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arxiv: 2605.25830 · v1 · pith:SPFBG7RRnew · submitted 2026-05-25 · 🪐 quant-ph

Utility-scale quantum experiments using dynamic circuits to address collective dissipation in interacting qubits

Benjamin Tirado , Joana Fraxanet , Adri\'an Juan-Delgado , Javier Aizpurua , Ruben Esteban This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 21:28 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords open quantum systemsdissipative dynamicsdynamic circuitscollective decayquantum simulationerror mitigationTrotterizationtensor network methods
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The pith

Dynamic circuits with ancilla-assisted channels simulate collective dissipation in chains of up to 86 emitters.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper shows how to implement the Markovian time evolution of a chain of many qubits coupled to a common bath on quantum hardware using Trotterized circuits that incorporate ancilla-assisted dissipative channels for single-qubit and two-qubit collective decay. Mid-circuit measurements and conditional gates reduce depth, while biased Clifford data regression mitigates errors better than standard methods. Experiments on IBM hardware reach 86 emitters with 129 total qubits and circuits of about 8000 two-qubit gates, matching results from a new classical Monte Carlo tensor-network simulator that includes reset operations. The work targets open quantum systems whose simulation is challenging for both classical and near-term quantum hardware.

Core claim

The Markovian time evolution of the system is implemented through Trotterized evolution with the introduction of ancilla-assisted dissipative channels, including single-qubit and two-qubit dissipators to capture collective decay. Mid-circuit measurements, conditional gates, and hardware-aware transpilation significantly reduce circuit depth. We further implement a biased Clifford data regression error mitigation strategy. We execute large-scale quantum experiments of the dynamics of chains comprising up to 86 emitters on the IBM System Two ibm_basquecountry using 129 total qubits, with the largest circuits containing about 8000 two-qubit gates. Validation uses a classical Monte Carlo-Time-Ev

What carries the argument

Ancilla-assisted single-qubit and two-qubit dissipative channels implemented via dynamic circuits and Trotterization to reproduce collective Markovian decay.

If this is right

  • The approach opens a practical route for utility-scale quantum simulation of dissipative dynamics.
  • It enables tackling complex dynamics of systems such as quantum emitters in dissipative optical cavities.
  • Biased CDR outperforms uniform Cliffordization and zero-noise extrapolation protocols for this class of circuits.
  • Hardware-aware transpilation and dynamic circuits keep circuit depth manageable at this scale.
  • Large numbers of emitters become accessible on near-term superconducting hardware for open-system problems.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The ancilla method for collective decay might generalize to non-Markovian or higher-dimensional baths if the channel construction extends.
  • The stochastic pure-state trajectory validation technique could serve as a benchmark tool for other hardware simulation platforms.
  • Scaling beyond 86 emitters would test whether the combination of dynamic circuits and biased CDR continues to suppress errors effectively.
  • These circuits could be adapted to simulate engineered dissipation in quantum optical or condensed-matter models not yet accessible classically.

Load-bearing premise

The ancilla-assisted single-qubit and two-qubit dissipative channels combined with Trotterization accurately reproduce the target Markovian collective decay dynamics without significant unaccounted errors from hardware noise or approximation.

What would settle it

A direct comparison showing significant deviation between the quantum hardware results for an 86-emitter chain and the corresponding MC-TEBD classical simulation under identical parameters would indicate that the implemented dynamics do not match the target model.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.25830 by Adri\'an Juan-Delgado, Benjamin Tirado, Javier Aizpurua, Joana Fraxanet, Ruben Esteban.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Dissipative phenomena in systems of qubits coupled to a common external bath and modeling of the dynamics using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Modeling of the dissipative dynamics of a qubit. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Modeling of the collective dissipative dynamics of two [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Near-term hardware-aware transformation of the circuit in Fig. 3c. (a) Scaling with the number of emitters [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Comparison of the performance of error suppres [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Quantum experiments in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Open quantum systems are central to quantum optics, condensed matter, and chemistry, yet their simulation remains challenging for both classical and near-term quantum hardware. In this work we implement and execute utility-scale quantum circuits that accurately reproduce the dissipative dynamics of interacting qubits. We consider a one-dimensional chain of many qubits weakly coupled to a common Markovian bath. The Markovian time evolution of the system is implemented through Trotterized evolution with the introduction of ancilla-assisted dissipative channels, including single-qubit and two-qubit dissipators to capture collective decay. Mid-circuit measurements, conditional gates, and hardware-aware transpilation significantly reduce circuit depth. We further implement a biased Clifford data regression (biased CDR), an error mitigation strategy that outperforms the uniform Cliffordization baseline and a variety of zero-noise extrapolation protocols. We execute large-scale quantum experiments of the dynamics of chains comprising up to 86 emitters on the IBM System Two \texttt{ibm\_basquecountry}. In order to do so, we use 129 total qubits (including ancillas), with the largest circuits contain about 8000 two-qubit gates. To validate these experiments we develop a classical Monte Carlo-Time-Evolving Block-Decimation (MC-TEBD) tensor-network method that incorporates reset operations through stochastic pure-state trajectories, obtaining very good agreement. The approach presented here opens a practical route for utility-scale quantum simulation of dissipative dynamics, enabled by dynamic circuits, targeted error mitigation, and tensor-network validation, and enables to tackle complex dynamics of systems such as quantum emitters in dissipative optical cavities.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the implementation of dynamic circuits on IBM quantum hardware (ibm_basquecountry) to simulate the Markovian collective decay dynamics of 1D chains of up to 86 interacting qubits. The approach uses Trotterized evolution with ancilla-assisted single-qubit and two-qubit dissipative channels, mid-circuit measurements and conditional gates to reduce depth, biased Clifford data regression for error mitigation, and validation via a custom Monte Carlo Time-Evolving Block Decimation (MC-TEBD) tensor-network method that incorporates stochastic reset trajectories, yielding very good agreement for experiments using 129 total qubits and circuits with ~8000 two-qubit gates.

Significance. If the ancilla-assisted dissipators plus Trotterization accurately reproduce the target Lindblad evolution without significant unaccounted hardware or approximation errors, this constitutes a notable advance in utility-scale quantum simulation of open quantum systems. The explicit use of dynamic circuits, hardware-aware transpilation, and a reproducible classical validation method (MC-TEBD with stochastic trajectories) are concrete strengths that could enable simulations of dissipative many-body physics beyond current classical reach in selected regimes.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the 86-emitter experiments 'accurately reproduce' the target dynamics rests on reported 'very good agreement' with MC-TEBD trajectories, yet no quantitative error metrics, error bars, Trotter-step convergence data, or post-selection criteria are supplied; this leaves the central experimental claim without a clear bound on combined hardware-noise and approximation errors.
  2. [Validation discussion] Validation discussion: no independent fidelity metrics (e.g., small-N exact benchmarks against master-equation solutions or process tomography of the effective single- and two-qubit dissipators) are cited to isolate errors from ancilla resets, mid-circuit measurements, and Trotter truncation; the sole reliance on agreement with the same classical method used for validation is load-bearing for the utility-scale claim.
minor comments (1)
  1. The abstract states 'the largest circuits contain about 8000 two-qubit gates'; reporting the precise gate count and depth for the N=86 instance in a table would improve reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment point-by-point below and outline the revisions we will make to strengthen the quantitative validation of our results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the 86-emitter experiments 'accurately reproduce' the target dynamics rests on reported 'very good agreement' with MC-TEBD trajectories, yet no quantitative error metrics, error bars, Trotter-step convergence data, or post-selection criteria are supplied; this leaves the central experimental claim without a clear bound on combined hardware-noise and approximation errors.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract would benefit from more precise language and supporting details. In the revised manuscript we will (i) replace the phrase 'accurately reproduce' with 'reproduce within the reported agreement bounds', (ii) add a sentence referencing quantitative metrics (mean absolute deviation and root-mean-square error between hardware and MC-TEBD trajectories, averaged over multiple shots), (iii) state that error bars are obtained from 10 independent hardware runs, (iv) include a brief Trotter-step convergence plot for N=8 and N=16 chains in the supplementary material, and (v) explicitly list the post-selection criteria (ancilla readout fidelity threshold and parity-check acceptance rate). These additions will be cross-referenced from the abstract. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Validation discussion] Validation discussion: no independent fidelity metrics (e.g., small-N exact benchmarks against master-equation solutions or process tomography of the effective single- and two-qubit dissipators) are cited to isolate errors from ancilla resets, mid-circuit measurements, and Trotter truncation; the sole reliance on agreement with the same classical method used for validation is load-bearing for the utility-scale claim.

    Authors: We acknowledge that independent small-system benchmarks would strengthen the validation. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated subsection (Section IV.C) presenting: (a) exact master-equation comparisons for N=2 and N=4 chains using QuTiP, showing average trace-distance deviations of <0.03 between hardware and exact dynamics after error mitigation; (b) process-tomography results for the effective single-qubit and two-qubit dissipators implemented via the ancilla-assisted channels on 5-qubit test circuits, yielding average process fidelities of 0.91 and 0.87 respectively; and (c) an explicit discussion of how these small-N results bound the contributions from ancilla resets, mid-circuit measurements, and Trotter truncation before scaling to the utility regime. While large-N validation necessarily relies on MC-TEBD, the added small-N data provide an orthogonal check on the circuit implementation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental execution validated by independent classical tensor-network method

full rationale

The paper's core contribution is an experimental implementation of Markovian collective decay on IBM hardware via ancilla-assisted single- and two-qubit dissipators plus Trotterization, with biased CDR mitigation, executed up to 86 emitters. Validation relies on a separately developed MC-TEBD classical method that incorporates reset operations via stochastic trajectories and reports agreement; this is an external benchmark, not a fit or self-definition. No equations reduce the target dynamics to fitted parameters renamed as predictions, no load-bearing uniqueness theorems are imported from self-citations, and no ansatz is smuggled via prior work. The derivation chain is self-contained against the hardware execution and classical cross-check.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No free parameters, axioms beyond standard quantum mechanics, or invented entities are introduced in the abstract; the work relies on established Markovian bath models and Trotterization.

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Simulating the Dynamics of Markovian Quantum Processes by Quantum Collision Models on Quantum Computers

    quant-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Experimental demonstration of quantum collision models for Markovian dynamics on quantum hardware with up to 7 system qubits and 40 time steps, using hardware-specific ancilla strategies for local and nonlocal dissipation.

Reference graph

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