Beyond Unitary Quantum Simulation: Open-System Approaches to Quantum Chemistry toward Quantum Advantage

Elias Zapusek; Florentin Reiter; Michael Marthaler

arxiv: 2605.15277 · v1 · pith:6563LWJPnew · submitted 2026-05-14 · 🪐 quant-ph

Beyond Unitary Quantum Simulation: Open-System Approaches to Quantum Chemistry toward Quantum Advantage

Michael Marthaler , Elias Zapusek , Florentin Reiter This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 16:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph

keywords quantum simulationopen quantum systemsquantum chemistrydissipationdecoherencequantum advantagefault-tolerant quantum computing

0 comments

The pith

Incorporating open-system dissipation can enhance robustness of quantum chemistry algorithms on fault-tolerant computers.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review examines quantum simulation for chemistry, noting that most current methods rely on closed-system unitary dynamics and ground-state preparation under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. It argues that real quantum systems reach relevant states through relaxation, decoherence, and thermalization, so open-system approaches using dissipation should be integrated into simulations on fault-tolerant quantum computers. Recent proposals for chemically motivated dynamical simulation serve as the guiding vision for this integration, which aims to make quantum algorithms more robust overall. A sympathetic reader cares because this broadens the route to quantum advantage by aligning simulations more closely with how natural chemical systems actually behave.

Core claim

Coherent Hamiltonian simulation provides the clearest formal case for exponential speed-up, while many open questions remain for realistic problems. Dissipation might ideally be integrated into quantum chemistry on a fault-tolerant quantum computer, using recent proposals for chemically motivated dynamical simulation as a guiding vision. More generally, the paper highlights the practical appeal of this approach to enhancing the robustness of quantum algorithms.

What carries the argument

Chemically motivated dynamical simulation proposals that incorporate dissipation and open-system effects.

If this is right

Quantum chemistry algorithms become more robust by working with natural dissipation rather than suppressing all noise.
Simulations can address physically relevant states reached through relaxation and thermalization instead of only isolated ground states.
Open-system methods provide a broader perspective for achieving quantum advantage in chemistry beyond purely unitary Hamiltonian simulation.
Integration guided by chemically motivated proposals may reduce the overhead needed for perfect isolation in quantum hardware.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

This perspective could extend to modeling chemical reactions in realistic open environments such as those involving solvent baths or electromagnetic fields.
Hybrid algorithms might deliberately harness controlled dissipation as a form of built-in stabilization or error handling.
Small-scale tests of open-system chemical dynamics on current quantum hardware with engineered noise could offer early experimental checks before full fault tolerance arrives.

Load-bearing premise

Recent proposals for chemically motivated dynamical simulation can be realized on fault-tolerant quantum computers in a way that integrates dissipation without introducing new prohibitive overheads.

What would settle it

A concrete calculation for one of the cited dynamical simulation proposals showing that adding dissipation requires substantially more resources than the corresponding unitary version on a fault-tolerant architecture would falsify the claimed practical benefit.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.15277 by Elias Zapusek, Florentin Reiter, Michael Marthaler.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Conceptual comparison between standard Born–Oppenheimer quantum chemistry and beyond-/post-Born– [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Quantum simulation is widely regarded as one of the most promising routes to genuine quantum advantage, yet most existing approaches to quantum chemistry are formulated in terms of closed-system, unitary dynamics and ground-state preparation within the Born--Oppenheimer approximation. In this review, we discuss a broader perspective motivated by the observation that naturally occurring quantum systems are rarely isolated and often reach physically relevant states only through relaxation, decoherence, and thermalization. We first examine what is and is not known about exponential quantum advantage in chemistry, emphasizing that coherent Hamiltonian simulation provides the clearest formal case for speed-up, while many open questions remain for realistic problems. We then discuss how dissipation might ideally be integrated into quantum chemistry on a fault-tolerant quantum computer, using recent proposals for chemically motivated dynamical simulation as a guiding vision. More generally, we highlight the practical appeal of this approach to enhancing the robustness of quantum algorithms.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This review argues that open-system effects like dissipation could be folded into quantum chemistry simulations on fault-tolerant hardware to improve robustness, while unitary methods still give the clearest speedup case.

read the letter

This paper's main message is that quantum chemistry simulations on quantum computers should consider open-system dynamics rather than sticking only to unitary evolution, because real molecules interact with their environment through relaxation and decoherence. It suggests this could lead to more practical algorithms, especially on fault-tolerant hardware. The review does a good job pulling together observations about the limitations of closed-system models and pointing to recent proposals that use dissipation in chemically relevant ways. It correctly emphasizes that coherent Hamiltonian simulation offers the strongest formal argument for quantum advantage, while leaving room for open questions in more realistic settings. The practical angle on enhancing algorithm robustness is worth considering. That said, the paper is a perspective piece without new derivations or empirical results. Many of the ideas build directly on prior work, and the suggestion that dissipation can be integrated without prohibitive overheads is presented as a vision rather than a demonstrated fact. Since it's based on synthesizing literature, the soundness depends on how accurately it represents the cited proposals. Readers interested in the intersection of quantum computing and chemistry, particularly those exploring beyond ideal unitary dynamics, would find this useful for organizing their thoughts. It doesn't introduce groundbreaking methods but could influence how people design algorithms for noisy or open environments. I think this deserves a serious referee because it addresses an important direction in the field, even if the claims are exploratory. My recommendation is to send it to peer review.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review that argues quantum chemistry simulations on quantum computers have largely been limited to closed-system unitary dynamics and ground-state preparation under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. It observes that real quantum systems typically involve relaxation, decoherence, and thermalization, and proposes that open-system approaches incorporating dissipation could be integrated into fault-tolerant quantum simulations to improve robustness. The review emphasizes that coherent Hamiltonian simulation offers the clearest formal case for exponential speedup, while many open questions persist for realistic chemical problems, and highlights recent proposals for chemically motivated dynamical simulation as a path forward.

Significance. If the perspective is adopted, it could usefully broaden research directions in quantum chemistry by treating dissipation as a resource rather than an obstacle, potentially leading to more robust algorithms on fault-tolerant hardware. The paper synthesizes established results on unitary simulation limits and open quantum systems without introducing new derivations or data, so its value lies in framing open questions and guiding future work toward hybrid open-system methods. This framing is timely given hardware progress but remains exploratory rather than quantitative.

major comments (1)

The discussion of integrating dissipation on fault-tolerant quantum computers (around the section on chemically motivated dynamical simulation) treats the absence of prohibitive overheads as an open but promising question; however, without even rough resource estimates or a concrete comparison to unitary overheads, this remains too conditional to fully support the claim of enhanced robustness as a practical advantage.

minor comments (2)

The abstract and introduction could more explicitly list the specific open questions that remain for realistic problems, to better guide readers toward the review's forward-looking elements.
Notation for open-system operators and channels is introduced without a dedicated preliminary section; adding a short table or paragraph defining key symbols (e.g., Lindblad operators, thermalization rates) would improve accessibility for the quantum chemistry audience.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and for highlighting the potential value of treating dissipation as a resource in quantum chemistry simulations. We address the single major comment below and have incorporated revisions to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: The discussion of integrating dissipation on fault-tolerant quantum computers (around the section on chemically motivated dynamical simulation) treats the absence of prohibitive overheads as an open but promising question; however, without even rough resource estimates or a concrete comparison to unitary overheads, this remains too conditional to fully support the claim of enhanced robustness as a practical advantage.

Authors: We appreciate the referee's point that the discussion would be strengthened by more concrete context on overheads. As a review paper, our aim is to synthesize known results on unitary simulation limits and to frame open questions for future work rather than to derive new resource counts. We agree that the language around practical robustness benefits was somewhat conditional. We have revised the relevant section to explicitly note that detailed overhead comparisons remain an open research question, to reference the current absence of such estimates in the literature for hybrid open-system proposals, and to moderate the framing of enhanced robustness as a potential rather than established advantage. This preserves the perspective's intent while addressing the concern directly. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper is a review article presenting a perspective on open-system approaches to quantum chemistry rather than a derivation with load-bearing equations or fitted parameters. No self-definitional steps, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains that reduce the central claims to unverified inputs are present. The discussion of coherent Hamiltonian simulation and dissipation integration references prior proposals without reducing any result to quantities defined by the paper's own equations or ansatzes.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is a review and introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; it relies on standard background knowledge in quantum information and open quantum systems.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5682 in / 1046 out tokens · 59166 ms · 2026-05-19T16:13:01.548224+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

IndisputableMonolith/Foundation/RealityFromDistinction.lean reality_from_one_distinction unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

Coherent Hamiltonian simulation provides the clearest formal case for speed-up, while open-system approaches using dissipation might ideally be integrated into quantum chemistry on a fault-tolerant quantum computer
IndisputableMonolith/Cost/FunctionalEquation.lean J_uniquely_calibrated_via_higher_derivative unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

dissipation might ideally be integrated... using recent proposals for chemically motivated dynamical simulation

What do these tags mean?

matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses: The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts: The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear: Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

30 extracted references · 30 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

[1]

Beyond Unitary Quantum Simulation: Open-System Approaches to Quantum Chemistry toward Quantum Advantage

provides a strong motivation to try to unify the work on quantum chemistry for quantum computer with the heuristics for open system dynamics. Because the work gives formal expression to an intuition that has long moti- vated quantum simulation heuristics: if a quantum com- puter is meant to reproduce the processes by which na- ture itself reaches physical...

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026
[2]

Chen, H.-Y

C.-F. Chen, H.-Y. Huang, J. Preskill, and L. Zhou, Lo- cal minima in quantum systems, Nature Physics21, 654 (2025)

work page 2025
[3]

R. P. Feynman, Simulating physics with computers, International Journal of Theoretical Physics21, 467 (1982)

work page 1982
[4]

Lloyd, Universal quantum simulators, Science273, 1073 (1996)

S. Lloyd, Universal quantum simulators, Science273, 1073 (1996)

work page 1996
[5]

A. M. Dalzell, S. McArdle, M. Berta, P. Bienias, C.-F. Chen, A. Gily´ en, C. T. Hann, M. J. Kastoryano, E. T. Khabiboulline, A. Kubica, G. Salton, S. Wang, and F. G. S. L. Brand˜ ao,Quantum Algorithms: A Survey of Appli- cations and End-to-End Complexities(Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2025)

work page 2025
[6]

S. Lee, J. Lee, H. Zhai, Y. Tong, A. M. Dalzell, A. Ku- mar, P. Helms, J. Gray, Z.-H. Cui, W. Liu, M. Kasto- ryano, R. Babbush, J. Preskill, D. R. Reichman, E. T. Campbell, E. F. Valeev, L. Lin, and G. K.-L. Chan, Eval- uating the evidence for exponential quantum advantage in ground-state quantum chemistry, Nature Communica- tions14, 1952 (2023)

work page 1952
[7]

K. R. Fratus, N. Enenkel, S. Zanker, J.-M. Reiner, M. Marthaler, and P. Schmitteckert, Can a quantum computer simulate nuclear magnetic resonance spectra better than a classical one? (2025), arXiv:2508.06448

work page arXiv 2025
[8]

Schleich, L

P. Schleich, L. B. Kristensen, J. A. Campos Gonzalez An- gulo, D. Avagliano, M. Bagherimehrab, A. Aldossary, C. Gorgulla, J. Fitzsimons, and A. Aspuru-Guzik, Chem- ically motivated simulation problems are efficiently solv- able by a quantum computer, Digital Discovery5, 64 (2026)

work page 2026
[9]

Babbush, N

R. Babbush, N. Wiebe, J. McClean, J. McClain, H. Neven, and G. K.-L. Chan, Low-depth quantum simu- lation of materials, Physical Review X8, 011044 (2018)

work page 2018
[10]

Babbush, D

R. Babbush, D. W. Berry, J. R. McClean, and H. Neven, Quantum simulation of chemistry with sublinear scaling in basis size, npj Quantum Information5, 92 (2019)

work page 2019
[11]

Y. Su, D. W. Berry, N. Wiebe, N. Rubin, and R. Bab- bush, Fault-tolerant quantum simulations of chemistry in first quantization, PRX Quantum2, 040332 (2021)

work page 2021
[12]

Yang and S

M. Yang and S. R. White, Density-matrix- renormalization-group study of a one-dimensional diatomic molecule beyond the born-oppenheimer approximation, Physical Review A99, 022509 (2019)

work page 2019
[13]

N. Tancogne-Dejeanet al., Octopus, a computational framework for exploring light-driven phenomena and quantum dynamics in extended and finite systems, The Journal of Chemical Physics152, 124119 (2020)

work page 2020
[14]

M. B. Plenio, S. F. Huelga, A. Beige, and P. L. Knight, Cavity-loss-induced generation of entangled atoms, Phys- ical Review A59, 2468 (1999)

work page 1999
[15]

Verstraete, M

F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. Ignacio Cirac, Quan- tum computation and quantum-state engineering driven by dissipation, Nature Physics5, 633 (2009)

work page 2009
[16]

D. C. Cole, J. J. Wu, S. D. Erickson, P.-Y. Hou, A. C. Wilson, D. Leibfried, and F. Reiter, Dissipative prepara- tion of W states in trapped ion systems, New Journal of Physics23, 073001 (2021). 9

work page 2021
[17]

Zapusek, K

E. Zapusek, K. Kirova, W. Hahn, M. Marthaler, and F. Reiter, Variational quantum thermalizers based on weakly-symmetric nonunitary multi-qubit operations, Quantum Science and Technology11, 025006 (2026)

work page 2026
[18]

Raghunandan, F

M. Raghunandan, F. Wolf, C. Ospelkaus, P. O. Schmidt, and H. Weimer, Initialization of quantum simulators by sympathetic cooling, Science Advances6, eaaw9268 (2020)

work page 2020
[19]

Polla, Y

S. Polla, Y. Herasymenko, and T. E. O’Brien, Quantum digital cooling, Physical Review A104, 012414 (2021)

work page 2021
[20]

X. Mi, A. A. Michailidis, S. Shabani, K. C. Miao, P. V. Klimov, J. Lloyd, E. Rosenberg, R. Acharya, I. Aleiner, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, others, J. Bo- vaird, L. Brill, M. Broughton, B. B. Buckley, D. A. Buell, T. Burger, B. Burkett, N. Bushnell, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, D. Chik, C. Chou, J. Cogan, R. Collins, P. Conner, W. Courtney, A. L. Crook, ...

work page 2024
[21]

Singkanipa and D

P. Singkanipa and D. A. Lidar, Beyond unital noise in variational quantum algorithms: noise-induced barren plateaus and limit sets, Quantum9, 1617 (2025)

work page 2025
[22]

A. A. Mele, A. Angrisani, S. Ghosh, S. Khatri, J. Eis- ert, D. Stilck Fran¸ ca, and Y. Quek, Noise-induced shal- low circuits and absence of barren plateaus (2024), arXiv:2403.13927

work page arXiv 2024
[23]

Sannia, F

A. Sannia, F. Tacchino, I. Tavernelli, G. L. Giorgi, and R. Zambrini, Engineered dissipation to mitigate barren plateaus, npj Quantum Information10, 81 (2024)

work page 2024
[24]

Zapusek, I

E. Zapusek, I. Rojkov, and F. Reiter, Scaling quan- tum algorithms via dissipation: Avoiding barren plateaus (2025), arXiv:2507.02043

work page arXiv 2025
[25]

J. R. McClean, S. Boixo, V. N. Smelyanskiy, R. Bab- bush, and H. Neven, Barren plateaus in quantum neural network training landscapes, Nature Communications9, 4812 (2018)

work page 2018
[26]

Holmes, K

Z. Holmes, K. Sharma, M. Cerezo, and P. J. Coles, Con- necting Ansatz Expressibility to Gradient Magnitudes and Barren Plateaus, PRX Quantum3, 010313 (2022)

work page 2022
[27]

Cerezo, A

M. Cerezo, A. Sone, T. Volkoff, L. Cincio, and P. J. Coles, Cost function dependent barren plateaus in shal- low parametrized quantum circuits, Nature Communica- tions12, 1791 (2021)

work page 2021
[28]

Ortiz Marrero, M

C. Ortiz Marrero, M. Kieferova, and N. Wiebe, Entanglement-Induced Barren Plateaus, PRX Quantum 2, 040316 (2021)

work page 2021
[29]

S. Wang, E. Fontana, M. Cerezo, K. Sharma, A. Sone, L. Cincio, and P. J. Coles, Noise-induced barren plateaus in variational quantum algorithms, Nature Communica- tions12, 6961 (2021)

work page 2021
[30]

Schumann, F

M. Schumann, F. K. Wilhelm, and A. Ciani, Emer- gence of noise-induced barren plateaus in arbitrary lay- ered noise models, Quantum Science and Technology9, 045019 (2024)

work page 2024

[1] [1]

Beyond Unitary Quantum Simulation: Open-System Approaches to Quantum Chemistry toward Quantum Advantage

provides a strong motivation to try to unify the work on quantum chemistry for quantum computer with the heuristics for open system dynamics. Because the work gives formal expression to an intuition that has long moti- vated quantum simulation heuristics: if a quantum com- puter is meant to reproduce the processes by which na- ture itself reaches physical...

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

[2] [2]

Chen, H.-Y

C.-F. Chen, H.-Y. Huang, J. Preskill, and L. Zhou, Lo- cal minima in quantum systems, Nature Physics21, 654 (2025)

work page 2025

[3] [3]

R. P. Feynman, Simulating physics with computers, International Journal of Theoretical Physics21, 467 (1982)

work page 1982

[4] [4]

Lloyd, Universal quantum simulators, Science273, 1073 (1996)

S. Lloyd, Universal quantum simulators, Science273, 1073 (1996)

work page 1996

[5] [5]

A. M. Dalzell, S. McArdle, M. Berta, P. Bienias, C.-F. Chen, A. Gily´ en, C. T. Hann, M. J. Kastoryano, E. T. Khabiboulline, A. Kubica, G. Salton, S. Wang, and F. G. S. L. Brand˜ ao,Quantum Algorithms: A Survey of Appli- cations and End-to-End Complexities(Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2025)

work page 2025

[6] [6]

S. Lee, J. Lee, H. Zhai, Y. Tong, A. M. Dalzell, A. Ku- mar, P. Helms, J. Gray, Z.-H. Cui, W. Liu, M. Kasto- ryano, R. Babbush, J. Preskill, D. R. Reichman, E. T. Campbell, E. F. Valeev, L. Lin, and G. K.-L. Chan, Eval- uating the evidence for exponential quantum advantage in ground-state quantum chemistry, Nature Communica- tions14, 1952 (2023)

work page 1952

[7] [7]

K. R. Fratus, N. Enenkel, S. Zanker, J.-M. Reiner, M. Marthaler, and P. Schmitteckert, Can a quantum computer simulate nuclear magnetic resonance spectra better than a classical one? (2025), arXiv:2508.06448

work page arXiv 2025

[8] [8]

Schleich, L

P. Schleich, L. B. Kristensen, J. A. Campos Gonzalez An- gulo, D. Avagliano, M. Bagherimehrab, A. Aldossary, C. Gorgulla, J. Fitzsimons, and A. Aspuru-Guzik, Chem- ically motivated simulation problems are efficiently solv- able by a quantum computer, Digital Discovery5, 64 (2026)

work page 2026

[9] [9]

Babbush, N

R. Babbush, N. Wiebe, J. McClean, J. McClain, H. Neven, and G. K.-L. Chan, Low-depth quantum simu- lation of materials, Physical Review X8, 011044 (2018)

work page 2018

[10] [10]

Babbush, D

R. Babbush, D. W. Berry, J. R. McClean, and H. Neven, Quantum simulation of chemistry with sublinear scaling in basis size, npj Quantum Information5, 92 (2019)

work page 2019

[11] [11]

Y. Su, D. W. Berry, N. Wiebe, N. Rubin, and R. Bab- bush, Fault-tolerant quantum simulations of chemistry in first quantization, PRX Quantum2, 040332 (2021)

work page 2021

[12] [12]

Yang and S

M. Yang and S. R. White, Density-matrix- renormalization-group study of a one-dimensional diatomic molecule beyond the born-oppenheimer approximation, Physical Review A99, 022509 (2019)

work page 2019

[13] [13]

N. Tancogne-Dejeanet al., Octopus, a computational framework for exploring light-driven phenomena and quantum dynamics in extended and finite systems, The Journal of Chemical Physics152, 124119 (2020)

work page 2020

[14] [14]

M. B. Plenio, S. F. Huelga, A. Beige, and P. L. Knight, Cavity-loss-induced generation of entangled atoms, Phys- ical Review A59, 2468 (1999)

work page 1999

[15] [15]

Verstraete, M

F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. Ignacio Cirac, Quan- tum computation and quantum-state engineering driven by dissipation, Nature Physics5, 633 (2009)

work page 2009

[16] [16]

D. C. Cole, J. J. Wu, S. D. Erickson, P.-Y. Hou, A. C. Wilson, D. Leibfried, and F. Reiter, Dissipative prepara- tion of W states in trapped ion systems, New Journal of Physics23, 073001 (2021). 9

work page 2021

[17] [17]

Zapusek, K

E. Zapusek, K. Kirova, W. Hahn, M. Marthaler, and F. Reiter, Variational quantum thermalizers based on weakly-symmetric nonunitary multi-qubit operations, Quantum Science and Technology11, 025006 (2026)

work page 2026

[18] [18]

Raghunandan, F

M. Raghunandan, F. Wolf, C. Ospelkaus, P. O. Schmidt, and H. Weimer, Initialization of quantum simulators by sympathetic cooling, Science Advances6, eaaw9268 (2020)

work page 2020

[19] [19]

Polla, Y

S. Polla, Y. Herasymenko, and T. E. O’Brien, Quantum digital cooling, Physical Review A104, 012414 (2021)

work page 2021

[20] [20]

X. Mi, A. A. Michailidis, S. Shabani, K. C. Miao, P. V. Klimov, J. Lloyd, E. Rosenberg, R. Acharya, I. Aleiner, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, others, J. Bo- vaird, L. Brill, M. Broughton, B. B. Buckley, D. A. Buell, T. Burger, B. Burkett, N. Bushnell, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, D. Chik, C. Chou, J. Cogan, R. Collins, P. Conner, W. Courtney, A. L. Crook, ...

work page 2024

[21] [21]

Singkanipa and D

P. Singkanipa and D. A. Lidar, Beyond unital noise in variational quantum algorithms: noise-induced barren plateaus and limit sets, Quantum9, 1617 (2025)

work page 2025

[22] [22]

A. A. Mele, A. Angrisani, S. Ghosh, S. Khatri, J. Eis- ert, D. Stilck Fran¸ ca, and Y. Quek, Noise-induced shal- low circuits and absence of barren plateaus (2024), arXiv:2403.13927

work page arXiv 2024

[23] [23]

Sannia, F

A. Sannia, F. Tacchino, I. Tavernelli, G. L. Giorgi, and R. Zambrini, Engineered dissipation to mitigate barren plateaus, npj Quantum Information10, 81 (2024)

work page 2024

[24] [24]

Zapusek, I

E. Zapusek, I. Rojkov, and F. Reiter, Scaling quan- tum algorithms via dissipation: Avoiding barren plateaus (2025), arXiv:2507.02043

work page arXiv 2025

[25] [25]

J. R. McClean, S. Boixo, V. N. Smelyanskiy, R. Bab- bush, and H. Neven, Barren plateaus in quantum neural network training landscapes, Nature Communications9, 4812 (2018)

work page 2018

[26] [26]

Holmes, K

Z. Holmes, K. Sharma, M. Cerezo, and P. J. Coles, Con- necting Ansatz Expressibility to Gradient Magnitudes and Barren Plateaus, PRX Quantum3, 010313 (2022)

work page 2022

[27] [27]

Cerezo, A

M. Cerezo, A. Sone, T. Volkoff, L. Cincio, and P. J. Coles, Cost function dependent barren plateaus in shal- low parametrized quantum circuits, Nature Communica- tions12, 1791 (2021)

work page 2021

[28] [28]

Ortiz Marrero, M

C. Ortiz Marrero, M. Kieferova, and N. Wiebe, Entanglement-Induced Barren Plateaus, PRX Quantum 2, 040316 (2021)

work page 2021

[29] [29]

S. Wang, E. Fontana, M. Cerezo, K. Sharma, A. Sone, L. Cincio, and P. J. Coles, Noise-induced barren plateaus in variational quantum algorithms, Nature Communica- tions12, 6961 (2021)

work page 2021

[30] [30]

Schumann, F

M. Schumann, F. K. Wilhelm, and A. Ciani, Emer- gence of noise-induced barren plateaus in arbitrary lay- ered noise models, Quantum Science and Technology9, 045019 (2024)

work page 2024