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arxiv: 2606.21552 · v1 · pith:6EUKJJU7new · submitted 2026-06-19 · ❄️ cond-mat.soft · cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Perspective: Highly stable vapor-deposited glasses

M.D. Ediger This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 12:37 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.soft cond-mat.mtrl-sci
keywords vapor-deposited glassesstable glassesideal glassphysical vapor depositionkinetic stabilitypotential energy landscapesupercooled liquidsamorphous materials
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The pith

Vapor-deposited glasses achieve higher density, lower enthalpy, and greater kinetic stability than any glass made by cooling a liquid for the same molecule.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This perspective reviews recent progress showing that physical vapor deposition produces glasses with higher density and lower enthalpy than any obtainable by cooling the liquid, along with much greater kinetic stability. These glasses can reach states near the bottom of the amorphous potential energy landscape. A reader would care because this supplies an experimental window onto the ideal glass state that traditional cooling cannot access. The work maps connections between vapor-deposited glasses, ordinary liquid-cooled glasses, and deeply supercooled liquids. It also examines how widely stable glass formation occurs among organic molecules and the outlook for extending the approach to other materials.

Core claim

For a given molecule, vapor-deposited glasses can have higher density and lower enthalpy than any glass prepared by cooling a liquid and they exhibit greatly enhanced kinetic stability. Because these glasses can approach the bottom of the amorphous part of the potential energy landscape, they provide direct insights into the properties expected for the ideal glass. The perspective explores the links to liquid-cooled glasses and supercooled liquids, discusses the generality of the phenomenon for organic molecules, and considers prospects for other classes of materials.

What carries the argument

Physical vapor deposition that produces amorphous films with enhanced molecular packing and reduced potential energy relative to liquid-cooled glasses.

If this is right

  • Vapor-deposited glasses supply an experimental route to measure properties expected for the ideal glass.
  • Enhanced kinetic stability implies much longer structural relaxation times than liquid-cooled glasses at the same temperature.
  • The observed connections to deeply supercooled liquids suggest that stable glasses can test predictions from glass-transition theories.
  • The reported generality for organic molecules indicates that many small-molecule systems can form such stable states.
  • Extension to other material classes would broaden the experimental access to low-energy amorphous states.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same deposition approach might produce stable glasses in inorganic or metallic systems where liquid cooling is harder to control.
  • If stable glasses truly near the ideal state, they could serve as reference materials for testing models of glass aging and rejuvenation.
  • Applications in thin-film devices could exploit the higher density and stability to improve lifetime or performance without changing the molecule.
  • Comparative studies of vapor-deposited versus liquid-cooled glasses at matched enthalpy could isolate the role of preparation history in dynamics.

Load-bearing premise

Vapor-deposited glasses can approach the bottom of the amorphous part of the potential energy landscape.

What would settle it

Preparation and measurement of a liquid-cooled glass for the same molecule that matches or exceeds the density and enthalpy of the most stable vapor-deposited glass.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.21552 by M.D. Ediger.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Molar volume of tris-naphthylbenzene (1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene) in the crystal, liquid and supercooled liquid states. In addition, the molar volumes of two glasses are also shown. The data in the figure comes from reference 5 . Why would one care about the “?” region of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Molar entropy of o-terphenyl (OTP) in the crystal, liquid, and supercooled liquid states; also shown is the estimated entropy of a liquid-cooled glass.8 The dashed blue line is an extrapolation of the supercooled liquid entropy to lower temperature. Reproduced from J. Chem. Phys. 137, 080901 (2012), with the permission of AIP Publishing. The potential energy landscape controls the dynamics, thermodynamics,… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: A schematic representation of the potential energy landscape of a glassforming [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Densities of vapor-deposited glasses of indomethacin relative to the liquid-cooled glass, as a function of the substrate temperature during deposition. The red line indicates the density expected for the equilibrium supercooled liquid (obtained by extrapolation). The five different colors correspond to five different temperature gradient samples. Reproduced with permission from J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 15415-… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Enthalpies of vapor-deposited glasses of ethylbenzene as a function of substrate temperature during deposition (o). The solid line is the expected enthalpy of the supercooled liquid obtained by extrapolation. The uppermost point is the enthalpy of the supercooled liquid at the lowest temperature for which equilibrium could be attained. Reproduced with permission from 32 . Reproduced with permission from J.… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Dielectric characterization of thick vapor-deposited glasses of methyl-m-toluate. a) Dielectric loss response (”) of a sample deposited at Tsubstrate = 142 K during subsequent isothermal annealing at 175.5 K, with the arrow indicating increasing time. b) Evolution of the peak value of ” with annealing time for glasses deposited at various Tsubstrate. The inset shows the time required to transform glasses… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Use of isothermal transformation times for a vapor-deposited glass of indomethacin to estimate the structural relaxation time of the supercooled liquid at low temperature. Solid red points indicate isothermal transformation times for an indomethacin glass vapor-deposited at Tsubstrate = 265 K from ref 48, 49, with Arrhenius (short dashed) and non-Arrhenius (long dashed) extrapolations to lower temperature;… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Transformation of a highly stable glass of indomethacin by a front propagating from the free surface, as detected by spectroscopic ellipsometry.60 The front propagates at the same velocity in films of two thicknesses. After 10000 s, a bulk mechanism accelerates the transformation process of the thick film. Reproduced with permission from J. Phys. Chem. B 119, 3875-3882 (2015). Copyright 2015 American Chem… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Suppression of the Johari-Goldstein  process for a stable glass of toluene (vapor￾deposited at 98 K). The dielectric loss at 1000 Hz is plotted as a function of temperature for the as-deposited glass (Run 1) and the liquid-cooled glass (Runs 2 and 3). The  process is the shoulder at 110 K while the main structural relaxation ( process) is the peak at 127 K. The main panel is a logarithmic presentation … view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: The heat capacity of indomethacin at low temperature, for the crystal, the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Kinetic stabilities of vapor-deposited glasses of several organic molecules (and one mixture) as a function of substrate temperature during deposition normalized to Tg for each system. The y-axis shows the onset temperature at which an as-deposited glass begins to transform into the supercooled liquid. Tonset values greater than Tg indicate increased kinetic stability relative to the liquid-cooled glass. … view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: 2D X-ray scattering patterns obtained from vapor-deposited TPD glasses with a comparison to the liquid-cooled glass. Glasses deposited at 260 K and 315 K show clear indications of anisotropic packing, with a tendency towards “face-on” packing observed at the lower Tsubstrate. The glass vapor-deposited at Tsubstrate = 300 K and the liquid-cooled glass exhibit very similar scattering, despite having quite d… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This article describes recent progress in understanding highly stable glasses prepared by physical vapor deposition and provides perspective on further research directions for the field. For a given molecule, vapor-deposited glasses can have higher density and lower enthalpy than any glass that can be prepared by the more traditional route of cooling a liquid, and such glasses also exhibit greatly enhanced kinetic stability. Because vapor-deposited glasses can approach the bottom of the amorphous part of the potential energy landscape, they provide insights into the properties expected for the ideal glass. Connections between vapor-deposited glasses, liquid-cooled glasses, and deeply supercooled liquids are explored. The generality of stable glass formation for organic molecules is discussed along with the prospects for stable glasses of other types of materials.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 0 minor

Summary. This perspective article summarizes recent progress on highly stable glasses prepared by physical vapor deposition. It states that, for a given molecule, vapor-deposited glasses exhibit higher density, lower enthalpy, and greatly enhanced kinetic stability relative to any glass obtainable by cooling the liquid; it further argues that these materials approach the bottom of the amorphous potential energy landscape and thereby furnish insights into the ideal glass, while exploring connections to liquid-cooled glasses and deeply supercooled liquids and discussing generality across organic molecules and prospects for other materials.

Significance. If the summarized experimental consensus holds, the perspective supplies a coherent overview that situates vapor-deposited glasses within the potential-energy-landscape framework and identifies concrete future research directions. This synthesis is useful for the soft-matter community because it consolidates literature results on density, enthalpy, and kinetic stability without introducing new primary claims or derivations.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive evaluation of the manuscript and for recommending acceptance. The referee's summary accurately captures the scope and intent of this perspective article.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; perspective summarizes external results

full rationale

The manuscript is a perspective article that summarizes established experimental literature on vapor-deposited glasses rather than presenting new derivations, equations, or fitted models. No load-bearing steps reduce by construction to inputs, self-citations, or ansatzes. Claims of higher density, lower enthalpy, and kinetic stability are framed as literature consensus for organic molecules; the ideal-glass connection is presented as interpretive perspective, not a premise required for the reported observations. The paper is self-contained against external benchmarks with no internal reductions that match the enumerated circularity patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only perspective supplies no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; the central statements rest on prior experimental literature not detailed here.

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