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arxiv: 2605.15396 · v1 · pith:7FA67I22new · submitted 2026-05-14 · ✦ hep-ex

First measurements of vector boson scattering in W^pmW^{pm} and WZ production in all-leptonic final states at sqrt{s} = 13.6 TeV

CMS Collaboration This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 15:06 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords vector boson scatteringelectroweak productionW±W±WZCMS13.6 TeVleptonic final statesproton-proton collisions
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The pith

Electroweak production of W±W± and WZ pairs with two jets observed at over five sigma each in leptonic decays.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper reports measurements of the production cross sections for W±W± and WZ boson pairs produced in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at 13.6 TeV. The analysis uses 171 fb^{-1} of data collected by the CMS detector and focuses on the fully leptonic final states where both bosons decay to electrons or muons. The electroweak components of these processes are extracted and shown to exceed five standard deviations above background-only expectations. Differential fiducial cross sections are measured as functions of several kinematic observables. These results directly probe the vector boson scattering mechanism predicted by the Standard Model at the new collision energy.

Core claim

The electroweak productions of W±W± and WZ bosons are each observed with a significance greater than five standard deviations from the background-only hypothesis in the leptonic decay modes W±Z → ℓ±νℓ′±ℓ′∓ and W±W± → ℓ±νℓ′±ν at √s = 13.6 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 171 fb^{-1}.

What carries the argument

Electroweak production of diboson pairs with two jets, isolated in all-leptonic final states to extract the vector boson scattering contribution.

If this is right

  • The measured cross sections test the Standard Model prediction for vector boson scattering at the highest proton collision energy recorded so far.
  • Differential distributions provide constraints on possible anomalous quartic gauge couplings.
  • The results establish a reference for searches for deviations from the Standard Model in high-energy diboson final states.
  • The all-leptonic channels offer a clean signature for future precision studies of electroweak interactions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Extending the same selection to higher integrated luminosities could reveal subtle kinematic deviations that hint at new physics.
  • Combining these leptonic measurements with semi-leptonic or fully hadronic channels may improve limits on effective field theory operators.
  • The techniques developed here for background subtraction in high-pileup environments can be applied to other rare electroweak processes at the LHC.
  • If future data show tension in specific angular or mass distributions, it would point to modifications in the longitudinal scattering amplitude.

Load-bearing premise

Background processes in the selected leptonic final states are accurately estimated by a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and data-driven methods without significant mismodeling that could mimic the electroweak signal.

What would settle it

A revision of the data-driven background estimates in the signal regions that increases the predicted background yield enough to drop either observed significance below five standard deviations.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.15396 by CMS Collaboration.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Representative Feynman diagrams of a VBS process contributing to the EW-induced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Representative Feynman diagrams of the QCD-induced production of W [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Distributions of mjj (upper left), mℓℓ (upper right), ∆ηjj (center left), ∆ϕjj (center right), and nj (lower) in the W±W± SR. The predicted yields are shown with their best fit normaliza￾tions from the simultaneous fit. Vertical bars on data points represent the statistical uncertainty in the data. The histograms for tVx backgrounds include the contributions from ttV and tZq processes. The histograms for t… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Distributions of the BDT score (left) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Measured and predicted absolute EW W±W± cross sections in bins of mjj (upper left), mℓℓ (upper right), ∆ηjj (center left), ∆ϕjj (center right), and nj (lower). The ratios of the predictions to the data are also shown. The measurements are compared with the predic￾tions from the MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO and SHERPA generators. The shaded bands and un￾certainty bars around the data points correspond to the total mea… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Measured and predicted normalized EW W±W± cross sections in bins of mjj (up￾per left), mℓℓ (upper right), ∆ηjj (center left), ∆ϕjj (center right), and nj (lower). The ratios of the predictions to the data are also shown. The measurements are compared with the pre￾dictions from the MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO and SHERPA generators. The shaded bands and uncertainty bars around the data points correspond to the total m… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Measured and predicted absolute (left) and normalized (right) EW WZ cross sections [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The production cross sections of W$^\pm$W$^{\pm}$ and WZ boson pairs in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions are measured at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 171 fb$^{-1}$, collected with the CMS detector during 2022$-$2024. The measurements are performed in the leptonic decay modes: W$^{\pm}$Z $\to$ $\ell^\pm\nu\ell^{\prime\pm}\ell^{\prime\mp}$ and W$^\pm$W$^{\pm}$ $\to$ $\ell^\pm\nu\ell^{\prime\pm}\nu$, where $\ell, \ell'$ = e or $\mu$. The electroweak productions of W$^\pm$W$^{\pm}$ and WZ bosons are each observed with a significance greater than five standard deviations from the background-only hypothesis. Differential fiducial cross sections as functions of several observables are also measured.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports first measurements of vector boson scattering (VBS) in the electroweak production of W±W± and WZ boson pairs in association with two jets, using the all-leptonic final states at √s = 13.6 TeV with the CMS detector. The data correspond to 171 fb⁻¹ collected in 2022–2024. The analysis extracts fiducial cross sections and observes both EW W±W± and WZ processes with significances greater than 5σ above the background-only hypothesis. Differential fiducial cross sections as functions of several observables are also presented.

Significance. If the background modeling and systematic uncertainties are robustly validated, this constitutes an important extension of prior VBS measurements to the new center-of-mass energy and integrated luminosity. The all-leptonic channels provide a clean experimental signature, and the reported observations would strengthen constraints on electroweak gauge couplings and serve as a baseline for future anomalous quartic gauge coupling searches.

major comments (1)
  1. [Background estimation and systematic uncertainties] Background estimation section: The central >5σ significance claims for both EW W±W± and WZ rest on the accuracy of the combined MC + data-driven background model (tt̄, non-prompt leptons, Z+jets, charge-flip) after the two-jet VBS selection. The manuscript should include explicit closure tests or high-statistics validation plots in control regions with jet multiplicity, pT balance, and mjj distributions matching the signal-enriched phase space to demonstrate that residual mismodeling does not bias the fitted signal strength or inflate the observed significance. Without such tests, the background-only hypothesis rejection remains vulnerable to the concern raised in the stress-test note.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript reporting the first measurements of electroweak W±W± and WZ production with two jets in the all-leptonic final states at 13.6 TeV. We appreciate the emphasis placed on the robustness of the background modeling, which underpins the significance of the observations. Below we respond point by point to the major comment and outline the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Background estimation section: The central >5σ significance claims for both EW W±W± and WZ rest on the accuracy of the combined MC + data-driven background model (tt̄, non-prompt leptons, Z+jets, charge-flip) after the two-jet VBS selection. The manuscript should include explicit closure tests or high-statistics validation plots in control regions with jet multiplicity, pT balance, and mjj distributions matching the signal-enriched phase space to demonstrate that residual mismodeling does not bias the fitted signal strength or inflate the observed significance. Without such tests, the background-only hypothesis rejection remains vulnerable to the concern raised in the stress-test note.

    Authors: We agree that explicit validation of the background model is important for supporting the reported significances. The manuscript already describes a hybrid background estimation that combines Monte Carlo predictions for tt̄, Z+jets and other processes with data-driven estimates for non-prompt leptons and charge-flip backgrounds. Control regions with relaxed VBS selections (lower mjj, altered jet multiplicity) are used to constrain and validate the modeling, and these are incorporated into the simultaneous fit for the signal strengths. The systematic uncertainties assigned to the background components are designed to cover residual mismodeling. To directly address the referee’s request, we will add dedicated closure tests and high-statistics validation plots in the revised manuscript. These will show data-to-prediction comparisons for jet multiplicity, vector-boson pT balance, and mjj distributions in control regions whose kinematics closely match the signal-enriched phase space. We believe these additions will demonstrate that any residual discrepancies do not bias the fitted signal strengths or inflate the observed significances beyond the quoted uncertainties. With respect to the stress-test note, the current uncertainty model already includes variations that probe the relevant modeling assumptions; the new plots will provide further transparency. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected in experimental observation claim

full rationale

The paper presents a direct experimental measurement of electroweak VBS cross sections and observation significances extracted from 171 fb^{-1} of 13.6 TeV collision data in all-leptonic final states. The central result is a statistical excess over a background-only hypothesis, with backgrounds estimated via a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and data-driven techniques. No derivation chain reduces by the paper's own equations or self-citations to quantities defined solely by fitted parameters; the reported >5σ significances and differential cross sections are data-driven quantities whose validity rests on external validation of the background model rather than internal self-definition or renaming of inputs as predictions. The analysis is self-contained against external benchmarks and does not invoke load-bearing uniqueness theorems or ansatzes from prior author work.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The observation claim rests on standard high-energy physics assumptions for background modeling and detector response rather than new postulates or free parameters introduced in this work.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The Standard Model accurately describes the dominant background processes in the all-leptonic final states with two jets.
    Required to define the background-only hypothesis against which the >5σ excess is measured.
  • domain assumption Lepton and jet reconstruction efficiencies and resolutions are correctly modeled in simulation.
    Necessary to convert observed event yields into fiducial cross sections.

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Reference graph

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