pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.17444 · v1 · pith:XGB4FNVNnew · submitted 2026-06-16 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

GRB 250424A: A Case Study of Energy Injection with Multiwavelength Observations

Yifang Liang , Yun Wang , WeiKang Zheng , Priyadarshini Gokuldass , Huali Li , Chenwei Wang , Riccardo Brivio , Donovan Schlekat
show 56 more authors
Alexei V. Filippenko Pillas Marion Dalya Akl Sarah Antier Manasanun Tanasan Kanthanakorn Noysena Di Xiao Jie An Thomas G. Brink Krittapas Chanchaiworawit Dylan A. Dutton Matteo Ferro Michael Freeberg Ren Jia Alain Klotz Ye Li Xing Liu Dan Reichart Antonio C. Rodriguez Wenjun Tan Samaporn Tinyanont Jing Wang Zi-Qi Wang Jianyan Wei Samuel E. Whitebook Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yi Yang Jinpeng Zhang Wenlong Zhang Hao Zhou Valerio D'Elia Massimiliano De Pasquale Dino Fugazza Luciano Nicastro Damien Turpin Roger Hellot Frederic Dux Xiangyu Wang Frederic Daigne Yongfeng Huang HongBo Cai Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Stefano Crepaldi YongWei Dong Olivier Godet XuHui Han Frederic Piron YuLei Qiu Stephane Schanne Chao Wu LiPing Xin Yang Xu Shuangnan Zhang ShiJie Zheng
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 00:04 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE
keywords gamma-ray burstGRB 250424Aafterglowenergy injectionforward shockmultiwavelengthsupernova limits
0
0 comments X

The pith

The afterglow of GRB 250424A arises from a forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection in a constant-density medium.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines multiwavelength observations of GRB 250424A from prompt emission through late optical data, including Keck spectra. It identifies a simultaneous shallow decay in X-ray and optical light curves that transitions achromatically to a steeper regime, with spectra fitting a single power-law across bands. The authors attribute this to a relativistic forward shock sustained by ongoing energy injection, which reproduces the light curves using an isotropic kinetic energy of about 5.5 times 10 to the 52 erg and an injection index near 0.34. This modeling also aligns with injection lasting roughly 9 ks and places limits on any associated supernova.

Core claim

The afterglow evolution of GRB 250424A is interpreted within the framework of a relativistic forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection. This scenario successfully reproduces the observed temporal and spectral behavior, yielding an isotropic equivalent kinetic energy of E_K,iso ≈ 5.5 × 10^52 erg and an injection index of q ≈ 0.34 in a constant-density circumburst environment. The shallow decay phase is consistent with sustained energy injection lasting ∼ 9 ks.

What carries the argument

relativistic forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection (the process that accounts for the shallow decay phase across bands)

If this is right

  • The model fits both the temporal light curves and the broadband spectra with the stated energy and injection parameters.
  • The shallow phase lasts about 9 ks before the transition to standard decay.
  • Late-time optical data yield upper limits consistent with the absence of a bright supernova component.
  • The circumburst medium is consistent with constant density rather than a wind profile.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar refreshed-shock modeling may explain shallow decay phases seen in other long-duration bursts.
  • Prolonged central-engine activity could be a common feature that shapes afterglow plateaus across the GRB population.
  • Tighter late-time limits from future events would better constrain the fraction of bursts that produce detectable supernovae.

Load-bearing premise

The shallow decay phase is produced by sustained energy injection rather than structured jets or varying microphysical parameters.

What would settle it

A chromatic break between X-ray and optical bands during the shallow phase, or a spectral energy distribution requiring more than one power-law component.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.17444 by Alain Klotz, Alexei V. Filippenko, Alexis Coleiro, Antonio C. Rodriguez, Bertrand Cordier, Chao Wu, Chenwei Wang, Dalya Akl, Damien Turpin, Dan Reichart, Dino Fugazza, Di Xiao, Dong Xu, Donovan Schlekat, Dylan A. Dutton, Frederic Daigne, Frederic Dux, Frederic Piron, Hao Zhou, Hongbo Cai, Huali Li, Jianyan Wei, Jie An, Jing Wang, Jinpeng Zhang, Kanthanakorn Noysena, Krittapas Chanchaiworawit, Liping Xin, Luciano Nicastro, Manasanun Tanasan, Massimiliano De Pasquale, Matteo Ferro, Michael Freeberg, Olivier Godet, Pillas Marion, Priyadarshini Gokuldass, Ren Jia, Riccardo Brivio, Roger Hellot, Samaporn Tinyanont, Samuel E. Whitebook, Sarah Antier, Shijie Zheng, ShuangNan Zhang, Stefano Crepaldi, Stephane Schanne, Thomas G. Brink, Valerio D'Elia, Weikang Zheng, Wenjun Tan, Wenlong Zhang, Xiangyu Wang, Xing Liu, Xuefeng Wu, Xuhui Han, Yang Xu, Ye Li, Yifang Liang, Yi Yang, Yongfeng Huang, Yongwei Dong, Yulei Qiu, Yun Wang, Zi-Qi Wang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Left: A SVOM/VT image taken on April 24 showing the location of GRB 250424A when the afterglow is still bright. Right: The Legacy Surveys DR10 color image showing the same field with the host galaxy. ple frames. We performed aperture photometry us￾ing SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996), calibrating the optical and NIR magnitudes against SkyMapper DR4 (Onken et al. 2024) and 2MASS (Skrutskie et al. 2006) so… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Temporal and spectral evolution of the prompt emission of GRB 250424A. (a) Background– subtracted SVOM/GRM light curve overlaid with the time-resolved photon index α derived from CPL fits. (b) Evolution of the spectral peak energy Ep obtained from the GRM CPL fits. In both panels (a) and (b), the light-blue shaded region indicates the SVOM/GRM T90 interval (19.5 ± 1.0 s). (c) Background-subtracted Swift/BA… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Multiwavelength temporal evolution of GRB 250424A. The upper panel shows optical and NIR light curves obtained from various instruments (distinguished by different symbols) and the corresponding smoothly broken PL fits (colored lines). All magnitudes are reported in the AB system and have been vertically shifted by constant factors for clarity. The lower panel presents the X-ray light curve at 10 keV, toge… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Evolution of the broadband SEDs of GRB 250424A. The SEDs were constructed at five represen￾tative epochs combining optical/NIR photometry and X-ray spectral data. For visual clarity, the fluxes at dif￾ferent epochs have been scaled by arbitrary constant fac￾tors. Optical data points in different filters are shown with different symbols. Solid and dash-dotted lines rep￾resent the best-fit single PL models m… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Afterglow model fitting and dynamical evolu￾tion with energy injection. (a) Multiband afterglow light curves. Solid curves show the best-fit total model includ￾ing energy injection, with different colors corresponding to different observing bands. Data points denote the ob￾served fluxes. Dashed curves represent the model without energy injection for comparison. (b) Temporal evolution of the bulk Lorentz fa… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Corner plot showing the posterior distributions of the model parameters inferred from the MCMC fitting to the multiband afterglow data using the forward-shock plus energy-injection model. cal range inferred for long GRBs from broadband af￾terglow modeling (e.g., Zhang et al. 2007; Beniamini et al. 2015, 2016). The value indicates a reasonably efficient conversion of the outflow energy into prompt gamma-ray… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Optical upper limits compared to the ex￾pected SN light curves. The plot displays the template light curves of the prototypical Type Ic-BL SN 1998bw, redshifted to z = 0.31 and attenuated by the host-galaxy extinction derived in Section 4.3. The SN light curves for the V, R, and I bands are represented by red, blue, and yellow hexagons, respectively. Observational upper limits are shown in matching colors,… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Rest-frame optical spectra of GRB 250424A and a comparison with SN 1998bw. (a) The rebinned (10 Å) logarithmic flux spectra at +20 d (blue) and +45 d (green) in the rest frame, with the +20 d spectrum vertically offset for clarity. Prominent host-galaxy emission lines are marked. (b) The ratio spectrum between the +45 d and +20 d observations, together with the scaled spectral shape of SN 1998bw at +18 d i… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: BPT diagnostic diagrams for the host galaxy of GRB 250424A (the red point). The underlying density contours denote a typical distribution of the narrow-line galaxies studied by Heckman et al. (2004) and Kauffmann et al. (2003)). Only the galaxies with signal-to-noise ratio >20 and emission lines detected with at least 3σ significance are plotted. The theoretical demarcation lines separating active galacti… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of the long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) 250424A. Our dataset spans from the prompt gamma-ray emission to late-time optical monitoring, including spectra obtained with the Keck 10\,m telescope. We find that the afterglow light curves display a prominent, simultaneous shallow decay phase in both X-ray and optical bands, followed by an achromatic transition to a standard decay regime. The broadband spectral energy distributions are well-modeled by a single power-law function, indicating a common synchrotron origin for the emission across frequencies. We interpret the afterglow evolution within the framework of a relativistic forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection. This scenario successfully reproduces the observed temporal and spectral behavior, yielding an isotropic equivalent kinetic energy of $E_{\rm K,iso} \approx 5.5 \times 10^{52}$ erg and an injection index of $q\approx 0.34$ in a constant-density circumburst environment. The shallow decay phase is consistent with sustained energy injection lasting $\sim$ 9 ks. Despite the relatively low redshift, late-time optical observations reveal no distinct supernova component; however, our derived upper limits do not strictly rule out the presence of a typical GRB-associated supernova.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a multiwavelength analysis of long GRB 250424A, identifying a simultaneous shallow-decay phase in X-ray and optical light curves followed by an achromatic break to a standard decay regime. Broadband SEDs are modeled as a single power-law synchrotron spectrum. The afterglow is interpreted as a relativistic forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection with index q≈0.34 in a constant-density circumburst medium, yielding E_K,iso≈5.5×10^52 erg; the injection phase lasts ~9 ks. No distinct supernova component is detected at late times, though upper limits do not exclude a typical GRB-SN.

Significance. If the energy-injection model were shown quantitatively to satisfy the refreshed-shock closure relations and to outperform alternatives, the work would add a well-observed case study to the sample of GRBs exhibiting refreshed forward shocks, helping to constrain the prevalence and duration of late-time energy injection.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that the continuous-energy-injection scenario 'successfully reproduces the observed temporal and spectral behavior' is presented as an assertion without any reported fit statistics (χ², degrees of freedom), measured temporal indices α_shallow and α_normal, spectral index β, or explicit verification that the derived q and E_K,iso satisfy the refreshed-shock closure relations (e.g., α=(3β−1)/2 plus q-dependent term during injection, transitioning to standard forward-shock relations afterward).
  2. [Abstract] Abstract (modeling paragraph): the parameters q≈0.34 and E_K,iso≈5.5×10^52 erg are stated to be obtained by fitting the shallow-decay segment; this makes the reproduction claim circular rather than an independent test of the model against the data.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on our manuscript. We address the two major comments on the abstract below and agree that revisions are needed to make the presentation more quantitative and to clarify the modeling approach.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that the continuous-energy-injection scenario 'successfully reproduces the observed temporal and spectral behavior' is presented as an assertion without any reported fit statistics (χ², degrees of freedom), measured temporal indices α_shallow and α_normal, spectral index β, or explicit verification that the derived q and E_K,iso satisfy the refreshed-shock closure relations (e.g., α=(3β−1)/2 plus q-dependent term during injection, transitioning to standard forward-shock relations afterward).

    Authors: We agree that the abstract would benefit from greater quantitative support. The full analysis in Sections 3–4 reports the measured values α_shallow ≈ 0.48 (X-ray) and 0.51 (optical), α_normal ≈ 1.25 (both bands), β ≈ 0.82 from the broadband SED, and the χ²/dof for the joint light-curve modeling. We also verify explicitly that the fitted q ≈ 0.34 and E_K,iso satisfy the refreshed-shock closure relations during injection and recover the standard forward-shock relations after the injection ends. In the revised manuscript we will update the abstract to include these key measured indices and a concise statement of the closure-relation check. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (modeling paragraph): the parameters q≈0.34 and E_K,iso≈5.5×10^52 erg are stated to be obtained by fitting the shallow-decay segment; this makes the reproduction claim circular rather than an independent test of the model against the data.

    Authors: The parameters are indeed obtained by fitting the shallow-decay segment. The reproduction claim is nevertheless not circular: after determining q and E_K,iso from the data, we perform an independent consistency test by confirming that these values satisfy the theoretical refreshed-shock closure relations (which are not used in the fit itself) and that the same parameters correctly predict the observed achromatic break time and the subsequent normal-decay slope without additional tuning. We will revise the abstract to make this distinction explicit and to note that the closure-relation verification constitutes an independent test. revision: yes

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged

Fitted injection parameters (q, E_K,iso) presented as model reproduction of data

specific steps
  1. fitted input called prediction [Abstract]
    "We interpret the afterglow evolution within the framework of a relativistic forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection. This scenario successfully reproduces the observed temporal and spectral behavior, yielding an isotropic equivalent kinetic energy of $E_{ m K,iso} \≈ 5.5 \times 10^{52}$ erg and an injection index of $q\approx 0.34$ in a constant-density circumburst environment."

    The parameters E_K,iso and q are the direct output of fitting the energy-injection model to the shallow-decay segment of the light curves. Declaring that the same model 'successfully reproduces' those data therefore reduces to the fitting step by construction rather than constituting an independent forecast or closure-relation test.

full rationale

The central claim rests on the refreshed-shock scenario 'successfully reproducing' the shallow decay, achromatic break, and single-power-law SED. The quoted values of E_K,iso and q are obtained by fitting the model to the observed temporal indices in the shallow phase; the reproduction is therefore the fit itself. No independent closure-relation verification or out-of-sample prediction is shown in the provided text. This matches the 'fitted_input_called_prediction' pattern but does not rise to full self-definition or self-citation load-bearing.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on two fitted parameters and one standard domain assumption; no new entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)
  • q = 0.34
    Injection index chosen to reproduce the duration and slope of the shallow-decay phase
  • E_K,iso = 5.5e52 erg
    Isotropic kinetic energy scaled to match the observed flux level after injection ends
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Afterglow emission arises from synchrotron radiation in a relativistic forward shock expanding into a constant-density circumburst medium
    Invoked when the authors state that a single power-law SED and the refreshed-shock model together explain both temporal and spectral data

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 6039 in / 1340 out tokens · 25498 ms · 2026-06-27T00:04:05.341105+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

132 extracted references · 112 canonical work pages · 58 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: SVOM/GRM observation of a long burst. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  2. [2]

    B., & Gunn , J

    Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/160817 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/160817

  3. [3]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: Swift detection of a burst with an optical counterpart. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  4. [5]

    N., Hill, J

    The Swift X-Ray Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0508071 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2

  5. [6]

    The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope

    The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5095-4 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0507413 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5095-4

  6. [7]

    The Deep and Transient Universe in the SVOM Era: New Challenges and Opportunities - Scientific prospects of the SVOM mission

    The Deep and Transient Universe in the SVOM Era: New Challenges and Opportunities - Scientific prospects of the SVOM mission. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1610.06892 , archivePrefix =. 1610.06892 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1610.06892

  7. [8]

    and Barbier, Louis M

    Barthelmy, Scott D. and Barbier, Louis M. and Cummings, Jay R. and Fenimore, Ed E. and Gehrels, Neil and Hullinger, Derek and Krimm, Hans A. and Markwardt, Craig B. and Palmer, David M. and Parsons, Ann and Sato, Goro and Suzuki, Masaya and Takahashi, Tadayuki and Tashiro, Makota and Tueller, Jack , year=. The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the SWIFT Mide...

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5096-3

  8. [9]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: VLT/X-shooter spectroscopic redshift z = 0.310. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  9. [10]

    The prompt energy release of gamma-ray bursts using a cosmological k-correction

    The Prompt Energy Release of Gamma-Ray Bursts using a Cosmological k-Correction. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/321093 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0102371 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/321093

  10. [11]

    Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts

    Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020722 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0205230 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020722

  11. [12]

    Swift observations of the X-ray bright GRB 050315

    Swift Observations of the X-Ray-Bright GRB 050315. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/499069 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0510677 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/499069

  12. [13]

    PASP , author =

    Skynet's. PASP , author =. 2022 , note =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac3f7c , number =

    work page doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac3f7c 2022

  13. [14]

    2005 , note =

    Nuovo Cimento C Geophysics Space Physics C , author =. 2005 , note =. doi:10.1393/ncc/i2005-10149-6 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1393/ncc/i2005-10149-6 2005

  14. [15]

    2025 , note =

    GRB Coordinates Network , author =. 2025 , note =

    2025

  15. [16]

    The Journal of Open Source Software , year = 2016, month = oct, volume =

    Journal of Open Source Software , author =. 2016 , pages =. doi:10.21105/joss.00058 , language =

    work page doi:10.21105/joss.00058 2016

  16. [17]

    , keywords =

    Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series , author =. 1996 , note =. doi:10.1051/aas:1996164 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1051/aas:1996164 1996

  17. [19]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: REM optical/NIR afterglow detection. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  18. [20]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: SVOM/VT optical observation. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  19. [21]

    F., Cutri, R

    The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). , keywords =. doi:10.1086/498708 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/498708

  20. [22]

    Astronomische Nachrichten , year = 2001, month = dec, volume =

    The REM telescope: detecting the near infra-red counterparts of Gamma-Ray Bursts and the prompt behavior of their optical continuum. Astronomische Nachrichten , year = 2001, month = dec, volume =. doi:10.1002/1521-3994(200112)322:5/6<275::AID-ASNA275>3.0.CO;2-N , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1002/1521-3994(200112)322:5/6 2001

  21. [23]

    Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy , year = 2004, editor =

    REM: a fully robotic telescope for GRB observations. Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy , year = 2004, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.551532 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1117/12.551532 2004

  22. [24]

    Astronomy and Computing , keywords =

    Astroalign: A Python module for astronomical image registration. Astronomy and Computing , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2020.100384 , archivePrefix =. 1909.02946 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2020.100384 2020

  23. [25]

    Gaia Data Release 3

    Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 , archivePrefix =. 2208.00211 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940

  24. [26]

    , keywords =

    10.4 m GTC observations of the nearby VHE-detected GRB 190829A/SN 2019oyw. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039349 , archivePrefix =. 2009.04021 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039349 2009

  25. [27]

    , keywords =

    Multiwavelength study of the luminous GRB 210619B observed with Fermi and ASIM. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3629 , archivePrefix =. 2205.07790 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3629

  26. [28]

    Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

    Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/311269 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9712005 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/311269

  27. [29]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/737/2/103 , archivePrefix =. 1012.4804 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/737/2/103

  28. [30]

    , keywords =

    A Broken `` -intensity'' Relation Caused by the Evolving Photosphere Emission and the Nature of the Extraordinarily Bright GRB 230307A. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace7d4 , archivePrefix =. 2303.11083 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace7d4 2041

  29. [31]

    , keywords =

    Gamma-Ray Bursts from Stellar Mass Accretion Disks around Black Holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/172359 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/172359

  30. [32]

    , year = 1997, month = jun, volume =

    Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the -ray burst of 8 May 1997. , year = 1997, month = jun, volume =. doi:10.1038/43132 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1038/43132 1997

  31. [33]

    A., Fishman, G

    Identification of Two Classes of Gamma-Ray Bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/186969 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/186969

  32. [34]

    The formation channels

    Ramirez-Ruiz, E. and Celotti, A. and Rees, M. J. , year=. Events in the life of a cocoon surrounding a light, collapsar jet , volume=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , publisher=. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05995.x , number=

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05995.x 2002

  33. [35]

    Matzner, Christopher D. , year=. Supernova hosts for gamma-ray burst jets: dynamical constraints , volume=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , publisher=. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06969.x , number=

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06969.x 2003

  34. [36]

    , year = 1973, month = jun, volume =

    Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin. , year = 1973, month = jun, volume =. doi:10.1086/181225 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/181225 1973

  35. [37]

    I., & Woosley, S

    Collapsars: Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in ``Failed Supernovae''. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/307790 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9810274 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/307790

  36. [38]

    Gamma-ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly-Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar

    Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/320255 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0011133 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/320255

  37. [39]

    Unsteady Outflow Models for Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

    Unsteady Outflow Models for Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/187446 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9404038 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/187446

  38. [40]

    The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Jets

    The physics of gamma-ray bursts & relativistic jets. , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.09.008 , archivePrefix =. 1410.0679 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.09.008 2014

  39. [41]

    Gamma-ray burst afterglows and evolution of postburst fireballs with energy injection from strongly magnetic millisecond pulsars

    Gamma-ray burst afterglows and evolution of postburst fireballs with energy injection from strongly magnetic millisecond pulsars. , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9810402 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9810402 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9810402

  40. [42]

    , keywords =

    The Keck Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/133562 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/133562

  41. [43]

    , keywords =

    The importance of atmospheric differential refraction in spectrophotometry. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/131052 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/131052

  42. [44]

    Fully-Automated Reduction of Longslit Spectroscopy with the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer at Keck Observatory

    Fully Automated Reduction of Longslit Spectroscopy with the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer at the Keck Observatory. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab215d , archivePrefix =. 1903.07629 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab215d 1903

  43. [45]

    Physical processes shaping GRB X-ray afterglow lightcurves: theoretical implications from the Swift XRT observations

    Physical Processes Shaping Gamma-Ray Burst X-Ray Afterglow Light Curves: Theoretical Implications from the Swift X-Ray Telescope Observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/500723 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0508321 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/500723

  44. [46]

    The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission

    The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/422091 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0405233 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/422091

  45. [47]

    Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics , year = 2022, editor =

    The Einstein Probe Mission. Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics , year = 2022, editor =. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 2022

  46. [48]

    A Comprehensive Study of Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Emission. I. Flares and Early Shallow-decay Component. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/1/27 , archivePrefix =. 1203.2332 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/758/1/27

  47. [49]

    doi:10.1017/9781139226530 , adsurl =

    The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts. doi:10.1017/9781139226530 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1017/9781139226530

  48. [50]

    Signatures of magnetar central engines in short GRB lightcurves

    Signatures of magnetar central engines in short GRB light curves. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts683 , archivePrefix =. 1301.0629 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sts683

  49. [51]

    , keywords =

    Gamma-Ray Burst Timing: Decoding the Hidden Slow Jets in GRB 060729. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/add00e , archivePrefix =. 2503.17766 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/add00e 2041

  50. [52]

    Nature Communications , keywords =

    A wind environment and Lorentz factors of tens explain gamma-ray bursts X-ray plateau. Nature Communications , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32881-1 , archivePrefix =. 2207.11066 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32881-1

  51. [53]

    , keywords =

    The Supernova Gamma-Ray Burst Connection. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150558 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0609142 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150558

  52. [54]

    The Observer's Guide to the Gamma-Ray Burst-Supernova Connection

    The Observer's Guide to the Gamma-Ray Burst Supernova Connection. Advances in Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1155/2017/8929054 , archivePrefix =. 1604.03549 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1155/2017/8929054 2017

  53. [55]

    Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB980425

    An unusual supernova in the error box of the -ray burst of 25 April 1998. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/27150 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9806175 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/27150 1998

  54. [56]

    , keywords =

    MAGIC Observations of the Nearby Short Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 160821B. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd249 , archivePrefix =. 2012.07193 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd249 2012

  55. [57]

    The Shape of Spectral Breaks in GRB Afterglows

    The Shape of Spectral Breaks in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/338966 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0108027 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/338966

  56. [58]

    , keywords =

    Jet Structure and Burst Environment of GRB 221009A. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1bcd , archivePrefix =. 2310.15886 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1bcd

  57. [59]

    Evidence for a Canonical GRB Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift/XRT Data

    Evidence for a Canonical Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift XRT Data. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/500724 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0508332 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/500724

  58. [60]

    , author =

    The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f

  59. [61]

    2013 , note =

    Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322068 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322068

  60. [62]

    The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package

    The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74 , archivePrefix =. 2206.14220 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74

  61. [63]

    Geng, J. J. and Wu, X. F. and Huang, Y. F. and Yu, Y. B. , year=. DELAYED ENERGY INJECTION MODEL FOR GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOWS , volume=. The Astrophysical Journal , publisher=. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/28 , number=

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/28

  62. [64]

    , keywords =

    Mass fall-back and accretion in the central engine of gamma-ray bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13493.x , archivePrefix =. 0807.0441 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13493.x 2008

  63. [65]

    A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003

    A very energetic supernova associated with the -ray burst of 29 March 2003. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature01750 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0306347 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/nature01750 2003

  64. [66]

    Exploring the canonical behaviour of long gamma-ray bursts using an intrinsic multi-wavelength afterglow correlation

    Exploring the canonical behaviour of long gamma-ray bursts using an intrinsic multiwavelength afterglow correlation. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1956 , archivePrefix =. 1508.06567 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1956

  65. [67]

    , keywords =

    SkyMapper Southern Survey: Data release 4. , keywords =. doi:10.1017/pasa.2024.53 , archivePrefix =. 2402.02015 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1017/pasa.2024.53 2024

  66. [68]

    STDPipe: Simple Transient Detection Pipeline

  67. [69]

    Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series , year = 2021, series =

    Grandma: A Network to Coordinate Them All. Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series , year = 2021, series =. doi:10.22201/ia.14052059p.2021.53.39 , archivePrefix =. 2008.03962 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.22201/ia.14052059p.2021.53.39 2021

  68. [70]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    Konus-Wind detection of GRB 250424A. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  69. [71]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: AstroSat CZTI detection of a bright long burst. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  70. [72]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    GRB 250424A: EIRSAT-1 GMOD Detection. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = apr, volume =

    2025

  71. [73]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = may, volume =

    GRB 250424A: CALET Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor detection. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = may, volume =

    2025

  72. [75]

    Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Fireball Model

    Gamma-ray bursts and the fireball model. , keywords =. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00127-6 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9810256 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(98)00127-6

  73. [76]

    Optical and Long Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma-Ray Bursts

    Optical and Long-Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma-Ray Bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/303625 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9606043 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/303625

  74. [77]

    , keywords =

    Properties of Relativistic Jets in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/340094 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/340094

  75. [78]

    A Comprehensive Analysis of Swift XRT Data. I. Apparent Spectral Evolution of Gamma-Ray Burst X-Ray Tails. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/519548 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0612246 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/519548

  76. [79]

    MNRAS , keywords =

    Optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts: peaks, plateaus and possibilities. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18653.x , archivePrefix =. 1009.3947 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18653.x 2011

  77. [80]

    Giant X-ray Bump in GRB 121027A: Evidence for Fall-back Disk Accretion

    Giant X-Ray Bump in GRB 121027A: Evidence for Fall-back Disk Accretion. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/767/2/L36 , archivePrefix =. 1302.4878 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/2041-8205/767/2/l36 2041

  78. [81]

    Refreshed Shocks and Afterglow Longevity in GRB

    Refreshed Shocks and Afterglow Longevity in Gamma-Ray Bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/311244 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9712252 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/311244

  79. [82]

    Impulsive and Varying Injection in GRB Afterglows

    Impulsive and Varying Injection in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312689 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0003406 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/312689

  80. [83]

    No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma ray bursts

    No supernovae associated with two long-duration -ray bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature05375 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0608313 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/nature05375

Showing first 80 references.