JWST observations indicate that interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has dust dominated by amorphous silicates similar to the ISM, unlike the crystalline silicate-rich dust in Solar System comets.
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The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
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abstract
The Astropy Project supports and fosters the development of open-source and openly-developed Python packages that provide commonly needed functionality to the astronomical community. A key element of the Astropy Project is the core package $\texttt{astropy}$, which serves as the foundation for more specialized projects and packages. In this article, we summarize key features in the core package as of the recent major release, version 5.0, and provide major updates for the Project. We then discuss supporting a broader ecosystem of interoperable packages, including connections with several astronomical observatories and missions. We also revisit the future outlook of the Astropy Project and the current status of Learn Astropy. We conclude by raising and discussing the current and future challenges facing the Project.
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- abstract The Astropy Project supports and fosters the development of open-source and openly-developed Python packages that provide commonly needed functionality to the astronomical community. A key element of the Astropy Project is the core package $\texttt{astropy}$, which serves as the foundation for more specialized projects and packages. In this article, we summarize key features in the core package as of the recent major release, version 5.0, and provide major updates for the Project. We then discuss supporting a broader ecosystem of interoperable packages, including connections with several astro
- method we will return to these questions in Paper II. In addi- tion, the substantial mass, momentum, and energy ex- changes between the hot wind to the cool clouds also underscores that galactic-wind models and simulations need to capture both phases. Otherwise, inferences from single-phase treatments can be biased. 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 Lhot [erg s 1] 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 LTRML [erg s 1] Figure 8.Radiative energy losses for all of our galax- ies using the best-fit model. The
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representative citing papers
A functional thorium-229 optical nuclear clock is demonstrated in a solid-state crystal with shot-noise limited performance and applied to dark matter constraints.
A massive quiescent galaxy at z=3.449 exhibits low rotation (λ_Re = 0.123) consistent with slow-rotator kinematics, indicating early formation of dispersion-dominated systems.
Quantitative Bayesian inference using a deep-learning emulator detects 0.018-0.020 M_sun of helium in the Type Ic supernova 2014L.
Correcting NIRISS charge migration reveals KELT-7 b as a metal-enriched (~92x solar) ultra-hot Jupiter with H2O, CO2 and TiO but no H- or clouds, orbiting a young metal-rich star.
TOI-2195 A b is an inflated hot Neptune that likely originated as a Jovian planet losing ~90% mass through Roche lobe overflow during EKL-driven high-eccentricity migration triggered by a wide binary companion.
Native-resolution retrievals on 0.97-5.27 micron JWST spectra of VHS 1256 b find a ~79% cloud deck, solar-like metallicity and C/O, and depleted 18O in a partially cloudy disequilibrium atmosphere.
First mid-IR transmission spectrum of TOI-270 d shows molecular features with Bayesian evidence ln B = 2.8-5.3 and identifies candidate trace molecules from an agnostic search of 203 species.
Spatially resolved spectroscopy shows SDSS1335+0728 has a three-zone ionisation structure, optically thin dust, and sustained low-level nuclear activity for at least 1500 years, implying the Ansky event is a faint transient in an already accreting low-mass SMBH.
One acceleration measurement equals ~10^5 phase-space measurements for local dark matter density estimation, with acceleration outperforming Jeans modeling in both equilibrium and perturbed Milky Way simulations.
A meta-analysis of 1490 BBH merger rate predictions from 57 studies shows substantial subsets reproduce or underestimate the observed rate, indicating that apparent crises are model-dependent rather than universal.
First use of the learned harmonic mean estimator for Bayesian model selection across circular/eccentric, white-noise/GP, and trend variants in radial velocity exoplanet analyses.
A triple-star channel with two common envelope evolution phases produces merging black hole binaries with positive average χ_eff and a tail of negative values.
Defines a sample of ~1300 SDSS quasars as Local Red Dots matching LRD photometric colors at z~0.4-0.8, with a V-shaped subset showing Balmer absorption and [NeV] emission, and SEDs modeled as reddened AGN plus host galaxy that match LRD stacks.
JWST data on 3C305 shows the compact radio jet efficiently drives kiloparsec-scale multiphase outflows via shocks, with high coupling to the observed gas kinetic power and radiative losses.
Magnetized disk models lower the thermal-viscous instability threshold to Eddington ratios of 0.01-0.03 and yield limit-cycle timescales of months to years, jointly matching observations in five CLAGN only when the inner disk is strongly magnetized.
First narrow-line flux ratios for lensed quasar RXJ1131-1231 measured with JWST/NIRSpec IFS at ~5% precision, detecting cusp anomaly consistent with prior work.
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
ALMA and JWST data reveal an extreme ram-pressure stripping event removing most cold gas from a massive galaxy in a z=4.3 protocluster core.
First TESS TTV catalog from 175 multi-TOI systems detects significant variations in 20 systems (13 new), showing 2:1 resonance pile-up unlike Kepler's 3:2.
First search for high-frequency gravitational waves via inverse Gertsenshtein conversion in Earth's magnetic field with VLA and ALMA sets new upper limits h_c ≲ 10^{-18} from 1 GHz to 1 THz.
Gravity-wave polarization theory is extended to non-axisymmetric stellar magnetic fields, revealing avoided crossings and a new mixing threshold distinct from the magnetic-suppression threshold.
A gravitational-wave method infers the Kerr-equivalent horizon area from direct waves in the near-merger signal of GW250114, yielding consistency with the Kerr remnant and a new test of Hawking's area law.
Deep interferometric observations of a z≈1.12 barred spiral reveal bar-driven molecular inflows at a rate matching the galaxy's star formation rate of ~36 M⊙/yr.
citing papers explorer
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The Dust Mineralogy of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS from JWST/MIRI Observations
JWST observations indicate that interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has dust dominated by amorphous silicates similar to the ISM, unlike the crystalline silicate-rich dust in Solar System comets.
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A thorium-229 optical nuclear clock with feedback loop
A functional thorium-229 optical nuclear clock is demonstrated in a solid-state crystal with shot-noise limited performance and applied to dark matter constraints.
-
A massive and evolved slow-rotating galaxy in the early Universe
A massive quiescent galaxy at z=3.449 exhibits low rotation (λ_Re = 0.123) consistent with slow-rotator kinematics, indicating early formation of dispersion-dominated systems.
-
Traces of Helium Detected in Type Ic Supernova 2014L
Quantitative Bayesian inference using a deep-learning emulator detects 0.018-0.020 M_sun of helium in the Type Ic supernova 2014L.
-
Mitigating Charge Migration in JWST NIRISS Reveals That KELT-7 b is a Metal-enriched Ultra-hot Jupiter Orbiting a Young Metal-rich Star
Correcting NIRISS charge migration reveals KELT-7 b as a metal-enriched (~92x solar) ultra-hot Jupiter with H2O, CO2 and TiO but no H- or clouds, orbiting a young metal-rich star.
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Discovery of an Inflated Hot Neptune and Its Formation from Jovian Mass Loss
TOI-2195 A b is an inflated hot Neptune that likely originated as a Jovian planet losing ~90% mass through Roche lobe overflow during EKL-driven high-eccentricity migration triggered by a wide binary companion.
-
Native-resolution retrievals of VHS 1256-1257 b spanning the JWST/NIRSpec wavelength range: Chemical composition of a partially cloudy atmosphere
Native-resolution retrievals on 0.97-5.27 micron JWST spectra of VHS 1256 b find a ~79% cloud deck, solar-like metallicity and C/O, and depleted 18O in a partially cloudy disequilibrium atmosphere.
-
The Mid-Infrared Transmission Spectrum of the Temperate Sub-Neptune TOI-270 d
First mid-IR transmission spectrum of TOI-270 d shows molecular features with Bayesian evidence ln B = 2.8-5.3 and identifies candidate trace molecules from an agnostic search of 203 species.
-
Spatially resolved optical and mid-infrared spectroscopy of SDSS1335+0728: implications for the origin of the Ansky event
Spatially resolved spectroscopy shows SDSS1335+0728 has a three-zone ionisation structure, optically thin dust, and sustained low-level nuclear activity for at least 1500 years, implying the Ansky event is a faint transient in an already accreting low-mass SMBH.
-
An Acceleration is Worth a Hundred Thousand Phase Space Measurements
One acceleration measurement equals ~10^5 phase-space measurements for local dark matter density estimation, with acceleration outperforming Jeans modeling in both equilibrium and perturbed Milky Way simulations.
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Lower Your Rates: On Claims of a Binary Black Hole Merger-Rate Crisis
A meta-analysis of 1490 BBH merger rate predictions from 57 studies shows substantial subsets reproduce or underestimate the observed rate, indicating that apparent crises are model-dependent rather than universal.
-
Improving exoplanet mass characterisation with Bayesian model selection using the Learned Harmonic Mean Estimator
First use of the learned harmonic mean estimator for Bayesian model selection across circular/eccentric, white-noise/GP, and trend variants in radial velocity exoplanet analyses.
-
Stellar black hole binaries from two common envelope evolution phases in triple stellar systems
A triple-star channel with two common envelope evolution phases produces merging black hole binaries with positive average χ_eff and a tail of negative values.
-
A Population of Little Red Dot-like Quasars in SDSS
Defines a sample of ~1300 SDSS quasars as Local Red Dots matching LRD photometric colors at z~0.4-0.8, with a V-shaped subset showing Balmer absorption and [NeV] emission, and SEDs modeled as reddened AGN plus host galaxy that match LRD stacks.
-
JWST resolves jet-driven H2 and ionized outflows in radio galaxy 3C305
JWST data on 3C305 shows the compact radio jet efficiently drives kiloparsec-scale multiphase outflows via shocks, with high coupling to the observed gas kinetic power and radiative losses.
-
A magnetically-supported disk-corona model for Changing-Look AGN transitions
Magnetized disk models lower the thermal-viscous instability threshold to Eddington ratios of 0.01-0.03 and yield limit-cycle timescales of months to years, jointly matching observations in five CLAGN only when the inner disk is strongly magnetized.
-
First measurement of narrow-line flux ratios for a lensed quasar with JWST/NIRSpec IFS
First narrow-line flux ratios for lensed quasar RXJ1131-1231 measured with JWST/NIRSpec IFS at ~5% precision, detecting cusp anomaly consistent with prior work.
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Polarisation and Faraday rotation measure imaging at metre wavelengths with sub-arcsecond resolution: a foundational calibration strategy
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
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An extreme ram-pressure stripping event in a protocluster at redshift 4.3
ALMA and JWST data reveal an extreme ram-pressure stripping event removing most cold gas from a massive galaxy in a z=4.3 protocluster core.
-
Transit Timing Variations in TESS: A Catalog from the First Five Years
First TESS TTV catalog from 175 multi-TOI systems detects significant variations in 20 systems (13 new), showing 2:1 resonance pile-up unlike Kepler's 3:2.
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Search for High-Frequency Gravitational Waves via Geomagnetic Conversion with Radio Telescopes
First search for high-frequency gravitational waves via inverse Gertsenshtein conversion in Earth's magnetic field with VLA and ALMA sets new upper limits h_c ≲ 10^{-18} from 1 GHz to 1 THz.
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Extending asteroseismic magnetometry across the diverse landscape of magnetic structures
Gravity-wave polarization theory is extended to non-axisymmetric stellar magnetic fields, revealing avoided crossings and a new mixing threshold distinct from the magnetic-suppression threshold.
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Measuring a Black Hole's Area Immediately after Merger: A Direct-Wave Test of Hawking's Area Law
A gravitational-wave method infers the Kerr-equivalent horizon area from direct waves in the near-merger signal of GW250114, yielding consistency with the Kerr remnant and a new test of Hawking's area law.
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NOEMA$^\rm{3D}$: A deep view of cold gas flows in a barred spiral galaxy at $z\sim1$
Deep interferometric observations of a z≈1.12 barred spiral reveal bar-driven molecular inflows at a rate matching the galaxy's star formation rate of ~36 M⊙/yr.
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MAGAZ3NE: Spatially Resolved Ages and Chemical Abundances of Ultra-Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z $\sim$ 3.5 using JWST/NIRSpec IFU
JWST IFU spectroscopy of three ultra-massive quiescent galaxies at z~3.5 shows young central ages with elevated [α/Fe] and mixed age/abundance gradients, indicating rapid star formation before quenching and the need for alpha-enhanced models.
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Integral field spectroscopy with no IFUs: combining wide-field rotational slitless spectroscopy with tomographic reconstruction
ROSSINI achieves integral field spectroscopy without IFUs via rotational slitless imaging combined with tomographic reconstruction, recovering input datacubes to percent-level accuracy in numerical simulations.
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Inferring the role of binary neutron star mergers in r-process nucleosynthesis with multi-messenger observations using Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope
A new redshift-correlation technique with third-generation GW detectors can constrain the BNS contribution to cosmic r-process nucleosynthesis to 5-6% precision via Fisher forecasts on mock bright- and dark-siren data.
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Blue Straggler Stars in Old Open Clusters and the Kraft Break
Blue straggler stars in old open clusters exhibit a Kraft break in rotation, with rapid rotators above the break and slow rotators below, indicating their envelopes behave like those of single stars.
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A universal framework to identify eccentric binary mergers: GW200105 case study
A reference-frequency-independent detection statistic for eccentric binary mergers is introduced and applied to GW200105, yielding ln B ≤ 0.9 in favor of the eccentric aligned-spin model over the quasi-circular precessing model.
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A reversed solar illumination dependence of unintended emission from Starlink Direct-to-Cell satellites at 72-234 MHz with the EDA2
Starlink DTC satellites show reversed solar illumination dependence in unintended emissions at 72-234 MHz, brighter in eclipse than sunlight unlike Ku-only satellites, pointing to an active on-board source.
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Reconstructing the Stripping History of the Sagittarius Stream with Neural Networks
A neural network trained on simulations infers stripping times for Sagittarius stream stars from phase-space data, measuring a 0.3 dex/Gyr metallicity gradient and estimating ages for globular clusters such as Pal 12 and NGC 2419.
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Trajectory-Agnostic Asteroid Detection in TESS with Deep Learning
A W-Net deep learning model detects asteroids in TESS data independently of trajectory by rotating training image cubes and using adaptive normalization for data scaling.
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Constraining the Galactic bar using the M92 stellar stream
Spectroscopic members of the M92 stream yield a Milky Way bar pattern speed of 29.1 +0.7/-0.4 km s^{-1} kpc^{-1}.
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Resolving the Unresolved Galactic Winds in Multi-phase Models. I. Methodology and Application
A new fitting methodology applied to UV absorption data recovers radial trends in galactic wind velocities and mass-loading factors by constraining initial hot and cool phase parameters in a multiphase model.
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Archival Multiband Gravitational-Wave Signals from Massive Black Hole Binary Mergers
Massive black hole binary mergers produce orphaned low-frequency signals in PTA pulsar terms that can be stacked for archival multiband gravitational-wave detection.
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Probing Supermassive Black Hole Mergers with Pulsar Timing Arrays
Pulsar timing arrays can probe supermassive black hole binaries that merged prior to observations via the pulsar term, with SKA potentially detecting a few such zombie binaries at SNR > 3.
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A Census of Na D-traced neutral ISM and outflows at $0.6<z<4$
A JWST census detects neutral ISM absorption in 76 of 309 galaxies at 0.6<z<4 and outflows in 26, indicating AGN-driven neutral outflows dominate in quiescent systems at cosmic noon.
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On the Gamma-ray Efficiency of Superluminous Supernovae: Potential Detections and Population-Level Constraints
No significant GeV emission from 223 SLSNe constrains GeV-to-optical efficiency to η < 1.3×10^{-3}, with <0.7% of events allowed above 10^{-2}; SN 2017egm shows a ~4σ excess favoring magnetar origin while SN 2018bsz does not.
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FRTSearch: Unified Detection and Parameter Inference of Fast Radio Transients using Instance Segmentation
FRTSearch reframes fast radio transient detection as instance segmentation on dynamic spectra and uses the segmented shapes to infer dispersion measure and time of arrival, achieving 98% recall with over 99.9% fewer false positives than traditional methods.
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Analytic compression of the effective field theory of the Lyman-alpha forest
Analytic compression of EFT parameters for Lyα forest P1D via Fisher matrix and linearization allows efficient marginalization, saturating constraints with linear bias plus five effective terms and forecasting 10% and 2% precision on Δ²_p and n_p at k_p=0.7 Mpc^{-1}.
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The evolution of the mid-infrared spectrum of SN 1987A observed with the JWST/MIRI-MRS
Second-epoch JWST/MIRI-MRS mid-IR spectra of SN 1987A show little overall dust evolution but inner equatorial ring fading, rapid ejecta line changes, some ER line fading, first mid-IR H2 from ejecta, and evidence that dense Fe-rich ejecta has reached the reverse shock.
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Tracing Active Galactic Nuclei Properties Through a Changing-look Event
A changing-look AGN exhibits a rapid accretion-driven spectral transition with broad-line region temperatures of approximately 11,800 K measured via Boltzmann plots and stable black hole mass estimates of 5 times 10 to the 7 solar masses across epochs.
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High CO/H2 ratios supports an exocometary origin for a CO-rich debris disk
First direct H2 measurements in two CO-rich exocometary belts yield CO/H2 lower limits of >1.35e-3 and >3.09e-5, showing the gas is H2-poor and supporting secondary exocometary origin.
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Lensed stars in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing -- a JWST prediction for the Cosmic Horseshoe
Calculation predicts ~60 lensed star transients per JWST pointing in the Cosmic Horseshoe, enabling spatial tests of dark matter and constraints on the stellar IMF.
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JWST's first view of the most vigorously star-forming cloud in the Galactic center -- Sagittarius B2
New JWST multi-filter imaging of Sgr B2 detects previously hidden massive stars and ionized structures while finding no extended young stellar objects, implying star formation there has only recently begun.
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AGILE detection of transient {\gamma}-ray emission from the region of the supergiant fast X-ray transient source IGR J17354-3255
AGILE archival data reveal gamma-ray flares from a source matching IGR J17354-3255, with orbital phase correlation supporting physical association and high-energy emission from SFXTs.
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The Tale of a Hungry Subgiant and Its Brown Dwarf: Interior Radiative Damping Dominates the Tidal Evolution of TOI-5882
A coupled MESA-GYRE framework shows interior radiative damping of gravity waves dominates tidal evolution in TOI-5882, predicting a 2-6 fold reduction in engulfment timescale versus equilibrium tide models.
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JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B
Joint speckle-atmosphere retrievals on JWST spectra of HD 19467 B and a field T dwarf detect H2O, CH4, CO, CO2 and NH3, yield carbon isotopic ratios of 154 and 85 respectively, and show near-solar metallicity with subsolar C/O.
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Tracing black hole and galaxy growth across environments since cosmic noon
Central black holes in ASTRID and TNG300 follow a tight, redshift-invariant M_BH–M_⋆ relation from z=2 to 0.5; departures mark merger-driven high-mass quenchers, tidally stripped overmassive satellites, and undermassive wanderers.
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The Treble Clef radio phoenix and its old nonthermal filaments
VLSS J0318.9+5755 (the Treble Clef) is a radio phoenix with ultra-steep spectrum in a massive merging cluster at z≈0.117 in the Zone of Avoidance, shaped by ICM gas motions that may also power a candidate radio halo.