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Probing color-singlet exchange in $Z+2$-jet events at the LHC
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 30 May 1996
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Analogous features of weak boson scattering events make $Z+2$-jet events at the LHC an ideal laboratory for investigation of the soft-jet activity expected in weak-boson scattering events.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
The purely electroweak process $qq\to qqZ$ (via $t$-channel $\gamma/Z$ or $W$ exchange) provides a copious and fairly clean source of color-singlet exchange events in $pp$ collisions at the LHC. A judicious choice of phase-space region allows the suppression of QCD backgrounds to the level of the signal. The color-singlet-exchange signal can be distinguished from QCD backgrounds by the radiation patterns of additional minijets in individual events. A rapidity-gap trigger at the minijet level substantially enhances the signal versus the background. Analogous features of weak boson scattering events make $Z+2$-jet events at the LHC an ideal laboratory for investigation of the soft-jet activity expected in weak-boson scattering events.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | The purely electroweak process $qq\to qqZ$ (via $t$-channel $\gamma/Z$ or $W$ exchange) provides a copious and fairly clean source of color-singlet exchange events in $pp$ collisions at the LHC. | background 0.79 | 0.10 | 0.09 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | A judicious choice of phase-space region allows the suppression of QCD backgrounds to the level of the signal. | method 0.87 | 0.43 | 0.09 | asserted 0.94 |
| s2 | The color-singlet-exchange signal can be distinguished from QCD backgrounds by the radiation patterns of additional minijets in individual events. | method 0.76 | 0.42 | 0.22 | asserted 0.98 |
| s3 | A rapidity-gap trigger at the minijet level substantially enhances the signal versus the background. | method 0.71 | 0.52 | 0.21 | asserted 0.99 |
| s4 | Analogous features of weak boson scattering events make $Z+2$-jet events at the LHC an ideal laboratory for investigation of the soft-jet activity expected in weak-boson scattering events. | interpretation 0.81 | 0.12 | 0.22 | asserted 0.99 |
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The paper
Original abstract
The purely electroweak process $qq\to qqZ$ (via $t$-channel $\gamma/Z$ or $W$ exchange) provides a copious and fairly clean source of color-singlet exchange events in $pp$ collisions at the LHC. A judicious choice of phase-space region allows the suppression of QCD backgrounds to the level of the signal. The color-singlet-exchange signal can be distinguished from QCD backgrounds by the radiation patterns of additional minijets in individual events. A rapidity-gap trigger at the minijet level substantially enhances the signal versus the background. Analogous features of weak boson scattering events make $Z+2$-jet events at the LHC an ideal laboratory for investigation of the soft-jet activity expected in weak-boson scattering events.
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References
How later papers used it
66 later papers cite it
23 later papers by other authors are listed below: 23 used its method or tool.
Uses its method or tool 23 of 38 papers with this label
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Used the Zeppenfeld variable, defined as the absolute value of the rapidity minus the average of the two jets' rapidities over two, requiring it to be less than 1.2.
Measurement of electroweak production of a W boson and two forward jets in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV (2016) · 0.98 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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To utilize this signature, we require max$( 𝒵_ℓ ) < 0.75$, where $𝒵_ℓ$ is the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] of a lepton $ℓ$: $𝒵_ℓ = η_ℓ -(η_j1+η_j2)/2 / Δη_jj$, where $η_ℓ$ is the pseudorapidity of the lepton, and $η_j1$ and $η_j2$ are of the two VBF jets.
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The Zeppenfeld variable [ref] $η^* = η_γ - (η_j1 + η_j2)/2$, where $η_γ$ is the $η$ of the $γ$ system, is required to be $<2.4$.
Measurement of the cross section for electroweak production of a Z boson, a photon and two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV and constraints on anomalous quartic couplings (2020) · Event selection · 1.00
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This gap is quantified using the Zeppenfeld variable of a lepton $ℓ$, $𝒵_ℓ= |η_ℓ-(η_j_1+η_j_2)/2| / |Δη_j_1 j_2|$ [ref] .
Direct constraints on the agnostic $\nu$SMEFT from heavy-neutrino searches at the LHC (2026) · CMS search strategy · 0.98
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The signal region (SR) is defined as the above nominal selection with the additional requirements of $>500$, $>2.5$, $>100$, $<1.2$ [ref] , and $>2$, where , , and $y_$ are the invariant mass, azimuthal angle, and the rapidity of the system, respectively, is the azimuthal angle of the dijet system between the two -leading jets, and $y_j1(2)$ is the rapidity of the -leading (subleading) jet.
Measurement of the electroweak production of W$\gamma$ in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV (2022) · Event selection · 0.87
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Applied a cut on the Zeppenfeld variable, defined as the absolute value of the Higgs rapidity minus half the difference of the two jets' pseudorapidities, requiring it to be less than 1.0.
Dark-Photon searches via Higgs-boson production at the LHC (2016) · 0.81 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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The categorization is based on the centrality of the dilepton system with respect to the tagging jets, quantified by the so-called Zeppenfeld variable [ref] $= 1/2+$, where $= - 1/2(+ )$ with , , and being the pseudorapidities of the lepton and two jets, respectively.
Observation of electroweak W$^+$W$^-$ pair production in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV (2022) · Event selection · 0.99
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First, the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] $η^* = η_ - (η_j1 + η_j2)/2$, where $η_$ represents the $η$ of the $$ system, needs to satisfy $η^*<2.4$.
Measurement of the electroweak production of Z$\gamma$ and two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge couplings (2021) · Event selection · 0.99
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Required the difference between the average pseudorapidity of the two jets and the pseudorapidity of the diphoton system to be less than 2.5.
Search for a fermiophobic Higgs boson in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV (2012) · 0.86 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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Considered the Zeppenfeld variable for the two charged leptons, using the mean pseudorapidity of the two leading jets.
Class Imbalance Techniques for High Energy Physics (2019) · 0.98 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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Required the Zeppenfeld variable, the photon's pseudorapidity minus half the sum of the two jets' pseudorapidities, to be less than 2.5.
Search for a Higgs boson decaying into a Z and a photon in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 and 8 TeV (2013) · 0.95 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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Used the Zeppenfeld variables of the two bosons among seven observables in its boosted decision tree.
Measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous quartic couplings from events with four leptons and two jets in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV (2017) · 0.95 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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The signal region (SR) is defined by the previous selections plus the additional requirements that $>500$, $>2.5$, $>100$, $<1.2$ [ref] , and $>2$ radians, where and are, respectively, the invariant mass and azimuthal angle of the boson and system, is the azimuthal angle of the dijet system, and $y_j1(2)$ is the rapidity of the leading (second) jet.
Observation of electroweak production of W$\gamma$ with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV (2020) · Event selection · 0.93
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Another distinguishable variable used by the experimental groups is the Zeppenfeld variable $z_l^*$, which is defined as [ref] [equation] The max$(z_l^*)$ variable is used by CMS collaboration to define the $W^±W^±jj$ and $WZjj$ signal region [ref] .
Same-Sign Dilepton Signature in the Inert Doublet Model (2021) · Same-Sign Dilepton Signature · 0.81
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The Zeppenfeld variable, $η__Zeppenfeld = |η_ℓℓγ - 0.5(η_j1 + η_j2)|$ [ref] , measures the centrality of the $ℓℓγ$ system with respect to the two leading jets and is required to be less than 2.0.
Measurement of the Higgs boson decay to a low-mass dilepton system and a photon in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 and 13.6 TeV with the ATLAS detector (2026) · Event categorisation · 0.97
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The VBS topology is targeted by requiring that the two highest jets have a large dijet mass, $m_jj > 500$, a large $η$ separation, $Δη_jj > 2.5$, and $max(z_ℓ^*) < 0.75$, where $z_ℓ^* = η_ℓ-(η_j1+η_j2)/2/Δη_jj$ is the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] , $η_ℓ$ is the pseudorapidity of a lepton, and $η_j1$ and $η_j2$ are the pseudorapidities of the leading and subleading jet, respectively.
Observation of electroweak production of same-sign W boson pairs in the two jet and two same-sign lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV (2017) · Introduction · 0.94
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Included the Zeppenfeld variable of the two leptons among its high-level features.
Polarization fraction measurement in same-sign WW scattering using deep learning (2018) · 0.94 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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The candidate $$ ($$) events are also required to have $<$0.75 (1.0), where [equation] is the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] , $η^ℓ$ is the pseudorapidity of a lepton, and $η^_1$ and $η^_2$ are the pseudorapidities of the two candidate VBS jets.
Measurements of production cross sections of WZ and same-sign WW boson pairs in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV (2020) · Event selection · 1.00
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To select the VBF topology, the two leading jets must be in opposite hemispheres, with $>3$ and $>500$, and the so-called Zeppenfeld ($$) variable [ref] must be $<$0.6, where [equation] where $η_γ$ is the pseudorapidity of the photon, and $η__1$ and $η__2$ are the pseudorapidities of the two candidate VBF jets.
Search for dark photons in Higgs boson production via vector boson fusion in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV (2020) · Event selection · 1.00
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The candidate $$ ($$) events are required to satisfy $max(z_ℓ^*)<0.75 (1.0)$, where $z_ℓ^*=η^ℓ - (η^_1 + η^_2)/2/$ is the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] for one of the selected leptons.
Search for charged Higgs bosons produced in vector boson fusion processes and decaying into vector boson pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV (2021) · Event selection · 0.99
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In addition to the variables used in the first NN, with matrix elements calculated specifically for the final state with two jets, several supplementary variables are included to exploit the kinematics of the dijet system: the invariant mass and azimuthal separation of the two leading jets, and the two Zeppenfeld angular variables, calculated for each Z boson as $η_Zep=η_Z_1-(η_j_1+η_j_2)/2$ [ref] .
Evidence of off-shell Higgs boson production from $ZZ$ leptonic decay channels and constraints on its total width with the ATLAS detector (2023) · analysis · 0.98
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The candidate $$ events are required to satisfy $max(z_ℓ^*)<0.75$, where $z_ℓ^*=η^ℓ - (η^_1 + η^_2)/2/$ is the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] , $η^ℓ$ is the pseudorapidity of one of the selected leptons, and $η^_1$ and $η^_2$ are the pseudorapidities of the two candidate VBS jets.
Measurements of production cross sections of polarized same-sign W boson pairs in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV (2020) · Event reconstruction and selection · 0.88
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The list of BDT variables used is as follows: $^M/$; $^$; $^M$; the photon identification discriminator; the meson charged isolation; $M_jj$; the $Δϕ$ of the two tagging jets; and the Zeppenfeld variable, defined as $z^* = η_M-0.5(η_j1+η_j2)/Δη_jj$ [ref] .
Search for the Higgs boson decays to a $\rho^0$, $\phi$, or K$^{*0}$ meson and a photon in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV (2024) · Multivariate analysis selection · 0.88
How the literature uses it
55 arXiv papers cite this in 63 sentences
Papers citing it · 27 sentences without a confident label
Uses its method or tool 31 papers
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As the third jet in these processes typically arises from gluon radiation[An exception is when gluino production is involved.], the average multiplicity of additional jets can be estimated by $n̅=σ(jjj)/σ(jj)$, which leads to the exponentiation model of Ref. [ref] .
SUSY Background to Neutral MSSM Higgs Boson Searches · Central Jet Veto on Additional Jets from QCD Radiation · 0.93
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Among the most important ones, as identified by SHAP and matching the physics expectation, are the variable, the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] of the lepton, and the quark/gluon discriminator variable of the leading jet, which is based on a likelihood discriminant constructed with three variables for each jet: the jet energy, the multiplicity of the jet constituents, and the minor axis width of the ellipse in the $η-ϕ$ plane containing the jet constituents [ref] .
Evidence for WW/WZ vector boson scattering in the decay channel $\ell\nu$qq produced in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV · Signal extraction · 0.97
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To utilize this signature, we require max$( 𝒵_ℓ ) < 0.75$, where $𝒵_ℓ$ is the Zeppenfeld variable [ref] of a lepton $ℓ$: $𝒵_ℓ = η_ℓ -(η_j1+η_j2)/2 / Δη_jj$, where $η_ℓ$ is the pseudorapidity of the lepton, and $η_j1$ and $η_j2$ are of the two VBF jets.
Probing heavy Majorana neutrinos and the Weinberg operator through vector boson fusion processes in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV · Introduction · 0.96
Cites it as background 4 papers
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The two jets (jj) originating from the scattered quarks are typically emitted in the forward-backward region of the detector, giving rise to events whose signature in the detector is characterized by a region in rapidity (so-called "rapidity gap") [ref] , where no additional hadronic activity is expected from the hard scattering.
Evidence for electroweak production of four charged leptons and two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV · Introduction · 0.88
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These EW processes have been used to investigate the rapidity gaps at hadron colliders [ref] , as a probe of triple-gauge-boson couplings [ref] , and as a background to Higgs boson measurements in the VBF channel [ref] .
Measurement of electroweak production of a W boson and two forward jets in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV · Introduction · 0.88
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These electroweak processes have been studied in the context of rapidity intervals in hadron collisions [ref] , as a probe of anomalous triple-gauge-boson couplings [ref] , and as a background to Higgs boson searches in Vector Boson Fusion (VBF) processes [ref] .
Measurement of the hadronic activity in events with a Z and two jets and extraction of the cross section for the electroweak production of a Z with two jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV · Introduction · 0.98
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