Michael A. and Chuang, Isaac L. , year =. Quantum computation and quantum information , isbn =
[77]

Kottmann, and Alán Aspuru-Guzik.Quantum Computing for Quantum Chemistry

Schleich, Philipp and Calderón, Luis Mantilla and Sun, Chong and Bagherimehrab, Mohsen and Aldossary, Abdulrahman and Kottmann, Jakob S. and Aspuru-Guzik, Alán , month = jun, year =. Quantum. doi:10.1021/acsinfocus.7e9012 , language =

work page doi:10.1021/acsinfocus.7e9012
[78]

Molecular Physics , author =

Simulation of electronic structure. Molecular Physics , author =. 2011 , pages =. doi:10.1080/00268976.2011.552441 , language =

work page doi:10.1080/00268976.2011.552441 2011
[79]

and Kwon, Ohyun and Jenab, Seyyed Mehdi Hosseini and Lim, Seon-Jeong and Kim, Taehyung and Kim, Tae-Gon and Gherib, Rami and Harper, Angela F

Genin, Scott N. and Kwon, Ohyun and Jenab, Seyyed Mehdi Hosseini and Lim, Seon-Jeong and Kim, Taehyung and Kim, Tae-Gon and Gherib, Rami and Harper, Angela F. and Ryabinkin, Ilya G. and Helander, Michael G. , month = dec, year =. Towards. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2512.13657 , abstract =

work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.13657
[80]

Chemical Science , author =

Effect of size, charge, and spin state on. Chemical Science , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1039/D4SC08225G , abstract =

work page doi:10.1039/d4sc08225g 2025

Showing first 80 references.