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arxiv: 2605.23686 · v1 · pith:XZRWMWBJnew · submitted 2026-05-22 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA · astro-ph.CO

The FAST Hundred-Deg² HI Deep (HD²) Survey: Early Results from the Pilot Survey

Chen Xu , Yingjie Jing , Jie Wang , Hu Zou , Wei Du , Niankun Yu , Hong Guo , Zerui Liu
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Qingze Chen Tiantian Liang Zhipeng Hou Yiwei Xu Xiao Li Hui-Jie Hu Ziming Liu Pinsong Zhao Taotao Fang Liang Gao Qi Guo Qiusheng Gu Zhen Jiang Xi Kang Xu Kong Cheng Li Jun Pan Tao Wang Yanrui Zhou Wenting Wang Jing Wang
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 03:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO
keywords HI surveyFAST telescopeneutral hydrogengalaxy gas contentDESIpilot surveycold gas scaling relationsoptical matching
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The pith

A 10 square degree pilot with FAST detects 339 HI sources at z<0.09, six times the rate of wide-field surveys.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports early results from a pilot run of the planned Hundred-deg² HI Deep survey on the FAST telescope. Over 10 square degrees observed with 7.3 minutes per beam, the team found 339 neutral hydrogen sources below redshift 0.09, at roughly 34 detections per square degree. Optical matches using DESI redshifts exceed 90 percent for galaxies brighter than r=19.5, and the measured gas fractions versus stellar mass and star-formation rate line up with earlier surveys. These numbers are presented as direct evidence that the full survey design, with longer integrations over a contiguous 100 square degree area, is feasible.

Core claim

The pilot HD² survey identifies 339 HI sources at z<0.09 in a 10 deg² field, yielding ~34 detections per deg², nearly six times higher than wide-field surveys, with over 90% optical matching for r<19.5 and gas fraction relations consistent with prior work, demonstrating the feasibility of the full HD² survey for a high-completeness HI census.

What carries the argument

FAST HI mapping at 4.8 km s⁻¹ resolution with 0.45 mJy beam⁻¹ rms sensitivity after 7.3 min integration per beam, combined with DESI redshift matching for source identification.

If this is right

  • Nearly 50% of DESI BGS galaxies with r<17.8 and 0.01<z<0.05 will receive HI detections.
  • Gas fraction scaling relations versus stellar mass, surface density, NUV-r, and specific star formation rate can be measured over contiguous scales.
  • A high-completeness HI census becomes available within the DESI DR1 footprint.
  • The survey reaches uniform sensitivity of 0.28 mJy beam⁻¹ across the full area.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same matching technique could improve counterpart identification in other large radio surveys that overlap optical redshift catalogs.
  • Once complete, the contiguous map would allow direct tests of how cold gas content changes with local density inside the DESI footprint.
  • Repeating the pilot analysis at the full survey depth would test whether detection rates remain linear with integration time at fainter flux limits.

Load-bearing premise

The observed detection rate, sensitivity, and optical matching fraction will scale without degradation when integration time increases to 20 minutes and the survey expands to a contiguous 100 square degree area.

What would settle it

The completed HD² survey with 20 min integrations detects substantially fewer than the expected ~3400 sources across 100 deg² or shows optical matching correctness below 90% for r<19.5 galaxies.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.23686 by Cheng Li, Chen Xu, Hong Guo, Hui-Jie Hu, Hu Zou, Jie Wang, Jing Wang, Jun Pan, Liang Gao, Niankun Yu, Pinsong Zhao, Qi Guo, Qingze Chen, Qiusheng Gu, Taotao Fang, Tao Wang, Tiantian Liang, Wei Du, Wenting Wang, Xiao Li, Xi Kang, Xu Kong, Yanrui Zhou, Yingjie Jing, Yiwei Xu, Zerui Liu, Zhen Jiang, Zhipeng Hou, Ziming Liu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The sky distribution of the pilot survey. The background image is from the HSC-SSP PDR2 wide layer data (Aihara et al. 2019). The redshift survey named HectoMAP (Sohn et al. 2023) covers the orange strip across 43.25◦ . Three green circles show the footprint of DESI EDR SV3 (DESI Collaboration et al. 2024) spectra distribution in this area. The entire region is covered by SDSS. The red box is our 10-deg2 t… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Flowchart of the HiFAST calibration and imaging process for point source surveys. LABY, Westmeier et al. 2022), DINGO (Rhee et al. 2022), and the FAST All Sky H I Survey (FASHI, Zhang et al. 2024). To minimize the risk of missing real sources, we adopted low parameter thresholds in the initial search with the smooth-and-clip (S+C) finder. The S+C finder was run with spatial smoothing kernels of scfind.kern… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: S/N distribution of the 339 H I sources in the pilot HD2 catalog, shown for 3 ≤ S/N ≤ 40 for clarity. The blue solid histogram shows the sources identified by SoFiA, and the orange dashed histogram shows the sources subsequently recovered through targeted searches at known DESI redshift positions. The green dotted vertical line indicates S/N = 6.5, which separates high-S/N and low-S/N sources. age photutil… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The OC correct rate as a function of r-band magnitude for DESI spectroscopic (left), photometric redshift (middle), and pure photometric (right) surveys, comparing different combinations of probability terms. Each panel compares three combinations of probability terms: coordinates and velocity only, or coordinates only for the pure photometric case (blue circles, solid line); with the addition of Pmag (ora… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The matching rate and correct rate of optical counterparts using DESI EDR/SDSS spectroscopic redshift surveys (left), photometric redshift surveys (middle) or photometric surveys (right). The x-axis presents the r-band visual AB magnitude of the correct optical counterpart. The dashed curves indicate the matching rate, and the colored solid lines correspond to the correct rate. The lower panels illustrate … view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The confusion rate in the pilot HD2 sample is analyzed by binning the stellar mass of the best-observed counterparts associated with each H I source. There are 320 H I sources within the DESI’s coverage, of which 49 exhibit confusion (DESI, blue solid line with circle markers). Among the 154 galaxies that contain OCs from SDSS, ten are identi￾fied as confused (SDSS, green dashed line with square mark￾ers).… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Spaenhauer diagram for the low-redshift samples (z < 0.09). The blue dots represent 230 H I sources with a higher S/N of ≥ 6.5, while the orange dots indicate 109 sources with a lower S/N. The red curve represents the 5σ mass limit of the ALFALFA samples (α.100), while the green solid and dashed curves correspond to the HD2 pilot survey and the full HD2 survey in prediction, respectively. halo radius, r180… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: The H I detection rates of the DESI BGS sample are analyzed by binning the data according to stellar mass. Within the DESI BGS sample, the detection rate is approximately 30% (the blue solid line with circular markers, 1096 galaxies). When applying the same selection criteria as used in xGASS, the H I detection rate increases (the orange dashed line with circular markers, 48 galaxies), approaching that of … view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: The distribution of (a) NUV − r, (b) stellar mass surface density, (c) specific star formation rate, and (d) half-light radius as a function of stellar mass for H I detections and non-detections in the DESI BGS sample is shown. The orange dots represent galaxies with H I detections, the green crosses indicate H I detections flagged as confusion cases, while the blue open dots denote those without H I. In p… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The H I gas fraction scaling relations as a function of (a) stellar mass, (b) stellar mass surface density, (c) NUV −r, and (d) specific star formation rate. Gray dots represent direct detections, while filled and open markers distinguish between high-S/N samples (S/N ≥ 6.5) and low-S/N samples (S/N < 6.5). The lines with square markers are the results of this paper, with direct detection averages shown i… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: The H I – halo mass relation. Gray dots rep￾resent groups with direct H I detections, with open symbols for Ng = 1 and filled symbols for Ng ≥ 2. The cyan dashed line shows the running mean values of direct detections, while blue squares mark the average H I mass from our group stack￾ing. We also include ALFALFA stacking from Guo et al. (2020, red circles for Ng ≥ 1, orange circles for Ng ≥ 2) and DINGO g… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Representative H I detections with high S/N. For each source, the left panel shows the HSC-SSP optical image overlaid with H I flux contours (white dashed lines). The cyan circle marks the H I centroid and the red circle marks the best optical counterpart. The right panel shows the H I spectrum, with the red dashed line indicating the optical redshift of the best OC and the cyan dashed line indicating the… view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_14.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Hundred-deg$^2$ HI Deep (HD$^2$) survey carried out with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is planned to map a contiguous region within the DESI DR1 footprint, achieving an effective integration time of 20 minutes for each pointing and a uniform detection sensitivity of 0.28 mJy beam$^{-1}$ at 4.8 km s$^{-1}$ resolution. We present early results from the pilot HD$^2$ survey: a 10 deg$^2$ field overlapping with HSC-SSP and the DESI EDR SV3, observed with an integration time of 7.3 minutes per beam and the rms of 0.45 mJy beam$^{-1}$ at 4.8 km s$^{-1}$ resolution. We identify 339 HI sources at $z<0.09$, corresponding to $\sim$34 detections per deg$^2$, nearly six times higher than the detection rate of the wide-field surveys. Optical counterparts are primarily identified using DESI redshifts, yielding a matching rate and correctness exceeding 90% for galaxies with $r<19.5$ mag, a substantial improvement over SDSS. Under the constraint of $r < 17.8$ mag and $0.01 < z < 0.05$, nearly 50% of galaxies in the DESI BGS samples have HI detections in this pilot survey. The optical properties of these HI-detected galaxies span nearly the entire parameter range of the DESI sample. The gas fraction scaling relations versus stellar mass, stellar mass surface density, NUV-r, and specific star formation rate are consistent with previous surveys, e.g., ALFALFA, DINGO, and xGASS. These results justify the feasibility of the full HD$^2$ survey, which will build a high-completeness HI census over a contiguous area to probe the cold gas scaling relations of galaxies over different scales.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents early results from a 10 deg² pilot field for the planned FAST HD² HI survey. It reports the detection of 339 HI sources at z<0.09 (~34 per deg²) with an rms noise of 0.45 mJy beam^{-1} at 4.8 km s^{-1} resolution after 7.3 min integration per beam. Optical counterparts are identified primarily via DESI redshifts with >90% matching and correctness for r<19.5, nearly 50% of DESI BGS galaxies (r<17.8, 0.01<z<0.05) show HI detections, and gas-fraction relations versus stellar mass, surface density, NUV-r, and sSFR are stated to be consistent with ALFALFA, DINGO, and xGASS. These empirical results are used to argue that the full survey (20 min integration, 0.28 mJy rms, contiguous area within DESI DR1) is feasible.

Significance. If the reported counts and matching rates hold, the pilot demonstrates that a contiguous, high-completeness HI census overlapping DESI is achievable at the planned depth, enabling future work on cold-gas scaling relations across environments. Credit is due for the direct observational numbers from a defined pilot field, the external consistency checks against prior surveys, and the explicit verification that the target rms scales as expected from the pilot integration time via 1/sqrt(t). The work is observational rather than theoretical and does not rely on internal parameter fitting.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim of a detection rate 'nearly six times higher than the detection rate of the wide-field surveys' would be strengthened by naming the comparison surveys and quoting their surface densities for direct verification.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract and pilot-results section: the statement that gas-fraction relations are 'consistent with previous surveys' would benefit from a brief quantitative metric (e.g., overlap in slope or normalization) rather than a qualitative assertion.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the pilot survey results, including the detection statistics, optical matching rates, and consistency with prior surveys. The recommendation for minor revision is noted, and we will address any editorial or minor points in the revised version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity identified

full rationale

The paper reports direct observational results from the pilot survey, including source counts (339 HI sources), detection rates (~34 per deg²), matching rates (>90% for r<19.5), and empirical consistency of gas fraction relations with external prior surveys (ALFALFA, DINGO, xGASS). The feasibility justification for the full survey relies on standard radiometer scaling (rms ∝ 1/sqrt(t)) and overlap with independent catalogs (DESI, HSC-SSP), with no derivations, fitted parameters, or predictions that reduce by construction to the paper's own inputs or self-citations. All load-bearing claims are externally falsifiable observational data.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is purely observational; no free parameters are fitted to produce the headline counts, no new entities are postulated, and background assumptions are standard radio astronomy practices.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption HI 21-cm emission traces neutral atomic hydrogen gas in galaxies at the stated redshifts
    Invoked implicitly when identifying sources as HI detections at z<0.09
  • domain assumption DESI redshifts provide reliable optical counterparts for HI sources
    Used to claim >90% matching rate and correctness

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 6003 in / 1438 out tokens · 55003 ms · 2026-05-25T03:32:31.806869+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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