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Dually tunable YBCO coplanar waveguide resonators based on helium-ion-generated Josephson inductances

T0 review · 1 major / 1 minor · reviewed 2026-06-29 · grok-4.3

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Pith's one-line read Helium-ion-generated Josephson inductances in YBCO resonators enable independent tuning of resonance frequency and flux responsivity.

desk verdict YBCO resonators with helium-ion junctions show both SQUID oscillations and a Fraunhofer envelope, but the independence of frequency and responsivity still needs explicit checks against correlated loss changes. read the letter →

arxiv 2605.30425 v1 pith:R4MG5DLJ submitted 2026-05-28 quant-ph cond-mat.supr-con

Kenny Fohmann , Timo J. Glebe-Märklin , Benedikt Wilde , Mohamad Kazouini , Christoph Schmid , Dieter Koelle , Reinhold Kleiner , Daniel Bothner This is my paper · ORCID
classification quant-phcond-mat.supr-con
keywords YBCOJosephsonjunctionscoplanarwaveguideresonatorsheliumionirradiationflux-tunablehigh-temperaturesuperconductorsmicrowavecircuitsFraunhofermodulation
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper fabricates coplanar waveguide resonators from the high-temperature superconductor YBCO and adds Josephson inductances and interferometers by local focused helium ion irradiation. These devices show flux-tunable resonance frequencies with periodic interferometer oscillations plus a superimposed Fraunhofer-like pattern in both frequency and decay rate. The pattern stems from magnetic-field tuning of the individual junction critical currents through out-of-plane barriers. This dual tunability lets frequency and flux responsivity be adjusted separately. A reader would care because the approach could support tunable microwave circuits that remain stable against external magnetic noise across wide frequency ranges while operating up to 14 K.

What carries the argument

Helium-ion-generated Josephson inductances whose critical currents are modulated by the Fraunhofer pattern from out-of-plane barriers, allowing separate control of resonance frequency and flux responsivity.

What would settle it

An experiment that varies the out-of-plane barrier properties or junction geometry and finds that frequency and responsivity shifts remain locked together would falsify the independent-tuning claim.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

YBCO coplanar waveguide resonators integrated with helium-ion-generated Josephson junctions exhibit strongly flux-tunable resonances that display both periodic interferometer oscillations of frequency and decay rate and a superimposed Fraunhofer-like modulation pattern arising from out-of-plane junction barriers; this pattern permits independent adjustment of resonance frequency and flux responsivity.

Load-bearing premise

The Fraunhofer-like modulation arises from magnetic tuning of individual junction critical currents due to out-of-plane barriers and thereby permits independent adjustment of frequency and responsivity.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • The resonators display periodic oscillations in resonance frequency and decay rate as a function of applied flux.
  • The superimposed Fraunhofer modulation allows separate control of frequency and flux responsivity.
  • The devices maintain useful performance up to 14 K.
  • A model accounts for the junction-induced cavity losses.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Such independent tuning could reduce the impact of stray magnetic fields in broadband tunable circuits for quantum information or detector applications.
  • The helium-ion writing method may be adaptable to other high-temperature cuprate films for similar dual-control devices.
  • If the low-noise property holds, these resonators could serve as building blocks for flux sensors that operate over wide frequency bands without retuning sensitivity.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the fabrication of YBCO coplanar waveguide resonators incorporating Josephson inductances and SQUID interferometers defined by focused helium-ion beam irradiation. It presents measurements showing periodic flux-dependent oscillations in resonance frequency and decay rate, together with a superimposed Fraunhofer-like modulation pattern attributed to the out-of-plane geometry of the individual junction barriers. The central claim is that this dual modulation permits independent adjustment of resonance frequency and flux responsivity. The work further characterizes temperature dependence up to 14 K and introduces a model for the junction-induced cavity losses.

Significance. If the independence of frequency and responsivity tuning is demonstrated without correlated degradation in quality factor, the platform would offer a useful route to high-temperature, high-magnetic-field tunable microwave circuits. The combination of YBCO with ion-beam-defined junctions is a concrete strength for operation above 4 K.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract / modulation pattern results] Abstract and the section describing the superimposed modulation pattern: the claim that the Fraunhofer envelope enables independent tuning of resonance frequency and flux responsivity is load-bearing for the central result, yet the manuscript does not report an explicit decomposition (e.g., a fit of the envelope to the expected sinc or Airy function based on measured junction area) nor identify data points at equal resonance frequency but differing responsivity with comparable decay rates. Without this, the separation of the SQUID oscillation amplitude from other coupled effects remains unverified.
minor comments (1)
  1. [temperature dependence section] The temperature-dependence data and loss model would benefit from tabulated fit parameters and explicit comparison to the expected quasiparticle or vortex-loss channels.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for highlighting the need to strengthen the evidence supporting independent tuning of resonance frequency and flux responsivity. We address the single major comment below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate the requested analysis.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / modulation pattern results] Abstract and the section describing the superimposed modulation pattern: the claim that the Fraunhofer envelope enables independent tuning of resonance frequency and flux responsivity is load-bearing for the central result, yet the manuscript does not report an explicit decomposition (e.g., a fit of the envelope to the expected sinc or Airy function based on measured junction area) nor identify data points at equal resonance frequency but differing responsivity with comparable decay rates. Without this, the separation of the SQUID oscillation amplitude from other coupled effects remains unverified.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit decomposition of the Fraunhofer envelope and identification of specific data points would provide stronger verification of the independent tuning claim. The observed modulation pattern is consistent with the expected out-of-plane junction geometry, but we acknowledge that fitting the envelope to the theoretical sinc or Airy function (using the measured junction area) and explicitly marking data points at matched resonance frequencies with differing responsivities (while confirming comparable decay rates) are not currently presented. In the revised manuscript we will add this analysis in the results section, including the fit and annotated data points or an inset figure, to directly demonstrate separation of the SQUID oscillation amplitude from other effects. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity; experimental observations of standard Josephson phenomena.

full rationale

The paper reports experimental fabrication and measurements of YBCO coplanar resonators with helium-ion-defined Josephson elements, observing periodic SQUID-like frequency oscillations superimposed with a Fraunhofer-like envelope. The independent tuning of frequency and responsivity is presented as an empirical outcome of the out-of-plane barrier modulation, not as a mathematical derivation that reduces to fitted inputs or self-citations by construction. No load-bearing equations, ansatzes, or uniqueness theorems are invoked that collapse to the data itself. This is the expected non-circular outcome for an experimental report grounded in observable device behavior.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 0 assumptions · 0 invented entities

With only the abstract available, no specific free parameters, axioms, or invented entities can be extracted from the loss model or derivations. The work rests on established Josephson junction and superconductivity phenomenology.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Dually tunable YBCO coplanar waveguide resonators based on helium-ion-generated Josephson inductances." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/R4MG5DLJ

@misc{pith2026260530425,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Dually tunable YBCO coplanar waveguide resonators based on helium-ion-generated Josephson inductances},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/R4MG5DLJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2605.30425}
}
abstract

Superconducting microwave circuits with and without Josephson inductances are the Swiss Army knife for many experiments and technologies from quantum information science to astrophysical particle detectors. Despite a large variety of existing circuit types, thin film materials and Josephson junction technologies, a flexible and reliable platform for high-magnetic-field and high-temperature applications is yet to be found. In this manuscript, we investigate coplanar waveguide cavities made of the high-temperature cuprate superconductor YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_7$ (YBCO), integrated with Josephson inductances and quantum interferometers that are generated by the controlled local irradiation of the YBCO with a focused helium ion beam. We obtain strongly flux-tunable microwave resonators, which not only display periodic interferometer oscillations of resonance frequency and decay rate, but also a superimposed Fraunhofer-like modulation pattern. The latter originates from the magnetic field tuning of the individual Josephson junction critical currents due to the out-of-plane junction barriers. It allows adjusting resonance frequency and flux responsivity independently of each other, potentially enabling tunable microwave circuits with low sensitivity to external magnetic-field noise over a broad range of frequencies. Finally, we investigate the temperature dependence of the cavities, show that they have promising characteristics up to 14$\,$K, and present a model for the junction-induced cavity losses.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.30425 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. YBCO coplanar waveguide cavities for integration with helium-ion-generated Josephson inductances. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Transport characteristics and critical-current ion-dose [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Flux-tuning of a helium-ion-generated YBCO SQUID-cavity and parameters of the integrated Josephson junctions. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (9 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Single-bJJ Fraunhofer-diffraction decouples resonance frequency from flux responsivity and allows modeling losses. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Operating flux-tunable YBCO SQUID cavities between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Experimental setup schematics. (a) Schematic of the experimental setup used for dc characterization of single bJJs in liquid helium (data in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Scaling of the characteristic voltage with critical current [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Flux-tuning arcs of the SQUID cavities R2 and R3. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Fraunhofer-tuning of Josephson cavity R3. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Temperature-dependence of 𝑅J in cavity R1. Symbols represent the Josephson resistance 𝑅J calculated from the experi￾mental sweetspot quality factors 𝑄J0 shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Josephson-diode flux-tuning arcs in cavity R2. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: A bJJ Josephson-diode with sign reversal near the first [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_12.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Anomalous Microwave Response in YBCO Resonators beyond the Two-Level-System Model

    cond-mat.supr-con 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    YBCO coplanar-waveguide resonators show a low-temperature microwave loss and frequency shift that do not fit the two-level-system model, with loss growing logarithmically in temperature.

Reference graph

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Pith tools

Reviewed June 29, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.