pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.26332 · v1 · pith:RGHAEWBJnew · submitted 2026-06-24 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.GA· astro-ph.IM· astro-ph.SR

DiskMINT-GARDEN: Self-consistent Models to Estimate Disk Masses

Dingshan Deng , Uma Gorti , Ilaria Pascucci , Maxime Ruaud This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 01:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.GAastro-ph.IMastro-ph.SR
keywords protoplanetary disksdisk mass estimationALMA observationsCO chemistrygrain-surface reactionsmachine learning inferenceradiative transferhydrostatic disk models
0
0 comments X

The pith

Self-consistent models with grain-surface chemistry estimate protoplanetary disk gas masses from ALMA data in agreement with dynamical estimates.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces DiskMINT-GARDEN, a grid of models built on DiskMINT that self-consistently links hydrostatic disk structure, radiative transfer, and a reduced CO chemical network including freeze-out and grain-surface reactions. A machine-learning regression model is trained on the grid's synthetic ALMA observables to infer gas mass, dust-to-gas ratio, and disk size from continuum and C18O line data. Applied to archival observations of 34 disks, the inferred gas masses match those from dynamical and HD-based methods. The models show that grain-surface conversion of CO to CO2 accounts for what other codes required as large-scale depletion, indicating that extant data show little chemical processing from disk evolution.

Core claim

DiskMINT-GARDEN is a grid spanning stellar mass 0.1-2.0 solar masses, gas disk mass 10^-5 to 0.1 times stellar mass, dust-to-gas ratio 0.003-0.1, and radius 10-300 au. It generates synthetic ALMA observables using DiskMINT's coupling of hydrostatic structure, continuum and line transfer, and reduced CO chemistry with freeze-out, grain-surface conversion to CO2, and isotope-selective photodissociation. A trained regression model maps observed dust continuum and C18O fluxes back to the input parameters. For 34 disks the resulting gas masses agree with independent dynamical and HD estimates, and the implemented chemistry reproduces the data without invoking additional evolutionary depletion.

What carries the argument

The DiskMINT-GARDEN model grid together with its trained machine-learning regression model that maps synthetic ALMA observables to gas mass, dust-to-gas ratio, and characteristic radius.

If this is right

  • Gas masses inferred from continuum and C18O data using the trained model agree with dynamical and HD estimates across the 34-disk sample.
  • Grain-surface chemistry implemented in DiskMINT accounts for the CO depletion previously required by codes such as DALI.
  • Extant ALMA data indicate little additional chemical processing from disk evolutionary processes beyond the included reactions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The regression model enables rapid mass estimates for future large ALMA disk surveys once trained on the grid.
  • If the reduced network remains sufficient across more disks, models of disk evolution can omit strong ad-hoc depletion factors.
  • Extending the grid to additional molecular lines would test whether the current chemistry fully captures the observables.

Load-bearing premise

The reduced CO chemical network with freeze-out, grain-surface conversion to CO2, and isotope-selective photodissociation is sufficient to match observed fluxes without extra evolutionary depletion mechanisms.

What would settle it

A disk whose gas mass measured directly by HD lines or dynamical methods differs substantially from the DiskMINT-GARDEN inference would falsify the claim that the network suffices.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.26332 by Dingshan Deng, Ilaria Pascucci, Maxime Ruaud, Uma Gorti.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Relationship between the gas disk mass Mgas and the C 18O (2-1) line luminosity, with the inferred C 18O line optical depth encoded in the curve transparency. Each panel corresponds to a different stellar mass (M⋆ = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 M⊙). Colored curves show grid models with different characteristic radii Rc, while shaded bands indicate the variation with dust-to-gas ratio ε (see Appendix C … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Comparison between gas disk masses inferred from DiskMINT-GARDEN and dynamical estimates. Filled cir￾cles show targets with reliable dynamical Mgas, while open circles mark unreliable dynamical measurements (C. Lon￾garini et al. 2025); left-pointing arrows indicate dynamical upper limits. Error bars denote uncertainties in both axes. The black dashed line shows y = x, and black dotted lines indicate factor… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Comparison between gas disk masses inferred from DiskMINT-GARDEN and DALI estimates. Notations follow [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Comparison of Mgas inferred with DiskMINT-GARDEN and independent literature measurements. For each disk, Mgas inferred from the DiskMINT-GARDEN regression model are shown as orange stars, while gray squares indicate gas masses derived from DALI-based chemical modeling by L. Trapman et al. (2025b,a) and blue circles show dynamical gas mass estimates by C. Longarini et al. (2025); G. Lodato et al. (2023); P.… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present DiskMINT-GARDEN, a grid of self-consistent models together with a fast, open source inference tool for disk masses. The grid is built on DiskMINT, a tool which couples hydrostatic disk structure, continuum/line radiative transfer, and a reduced CO chemical network including freeze-out, grain-surface conversion, and isotope-selective photodissociation. DiskMINT-GARDEN model grid spans a large range of stellar mass ($0.1-2.0\,M_\odot$), gas disk mass ($10^{-5}-10^{-1}\,M_\star$), dust-to-gas ratio ($0.003-0.1$), and characteristic radius ($10-300\,{\rm au}$), and provides synthetic ALMA observables. We train a machine-learning regression model to infer the disk mass, dust-to-gas mass ratio, and disk size from the dust continuum and $\mathrm{C^{18}O}$ line observations. Applying DiskMINT-GARDEN to archival ALMA data of 34 disks, we find gas masses in good agreement with dynamical and HD-based estimates. Comparing our results with estimates from chemical modeling using DALI, we find that their need for large-scale elemental or CO depletion can be accounted for by grain-surface chemistry implemented in DiskMINT, with CO conversion to CO$_2$ being one of the main reactions. Therefore, extant data suggest little chemical processing due to disk evolutionary processes.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper presents DiskMINT-GARDEN, a grid of self-consistent models built on DiskMINT that couples hydrostatic disk structure, continuum/line radiative transfer, and a reduced CO chemical network (freeze-out, grain-surface conversion to CO2, isotope-selective photodissociation). Synthetic ALMA observables are generated across stellar mass 0.1-2.0 M_sun, gas mass 10^{-5}-10^{-1} M_star, dust-to-gas 0.003-0.1, and radius 10-300 au. An ML regressor is trained to infer gas mass, dust-to-gas ratio, and size from dust continuum and C18O line data. Application to archival ALMA observations of 34 disks yields gas masses in agreement with dynamical and HD-based estimates; the authors conclude that grain-surface chemistry accounts for apparent depletion previously requiring ad-hoc factors in DALI models, implying little additional evolutionary chemical processing.

Significance. If the claims hold, the work supplies an open-source, fast inference tool for disk masses that incorporates self-consistent chemistry rather than post-hoc depletion factors. The reported agreement with independent dynamical/HD masses for 34 disks, together with the attribution of CO depletion to the included grain-surface reactions, would reduce reliance on evolutionary depletion mechanisms and provide a reproducible framework for interpreting ALMA data on protoplanetary disks.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract (final sentence) and results on 34-disk sample: the central claim that the reduced CO network (freeze-out + grain-surface CO→CO2 + isotope-selective photodissociation) suffices without additional evolutionary depletion is load-bearing, yet the manuscript provides no explicit test (e.g., comparison of χ^{2} or line fluxes) showing that adding extra depletion mechanisms does not improve the match to the same ALMA data.
  2. [ML regression] ML regressor training (grid and inference sections): because the regressor is trained exclusively on synthetic observables generated from the DiskMINT grid, the reported agreement with external dynamical/HD masses must be accompanied by quantitative out-of-sample metrics (cross-validation R^{2}, bias, and performance on parameter combinations outside the training grid) to confirm the agreement is not an artifact of model dependence.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Model grid] The parameter ranges and sampling of the model grid are stated but the number of models and the exact hyperparameter choices for the ML regressor are not listed; these details are needed for reproducibility.
  2. [Results] Figure captions for the application to the 34 disks should explicitly state which ALMA bands/lines were used as inputs to the regressor and whether any post-processing (e.g., beam convolution) was applied uniformly.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive review and recommendation of minor revision. We respond to each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (final sentence) and results on 34-disk sample: the central claim that the reduced CO network (freeze-out + grain-surface CO→CO2 + isotope-selective photodissociation) suffices without additional evolutionary depletion is load-bearing, yet the manuscript provides no explicit test (e.g., comparison of χ^{2} or line fluxes) showing that adding extra depletion mechanisms does not improve the match to the same ALMA data.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit test comparing fits with and without additional depletion would strengthen the claim. In the revised manuscript we will add such a comparison for the 34-disk sample, reporting χ² values and line flux residuals for models that include extra evolutionary depletion factors versus the baseline DiskMINT-GARDEN grid. This will show whether the grain-surface reactions already provide an adequate match. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [ML regression] ML regressor training (grid and inference sections): because the regressor is trained exclusively on synthetic observables generated from the DiskMINT grid, the reported agreement with external dynamical/HD masses must be accompanied by quantitative out-of-sample metrics (cross-validation R^{2}, bias, and performance on parameter combinations outside the training grid) to confirm the agreement is not an artifact of model dependence.

    Authors: The agreement with independent dynamical and HD masses (derived without reference to our chemical network or radiative transfer) already provides evidence that the results are not an artifact of model dependence. Nevertheless, to address the request directly we will add quantitative out-of-sample metrics, including cross-validation R², bias, and performance on held-out parameter combinations, to the revised manuscript. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The paper constructs a model grid using DiskMINT (with its reduced CO network), generates synthetic ALMA observables, trains an ML regressor to map observables back to parameters, and applies the regressor to real archival data. Inferred masses are then compared to independent dynamical and HD-based estimates. This external validation step, plus the direct comparison to DALI results, keeps the central claims (network sufficiency and lack of extra evolutionary depletion) falsifiable against real observations rather than reducing to the model's own inputs by construction. No self-definitional equations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the provided text.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard disk-modeling assumptions plus the specific reduced chemical network; no new particles or forces are introduced, and the spanned parameter ranges function as the primary free inputs rather than fitted constants.

free parameters (1)
  • ML regression hyperparameters
    The regression model is trained on the synthetic grid; exact coefficients or regularization choices are not stated in the abstract.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Hydrostatic equilibrium determines the vertical disk structure
    Invoked in DiskMINT to couple structure and radiative transfer (abstract).
  • domain assumption The reduced CO chemical network captures the dominant processes affecting C18O emission
    Includes freeze-out, grain-surface conversion, and isotope-selective photodissociation (abstract).

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5808 in / 1563 out tokens · 26729 ms · 2026-06-26T01:22:22.514103+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

180 extracted references · 150 canonical work pages · 17 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Gas mass tracers in protoplanetary disks: CO is still the best

    Gas Mass Tracers in Protoplanetary Disks: CO is Still the Best. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9227 , archivePrefix =. 1710.02993 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9227

  2. [2]

    2023 , pages =

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdfcc , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdfcc 2023

  3. [3]

    The Astrophysical Journal , publisher =

    Deng, Dingshan and Gorti, Uma and Pascucci, Ilaria and Ruaud, Maxime , month = dec, year =. The Astrophysical Journal , publisher =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0e66 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0e66

  4. [4]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Multiwavelength optical properties of compact dust aggregates in protoplanetary disks , volume =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2016 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526048 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526048 2016

  5. [5]

    Bottou, Léon , editor =. Large-. Proceedings of. 2010 , pages =

    2010

  6. [6]

    Journal of Machine Learning Research , author =

    Scikit-learn:. Journal of Machine Learning Research , author =. 2011 , pages =

    2011

  7. [7]

    , volume =

    The evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables. , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , author =. 1974 , note =. doi:10.1093/mnras/168.3.603 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/168.3.603 1974

  8. [8]

    P.; and Juhasz, A

    Dullemond, C. P.; and Juhasz, A. ; and Pohl, A. ; and Sereshti, F. ; and Shetty, R. ; and Peters, T. ; and Commercon, B. ; and Flock, M. , year =. \

  9. [9]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Photoevaporation of. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2009 , note =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1539 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/690/2/1539 2009

  10. [10]

    and Dullemond, C

    Gorti, U. and Dullemond, C. P. and Hollenbach, D. , month = nov, year =. Time. The Astrophysical Journal , publisher =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1237 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/705/2/1237

  11. [11]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    X-shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2017 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629929 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629929 2017

  12. [12]

    An IUE Atlas of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars. III. Co-added Final Archive Spectra from the Long-Wavelength Cameras. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/375445 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/375445

  13. [13]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit , volume =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2015 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425481 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425481 2015

  14. [14]

    The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO)

    Deng, Dingshan and. The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO). III. Dust and Gas Disk Properties in the Lupus Star-forming Region. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add43a , archivePrefix =. 2506.10734 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add43a

  15. [15]

    doi:10.5281/zenodo.8115820 , url =

    DingshanDeng/DiskMINT: DiskMINT v1.7.0 Release , month = TBA, year = 2026, publisher =. doi:10.5281/zenodo.8115820 , url =

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.8115820 2026

  16. [16]

    The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO). V. Protoplanetary Gas Disk Masses. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcd6e , archivePrefix =. 2506.10738 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcd6e

  17. [17]

    , keywords =

    The tensile strength of ice and dust aggregates and its dependence on particle properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1550 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1550

  18. [18]

    Protostars and Planets VII , year = 2023, editor =

    Setting the Stage for Planet Formation: Measurements and Implications of the Fundamental Disk Properties. Protostars and Planets VII , year = 2023, editor =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2203.09818 , archivePrefix =. 2203.09818 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2203.09818 2023

  19. [19]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Global. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2009 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811220 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811220 2009

  20. [20]

    , volume =

    The dust subdisk in the protoplanetary nebula. , volume =. Icarus , author =. 1995 , note =. doi:10.1006/icar.1995.1058 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1006/icar.1995.1058 1995

  21. [21]

    self-shadowed disks:

    Flaring vs. self-shadowed disks:. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2004 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031768 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031768 2004

  22. [22]

    Global Modeling of Nebulae with Particle Growth, Drift, and Evaporation Fronts. I. Methodology and Typical Results. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/200 , archivePrefix =. 1506.01420 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/818/2/200

  23. [23]

    Brown Dwarfs , year = 2003, editor =

    Model Atmospheres and Spectra: The Role of Dust. Brown Dwarfs , year = 2003, editor =

    2003

  24. [24]

    16th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun , year = 2011, editor =

    Model Atmospheres From Very Low Mass Stars to Brown Dwarfs. 16th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun , year = 2011, editor =

    2011

  25. [25]

    Vallenari et al

    Gaia. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2023 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 2023

  26. [26]

    2016 , note =

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2016 , note =. doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/110 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/110 2016

  27. [27]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    Constraining the turbulence and the dust disk in. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244869 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244869 2023

  28. [28]

    The Astrophysical Journal Letters , author =

    A. The Astrophysical Journal Letters , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb651 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb651 2023

  29. [29]

    , keywords =

    Dynamical mass measurements of two protoplanetary discs. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3223 , archivePrefix =. 2211.03712 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3223

  30. [30]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Constraining. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2018 , pages =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aade96 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aade96 2018

  31. [31]

    The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , author =

    Molecules with. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , author =. 2021 , note =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1580 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1580 2021

  32. [32]

    Ansdell and J

    M. Ansdell and J. P. Williams and N. van der Marel and J. M. Carpenter and G. Guidi and M. Hogerheijde and G. S. Mathews and C. F. Manara and A. Miotello and A. Natta and I. Oliveira and M. Tazzari and L. Testi and E. F. van Dishoeck and S. E. van Terwisga , doi =. ALMA SURVEY OF LUPUS PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. I. DUST AND GAS MASSES , volume =. The Astrophys...

  33. [33]

    A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation

    A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/125 , archivePrefix =. 1608.03621 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/2/125

  34. [34]

    The VLA view of the HL Tau Disk - Disk Mass, Grain Evolution, and Early Planet Formation

    The VLA View of the HL Tau Disk: Disk Mass, Grain Evolution, and Early Planet Formation. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/821/1/L16 , archivePrefix =. 1603.03731 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8205/821/1/l16 2041

  35. [35]

    One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering

    One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1f8c , archivePrefix =. 1904.02127 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1f8c 2041

  36. [36]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Measuring the. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2023 , note =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca52b , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca52b 2023

  37. [37]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Determining. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca905 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca905 2023

  38. [38]

    Consistent \ Dust\ and \ Gas\ \ Models\ for \ Protoplanetary\ \ Disks\

    P Woitke and I Kamp and S Antonellini and F Anthonioz and C Baldovin-Saveedra and A Carmona and O Dionatos and C Dominik and J Greaves and M Güdel and J D Ilee and A Liebhardt and F Menard and M Min and C Pinte and C Rab and L Rigon and W F Thi and N Thureau and L B F M Waters , doi =. Consistent \ Dust\ and \ Gas\ \ Models\ for \ Protoplanetary\ \ Disks\...

  39. [39]

    Woitke and I

    P. Woitke and I. Kamp and W.-F. Thi , doi =. Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks , volume =. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =

  40. [40]

    Trapman and A

    L. Trapman and A. Miotello and M. Kama and E. F. Van Dishoeck and S. Bruderer , doi =. Far-infrared HD emission as a measure of protoplanetary disk mass , volume =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  41. [41]

    Hollenbach , doi =

    Maxime Ruaud and Uma Gorti and David J. Hollenbach , doi =. C <sup>18</sup> O Emission as an Effective Measure of Gas Masses of Protoplanetary Disks , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , month =

  42. [42]

    A three-phase approach to grain surface chemistry in protoplanetary disks: Gas, ice surfaces and ice mantles of dust grains , volume =

    Maxime Ruaud and Uma Gorti , doi =. A three-phase approach to grain surface chemistry in protoplanetary disks: Gas, ice surfaces and ice mantles of dust grains , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

  43. [43]

    Accretion and the Evolution of T Tauri Disks , volume =

    Lee Hartmann and Nuria Calvet and Erik Gullbring and Paola D'Alessio , doi =. Accretion and the Evolution of T Tauri Disks , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

  44. [44]

    Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride

    Mass Measurements in Protoplanetary Disks from Hydrogen Deuteride. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/167 , archivePrefix =. 1608.07817 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/2/167

  45. [45]

    , keywords =

    An old disk still capable of forming a planetary system. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature11805 , archivePrefix =. 1303.1107 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/nature11805

  46. [46]

    and Williams, Jonathan P

    Bergin, Edwin A. and Williams, Jonathan P. The Determination of Protoplanetary Disk Masses. Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems. 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60609-5_1

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60609-5_1 2017

  47. [47]

    , keywords =

    The dry and carbon-poor inner disk of TW Hydrae: evidence for a massive icy dust trap. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936638 , archivePrefix =. 1911.11152 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936638 1911

  48. [48]

    , keywords =

    CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba75d , archivePrefix =. 2007.09517 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba75d 2007

  49. [49]

    Nature Astronomy , keywords =

    Depletion of gaseous CO in protoplanetary disks by surface-energy-regulated ice formation. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01741-9 , archivePrefix =. 2208.13806 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01741-9

  50. [50]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Large. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace4bf , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace4bf 2023

  51. [51]

    Miotello and S

    A. Miotello and S. Bruderer and E. F. Van Dishoeck , doi =. Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologue line emission , volume =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , keywords =

  52. [52]

    Miotello and E

    A. Miotello and E. F. van Dishoeck and M. Kama and S. Bruderer , doi =. Determining protoplanetary disk gas masses from CO isotopologues line observations , volume =. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =

  53. [53]

    Miotello and E

    A. Miotello and E. F. van Dishoeck and J. P. Williams and M. Ansdell and G. Guidi and M. Hogerheijde and C. F. Manara and M. Tazzari and L. Testi and N. van der Marel and S. van Terwisga , doi =. Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or high carbon depletion? , volume =. Astronomy & Astrophysics , keywords =

  54. [54]

    An ALMA Survey of CO isotopologue emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I

    An ALMA Survey of CO Isotopologue Emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa78fc , archivePrefix =. 1706.03320 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa78fc

  55. [55]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Systematic. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2019 , note =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab38b9 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab38b9 2019

  56. [56]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    The. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2021 , pages =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd255 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd255 2021

  57. [57]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Direct imaging of extra-solar planets in star forming regions. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2012 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219662 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219662 2012

  58. [58]

    The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , author =

    Molecules with. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , author =. 2021 , note =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1438 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1438 2021

  59. [59]

    M., Huang, J., P´ erez, L

    The \. The Astrophysical Journal Letters , author =. 2018 , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf741 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf741 2018

  60. [60]

    The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , author =

    Molecules with. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , author =. 2021 , note =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1432 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac1432 2021

  61. [61]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Searching for gas-rich disks around. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2007 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065174 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065174 2007

  62. [62]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    The \. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2018 , pages =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf740 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf740 2018

  63. [63]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Probing dust grain evolution in. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2008 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810121 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810121 2008

  64. [64]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Disks around. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2018 , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab846 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab846 2018

  65. [65]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification:. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348546 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348546 2024

  66. [66]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    The disk-bearing young star. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2010 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014386 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014386 2010

  67. [67]

    2021 , note =

    Astrophysics Source Code Library , author =. 2021 , note =

    2021

  68. [68]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , author =

    Optical constants of cosmic carbon analogue grains -. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , author =. 1996 , note =. doi:10.1093/mnras/282.4.1321 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/282.4.1321 1996

  69. [69]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 1995 , note =

    1995

  70. [70]

    Annalen der Physik , author =

    Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer. Annalen der Physik , author =. 1935 , note =. doi:10.1002/andp.19354160705 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.19354160705 1935

  71. [71]

    , year = 1983, month = sep, volume =

    The determination of cloud masses and dust characteristics from submillimetre thermal emission. , year = 1983, month = sep, volume =

    1983

  72. [72]

    and Mulders, Gijs D

    Hendler, Nathanial P. and Mulders, Gijs D. and Pascucci, Ilaria and Greenwood, Aaron and Kamp, Inga and Henning, Thomas and M. 2017 , journal =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa71b8 , issn =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa71b8 2017

  73. [73]

    Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective

    Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/432712 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0506187 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/432712

  74. [74]

    Protostars and Planets VII , year = 2023, editor =

    Demographics of Young Stars and their Protoplanetary Disks: Lessons Learned on Disk Evolution and its Connection to Planet Formation. Protostars and Planets VII , year = 2023, editor =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2203.09930 , archivePrefix =. 2203.09930 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2203.09930 2023

  75. [75]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks:. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2022 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244505 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244505 2022

  76. [76]

    2019 , journal =

    Zhang, Xin and Cao, Li and Meng, Xianmin , number =. 2019 , journal =. doi:10.1007/s10509-019-3501-8 , issn =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10509-019-3501-8 2019

  77. [77]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    The. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2018 , note =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf743 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf743 2018

  78. [78]

    The Astrophysical Journal , author =

    Porous. The Astrophysical Journal , author =. 2023 , pages =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdb4e , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdb4e 2023

  79. [79]

    Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities , url =

    Liu, Yao and Roussel, Hélène and Linz, Hendrik and Fang, Min and Wolf, Sebastian and Kirchschlager, Florian and Henning, Thomas and Yang, Haifeng and Du, Fujun and Flock, Mario and Wang, Hongchi , month = oct, year =. Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities , url =

  80. [80]

    Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =

    Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs:. Astronomy and Astrophysics , author =. 2018 , note =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731377 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731377 2018

Showing first 80 references.