pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.26910 · v1 · pith:XLACKMJHnew · submitted 2026-06-25 · 🪐 quant-ph · physics.optics

An ultralow-loss integrated photonic platform for discrete-variable quantum information processing

Yi-Han Luo , Ruiyang Chen , Zeying Zhong , Sanli Huang , Sicheng Zeng , Zhenyuan Shang , Yue Hu , Zhen Chen
show 3 more authors
Yuan Chen Xue Bai Junqiu Liu
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 04:48 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph physics.optics
keywords silicon nitridephotonic integrated circuitEPR statesGHZ entanglementphoton fusionlow loss photonicsquantum information processingmultiphoton states
0
0 comments X

The pith

Silicon nitride chip integrates sources and fusion circuits to produce four-photon GHZ states at 27 Hz with 0.943 fidelity.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that a single silicon nitride chip can host photon-pair sources, fusion circuits, and analyzers together while keeping optical loss very low. This setup first creates high-quality EPR entangled pairs and then fuses two pairs on the chip to form four-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. The four-photon states appear at a count rate of 27 Hz with fidelity 0.943, more than one hundred times faster than earlier silicon versions. A reader would care because the low loss removes the main obstacle that has prevented photonic systems from growing beyond small demonstrations.

Core claim

The architecture seamlessly integrates narrowband photon-pair sources with low-loss qubit-fusion circuits and reconfigurable state-analysis interferometers on a monolithic silicon nitride chip. EPR states reach fidelity 0.9875 with near-unity indistinguishability. On-chip fusion of two EPR states then produces four-photon GHZ states at fidelity 0.943 and a fourfold count rate of 27 Hz, more than two orders of magnitude above prior silicon-photonic results. Standard CMOS-compatible fabrication on 150-mm wafers makes the platform manufacturable for larger processors.

What carries the argument

The monolithic ultralow-loss silicon nitride circuit that places EPR sources, fusion gates, and analyzers on one chip to keep loss and distinguishability low across the full path.

If this is right

  • Multiphoton experiments can run at usable rates without exponential slowdown as circuit size grows.
  • The same fabrication process supports building larger entangled states on a single wafer.
  • Reconfigurable analyzers allow the platform to test different quantum protocols on the same chip.
  • The high count rate opens the door to real-time quantum networking demonstrations that were previously too slow.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If loss stays low when more stages are added, the platform could support error-corrected photonic quantum computing.
  • The approach might be combined with other quantum technologies such as superconducting detectors on the same wafer.
  • A direct test would be to measure eight-photon rates on an extended version of the same circuit design.

Load-bearing premise

Placing all components on the same chip does not add enough loss or photon distinguishability to erase the reported rate and fidelity gains.

What would settle it

A measurement on a deeper circuit with extra fusion or analysis stages that shows the fourfold rate falling below 5 Hz or fidelity below 0.9 would show the integration does not preserve the claimed performance.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.26910 by Junqiu Liu, Ruiyang Chen, Sanli Huang, Sicheng Zeng, Xue Bai, Yi-Han Luo, Yuan Chen, Yue Hu, Zeying Zhong, Zhen Chen, Zhenyuan Shang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Wafer-scale ultralow-loss silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits for discrete-variable quantum information processing. a, Photograph of a 150-mm-diameter multi-project wafer hosting ultralow-loss Si3N4 PICs fabri￾cated with a foundry-scale CMOS-compatible process. The red outline highlights a 30 mm × 25 mm reticle field containing functionally distinct chips, including the target device for four-phot… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Characterization of on-chip photon-pair source indistinguishability. a, Optical pump preparation. CW light from an ECDL is temporally carved using an iEOM and subsequently amplified by an EDFA, to prepare a 100 MHz train of 0.9 ns optical pulses centered at 193.5 THz (channel C35). b, Schematic of the on-chip HOM interference circuit. Two independent microresonator sources generate photon pairs in channels… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Generation and characterization of the path-encoded EPR state. a, Operational principle of path-encoded EPR state generation. Twin photon-pair sources (S1 and S2) each generate photon pairs into dual spatial paths that define the qubit basis. By spatially swapping the lower path of S1 with the upper path of S2, photon-pair generation from S1 populates the upper spatial modes to yield |0⟩ 1 |0⟩ 2 , whereas … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Four-photon GHZ state generation and characterization via on-chip photonic qubit fusion. a, Schematic of four-photon GHZ state generation. The integrated fusion circuit swaps the logical |1⟩ modes of the path-encoded qubits Q2 and Q3 originating from two separate EPR states (Q1–Q2 and Q3–Q4). Post-selection projects the system into the four-photon GHZ state when exactly one photon is registered in each out… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Photonic integrated circuits offer a scalable and robust route toward quantum information technologies by consolidating photon sources and linear optical networks onto compact, wafer-manufacturable chips. Although silicon photonics has enabled diverse discrete-variable quantum breakthroughs -- spanning multiphoton entanglement, quantum networking, and photonic qubit fusion for quantum computing -- scaling these platforms beyond proof-of-principle demonstrations remains severely constrained by a critical system-level bottleneck. Optical loss compounds rapidly across photon generation, routing, and state analysis, causing multiphoton generation probabilities to plummet exponentially as circuit depth and complexity grow. Here we overcome this rate-loss barrier by demonstrating a monolithic, ultralow-loss silicon nitride (Si$_3$N$_4$) integrated photonic platform engineered for high-performance discrete-variable quantum information processing. Our architecture seamlessly integrates narrowband photon-pair sources with low-loss qubit-fusion circuits and reconfigurable state-analysis interferometers. The on-chip sources prepare Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) states with a fidelity of 0.9875(3) and exhibit near-unity photon indistinguishability, yielding a heralded Hong-Ou-Mandel interference visibility of 0.990(6). By executing on-chip fusion of two EPR states, we synthesize and characterize four-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states with a record fidelity of 0.943(8) and a fourfold count rate of 27 Hz -- more than two orders of magnitude higher than previous silicon-photonic implementations. Combined with standard CMOS-compatible fabrication on 150-mm-diameter wafers, these results establish ultralow-loss Si$_3$N$_4$ integrated photonics as a definitive, manufacturable platform for deployable, large-scale quantum information processors.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript demonstrates a monolithic ultralow-loss Si3N4 integrated photonic platform that integrates narrowband EPR photon-pair sources, qubit-fusion circuits, and reconfigurable state-analysis interferometers on a single chip. It reports EPR-state fidelity of 0.9875(3), heralded HOM visibility of 0.990(6), and on-chip fusion of two EPR states to produce four-photon GHZ states with fidelity 0.943(8) at a fourfold coincidence rate of 27 Hz, more than two orders of magnitude above prior silicon-photonic results, together with CMOS-compatible 150-mm wafer fabrication.

Significance. If the integration preserves the reported component-level metrics, the work would establish Si3N4 as a manufacturable platform capable of overcoming the exponential rate-loss barrier for multiphoton discrete-variable quantum information processing.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and architecture description] Abstract and architecture description: the headline claim of record GHZ fidelity and count rate requires that the source EPR fidelity, HOM visibility, and waveguide loss remain intact once sources, fusion gates, and analyzers share the same chip. The manuscript reports only end-to-end results and does not supply an explicit loss budget or separate characterization of the fused device to confirm that integration introduces neither additional propagation loss nor mode mismatch at the fusion couplers.
minor comments (1)
  1. The abstract states 'standard CMOS-compatible fabrication on 150-mm-diameter wafers' without specifying process parameters, layer thicknesses, or measured propagation-loss values at the operating wavelength.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful review and constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address the major comment point-by-point below, providing the strongest honest defense of our results while agreeing to strengthen the presentation where warranted.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: the headline claim of record GHZ fidelity and count rate requires that the source EPR fidelity, HOM visibility, and waveguide loss remain intact once sources, fusion gates, and analyzers share the same chip. The manuscript reports only end-to-end results and does not supply an explicit loss budget or separate characterization of the fused device to confirm that integration introduces neither additional propagation loss nor mode mismatch at the fusion couplers.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit loss budget and component-level verification of the integrated device would strengthen the manuscript and directly address concerns about whether integration preserves the reported metrics. While the high end-to-end fidelities (EPR 0.9875(3), HOM 0.990(6), GHZ 0.943(8)) and >100x rate improvement already provide strong evidence that no significant additional loss or mode mismatch was introduced—otherwise the exponential rate penalty would have precluded the observed 27 Hz fourfold rate—we will add a dedicated loss-budget section in the revised manuscript. This will include independent measurements from test structures on the same 150 mm wafer (propagation loss, coupler splitting ratios, and fusion-gate mode overlap) together with a breakdown showing that on-chip integration contributes negligibly beyond the separately characterized source and analyzer losses. These additions will make the preservation of component performance explicit without altering the core claims. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental measurements with no derivations

full rationale

The paper reports direct experimental characterization of an integrated Si3N4 photonic device: EPR state fidelity 0.9875(3), HOM visibility 0.990(6), four-photon GHZ fidelity 0.943(8), and fourfold rate 27 Hz. These are measured outcomes from device fabrication and quantum state tomography, not predictions derived from equations or parameters fitted to the same data. No load-bearing derivations, self-citations of uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes appear in the abstract or architecture description. The integration claim is an engineering assertion tested by the end-to-end results rather than a mathematical reduction. This is the standard case of an experimental paper whose central claims rest on hardware performance, not on any circular chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is an experimental demonstration paper. The central claim rests on measured performance metrics of fabricated devices rather than new theoretical derivations. No free parameters are introduced. Standard assumptions from quantum optics are invoked to interpret the reported fidelities and interference.

axioms (2)
  • standard math Standard quantum mechanics and linear optical transformations govern the photon states and interference measurements.
    Invoked to extract fidelities from coincidence counts and to interpret Hong-Ou-Mandel visibility.
  • domain assumption The reported device losses and photon indistinguishability are preserved under monolithic integration on the 150 mm wafer process.
    This assumption underpins the claim that the platform overcomes the rate-loss barrier at scale.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5876 in / 1584 out tokens · 62217 ms · 2026-06-26T04:48:48.856471+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

298 extracted references · 264 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Science , author=

    Satellite testing of a gravitationally induced quantum decoherence model , volume=. Science , author=. 2019 , pages=. doi:10.1126/science.aay5820 , number=

    work page doi:10.1126/science.aay5820 2019

  2. [2]

    , title =

    Zeilinger, A. , title =. American Journal of Physics , volume =. 1981 , month =

    1981

  3. [3]

    Experimental Ten-Photon Entanglement , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2016 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.210502 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.210502 2016

  4. [4]

    Nature Materials , author=

    Large-scale quantum dot–lithium niobate hybrid integrated photonic circuits enabling on-chip quantum networking , ISSN=. Nature Materials , author=. 2025 , month=nov, language=

    2025

  5. [5]

    Nature Photonics , author=

    A versatile single-photon-based quantum computing platform , volume=. Nature Photonics , author=. 2024 , month=june, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41566-024-01403-4 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41566-024-01403-4 2024

  6. [6]

    Optica Quantum , author=

    Heralded quantum interference in integrated lithium niobate nanophotonics , volume=. Optica Quantum , author=. 2026 , month=apr, pages=. doi:10.1364/OPTICAQ.578936 , number=

    work page doi:10.1364/opticaq.578936 2026

  7. [7]

    APL Photonics , author=

    Quantum states generation and manipulation in a programmable silicon-photonic four-qubit system with high-fidelity and purity , volume=. APL Photonics , author=. 2024 , month=july, pages=. doi:10.1063/5.0207714 , number=

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0207714 2024

  8. [8]

    Nature Communications , author=

    Programmable four-photon graph states on a silicon chip , volume=. Nature Communications , author=. 2019 , month=aug, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11489-y , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11489-y 2019

  9. [9]

    Nature Communications , author=

    Near-ideal spontaneous photon sources in silicon quantum photonics , volume=. Nature Communications , author=. 2020 , month=dec, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16187-8 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16187-8 2020

  10. [10]

    Optics Express , author=

    Observation of quantum nonlocality in greenberger-horne-zeilinger entanglement on a silicon chip , volume=. Optics Express , author=. 2024 , month=apr, pages=. doi:10.1364/OE.515070 , number=

    work page doi:10.1364/oe.515070 2024

  11. [11]

    Nature Communications , author=

    On-chip detection of non-classical light by scalable integration of single-photon detectors , volume=. Nature Communications , author=. 2015 , month=jan, pages=. doi:10.1038/ncomms6873 , abstractNote=

    work page doi:10.1038/ncomms6873 2015

  12. [12]

    Nature Communications , author=

    High-speed and high-efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits , volume=. Nature Communications , author=. 2012 , month=dec, pages=. doi:10.1038/ncomms2307 , abstractNote=

    work page doi:10.1038/ncomms2307 2012

  13. [13]

    Entanglement detection

    Otfried Gühne and Géza Tóth , keywords =. Entanglement detection , journal =. 2009 , issn =. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.004 , url =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.004 2009

  14. [14]

    and Pennings, E.C.M

    Soldano, L.B. and Pennings, E.C.M. , journal=. Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: principles and applications , year=

  15. [15]

    and Horne, Michael A

    Greenberger, Daniel M. and Horne, Michael A. and Shimony, Abner and Zeilinger, Anton , title =. American Journal of Physics , volume =. 1990 , month =

    1990

  16. [16]

    Efficient multiparty quantum-secret-sharing schemes , author =. Phys. Rev. A , volume =. 2004 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.69.052307 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.69.052307 2004

  17. [17]

    Nature , author=

    Heralded entanglement distribution between two absorptive quantum memories , volume=. Nature , author=. 2021 , pages=. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03505-3 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03505-3 2021

  18. [18]

    Nature , author=

    Long-lived remote ion-ion entanglement for scalable quantum repeaters , ISSN=. Nature , author=. 2026 , language=

    2026

  19. [19]

    and Tan, Ernest Y.-Z

    Lu, Bo-Wei and Yang, Chao-Wei and Wang, Run-Qi and Gao, Bo-Feng and Zhen, Yi-Zheng and Wang, Zhen-Gang and Shi, Jia-Kai and Ren, Zhong-Qi and Hahn, Thomas A. and Tan, Ernest Y.-Z. and Xie, Xiu-Ping and Zheng, Ming-Yang and Jiang, Xiao and Zhang, Jun and Xu, Feihu and Zhang, Qiang and Bao, Xiao-Hui and Pan, Jian-Wei , year=. Device-independent quantum key ...

    work page doi:10.1126/science.aec6243

  20. [20]

    Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 1987 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2044 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.59.2044 1987

  21. [21]

    Experimental Quantum Secret Sharing and Third-Man Quantum Cryptography , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2005 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.200502 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.200502 2005

  22. [22]

    Secret Sharing of a Quantum State , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2016 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.030501 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.030501 2016

  23. [23]

    Multiparty entanglement in graph states , author =. Phys. Rev. A , volume =. 2004 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.69.062311 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.69.062311 2004

  24. [24]

    Science , author=

    Multichip multidimensional quantum networks with entanglement retrievability , volume=. Science , author=. 2023 , pages=. doi:10.1126/science.adg9210 , number=

    work page doi:10.1126/science.adg9210 2023

  25. [25]

    Silverstone and Qihuang Gong and Antonio Acín and Karsten Rottwitt and Leif K

    Jianwei Wang and Stefano Paesani and Yunhong Ding and Raffaele Santagati and Paul Skrzypczyk and Alexia Salavrakos and Jordi Tura and Remigiusz Augusiak and Laura Mančinska and Davide Bacco and Damien Bonneau and Joshua W. Silverstone and Qihuang Gong and Antonio Acín and Karsten Rottwitt and Leif K. Oxenløwe and Jeremy L. O’Brien and Anthony Laing and Ma...

    2018

  26. [26]

    On-Chip Generation and Collectively Coherent Control of the Superposition of the Whole Family of Dicke States , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2023 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.223601 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.223601 2023

  27. [27]

    High-Photon-Loss Threshold Quantum Computing Using GHZ-State Measurements , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2024 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.050604 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.050604 2024

  28. [28]

    Nature Communications , author=

    Fusion-based quantum computation , volume=. Nature Communications , author=. 2023 , month=feb, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36493-1 , abstractNote=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36493-1 2023

  29. [29]

    Loss Tolerance in One-Way Quantum Computation via Counterfactual Error Correction , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2006 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.120501 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.120501 2006

  30. [30]

    Nature Photonics , author=

    Distributed quantum phase estimation with entangled photons , volume=. Nature Photonics , author=. 2021 , month=feb, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41566-020-00718-2 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41566-020-00718-2 2021

  31. [31]

    Nature , author=

    A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics , volume=. Nature , author=. 2001 , month=jan, pages=. doi:10.1038/35051009 , abstractNote=

    work page doi:10.1038/35051009 2001

  32. [32]

    Nature Photonics , author=

    Advances in quantum metrology , volume=. Nature Photonics , author=. 2011 , month=apr, pages=. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.35 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.35 2011

  33. [33]

    O'Brien and Keiji Sasaki and Shigeki Takeuchi , title =

    Tomohisa Nagata and Ryo Okamoto and Jeremy L. O'Brien and Keiji Sasaki and Shigeki Takeuchi , title =. Science , volume =. 2007 , doi =

    2007

  34. [34]

    PRX Quantum , volume =

    Optical Quantum Metrology , author =. PRX Quantum , volume =. 2022 , month =. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.010202 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.010202 2022

  35. [35]

    Integrated photonic quantum technologies,

    Integrated photonic quantum technologies , volume=. Nature Photonics , author=. 2020 , month=may, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0532-1 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0532-1 2020

  36. [36]

    Nature , author=

    Gaussian boson sampling with 1,024 squeezed states in 8,176 modes , volume=. Nature , author=. 2026 , month=may, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10523-6 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10523-6 2026

  37. [37]

    Photonic quantum information processing: a review , volume=

    Flamini, Fulvio and Spagnolo, Nicolò and Sciarrino, Fabio , year=. Photonic quantum information processing: a review , volume=. Reports on Progress in Physics , publisher=. doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2 , number=

    work page doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2

  38. [38]

    Interference at the Single Photon Level Along Satellite-Ground Channels , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2016 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.253601 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.116.253601 2016

  39. [39]

    Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? , author =. Phys. Rev. , volume =. 1935 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 1935

  40. [40]

    Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2015 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250401 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.250401 2015

  41. [41]

    Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2015 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250402 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.250402 2015

  42. [42]

    New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 1995 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4337 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.4337 1995

  43. [43]

    Ultralow-Loss Integrated Photonics Enables Bright, Narrowband, Photon-Pair Sources , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2024 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.083803 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.083803 2024

  44. [45]

    Quantum cryptography based on Bell's theorem , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 1991 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.661 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.661 1991

  45. [46]

    Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 1993 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.1895 1993

  46. [47]

    Nature , author=

    Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation , volume=. Nature , author=. 2017 , pages=. doi:10.1038/nature23675 , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/nature23675 2017

  47. [48]

    Nature , year=

    Li, Bohan and Yuan, Zhiquan and Williams, James and Jin, Warren and Beckert, Adrian and Xie, Tian and Guo, Joel and Feshali, Avi and Paniccia, Mario and Faraon, Andrei and Bowers, John and Marandi, Alireza and Vahala, Kerry , title=. Nature , year=. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08662-3 , url=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08662-3

  48. [49]

    Quantum Light Generation Based on GaN Microring toward Fully On-Chip Source , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2024 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.133603 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.132.133603 2024

  49. [50]

    and Genovese, M

    Brida, G. and Genovese, M. and Ruo Berchera, I. , title=. Nature Photonics , year=. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.29 , url=

    work page doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.29 2010

  50. [51]

    Nature Reviews Physics , year=

    Erhard, Manuel and Krenn, Mario and Zeilinger, Anton , title=. Nature Reviews Physics , year=. doi:10.1038/s42254-020-0193-5 , url=

    work page doi:10.1038/s42254-020-0193-5

  51. [52]

    Optica , author=

    Visible nonlinear photonics via high-order-mode dispersion engineering , volume=. Optica , author=. 2020 , pages=. doi:10.1364/OPTICA.7.000135 , number=

    work page doi:10.1364/optica.7.000135 2020

  52. [53]

    Space compatibility of emerging, wide-bandgap, ultralow-loss integrated photonics

    Yue Hu and Xue Bai and Baoqi Shi and Jiahao Sun and Yafei Ding and Zhenyuan Shang and Hanke Feng and Liping Zhou and Bingcheng Yang and Shuting Kang and Yuan Chen and Shuyi Li and Jinbao Long and Chen Shen and Fang Bo and Xin Ou and Cheng Wang and Junqiu Liu. Space compatibility of emerging, wide-bandgap, ultralow-loss integrated photonics. 2025

    2025

  53. [54]

    2025 , journal =

    Jinbao Long and Xiaoying Yan and Sanli Huang and Wei Sun and Hao Tan and Zeying Zhong and Zhenyuan Shang and Jiahao Sun and Baoqi Shi and Chen Shen and Yi-Han Luo and Junqiu Liu , title =. 2025 , journal =

    2025

  54. [55]

    2025 , journal =

    Shoichiro Yasui and Tomohiro Inaba and Hidetaka Nishi and Reina Kaji and Satoru Adachi and Xuejun Xu and Haruki Sanada , title =. 2025 , journal =

    2025

  55. [57]

    Walls, D. F. and Milburn, Gerard J. , title=. 2025 , publisher=. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84177-4 , url=

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84177-4 2025

  56. [58]

    Science , volume=

    Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers , author=. Science , volume=. 2017 , url=

    2017

  57. [59]

    Nature , volume=

    Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution , author=. Nature , volume=. 2017 , url=

    2017

  58. [60]

    Single-photon interference over 8.4 km urban atmosphere: toward testing quantum effects in curved spacetime with photons , author=. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume=. 2024 , url =

    2024

  59. [61]

    Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices , author =. Rev. Mod. Phys. , volume =. 2020 , month =. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.92.025002 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.92.025002 2020

  60. [62]

    Bell Test over Extremely High-Loss Channels: Towards Distributing Entangled Photon Pairs between Earth and the Moon , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2018 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.140405 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.140405 2018

  61. [63]

    2013 , month =

    Bourgoin, J-P and Meyer-Scott, E and Higgins, B L and Helou, B and Erven, C and Hübel, H and Kumar, B and Hudson, D and D'Souza, I and Girard, R and Laflamme, R and Jennewein, T , title =. 2013 , month =. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/023006 , url =

    work page doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/023006 2013

  62. [64]

    Shi, Baoqi and Zheng, Ming-Yang and Hu, Yue and Zhao, Yunkai and Shang, Zhenyuan and Zhong, Zeying and Chen, Zhen and Luo, Yi-Han and Long, Jinbao and Sun, Wei and Ma, Wenbo and Xie, Xiu-Ping and Gao, Lan and Shen, Chen and Wang, Anting and Liang, Wei and Zhang, Qiang and Liu, Junqiu , title=. Nat. Commun. , year=. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61970-0 , url=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61970-0

  63. [65]

    and Steiner, Trevor J

    Pang, Yiming and Castro, Joshua E. and Steiner, Trevor J. and Duan, Liao and Tagliavacche, Noemi and Borghi, Massimo and Thiel, Lillian and Lewis, Nicholas and Bowers, John E. and Liscidini, Marco and Moody, Galan , journal =. Versatile Chip-Scale Platform for High-Rate Entanglement Generation Using an. 2025 , month =. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010338 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/prxquantum.6.010338 2025

  64. [66]

    Larsen, M. V. and Bourassa, J. E. and Kocsis, S. and Tasker, J. F. and Chadwick, R. S. and González-Arciniegas, C. and Hastrup, J. and Lopetegui-González, C. E. and Miatto, F. M. and Motamedi, A. and Noro, R. and Roeland, G. and others , year=. Integrated photonic source of gottesman–kitaev–preskill qubits , ISSN=. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09044-5 , journal=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09044-5

  65. [67]

    Continuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb , ISSN=

    Jia, Xinyu and Zhai, Chonghao and Zhu, Xuezhi and You, Chang and Cao, Yunyun and Zhang, Xuguang and Zheng, Yun and Fu, Zhaorong and Mao, Jun and Dai, Tianxiang and Chang, Lin and Su, Xiaolong and Gong, Qihuang and Wang, Jianwei , year=. Continuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb , ISSN=. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08602-1 , journal=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08602-1

  66. [68]

    Nature , volume =

    Aghaee Rad, H. and Ainsworth, T. and Alexander, R. N. and Altieri, B. and Askarani, M. F. and Baby, R. and Banchi, L. and Baragiola, B. Q. and Bourassa, J. E. and Chadwick, R. S. and Charania, I. and Chen, H. and Collins, M. J. and others , year=. Scaling and networking a modular photonic quantum computer , volume=. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08406-9 , journal=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08406-9

  67. [69]

    Nature , volume =

    A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing , journal=. 2025 , month=. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08820-7 , url=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08820-7 2025

  68. [70]

    , journal=

    Marcuse, D. , journal=. Loss analysis of single-mode fiber splices , year=

  69. [71]

    Light Sci

    Entangled photon pair generation in an integrated SiC platform , volume=. Light Sci. Appl. , author=. 2024 , month=may, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41377-024-01443-z , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41377-024-01443-z 2024

  70. [72]

    InGaP quantum nanophotonic integrated circuits with 1.5\ volume =

    Mengdi Zhao and Kejie Fang , journal =. InGaP quantum nanophotonic integrated circuits with 1.5\ volume =. 2022 , url =

    2022

  71. [73]

    Ultrabright Entanglement Based Quantum Key Distribution over a 404 km Optical Fiber , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2025 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.230801 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.230801 2025

  72. [74]

    Electrically Pumped Ultrabright Entangled Photons on Chip , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2025 , month =. doi:10.1103/sfj2-dcx1 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/sfj2-dcx1 2025

  73. [75]

    High Quality Entangled Photon Pair Generation in Periodically Poled Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Waveguides , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2020 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.163603 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.163603 2020

  74. [76]

    Saunders and Hao Tang and Joshua Nunn and Ian A

    Xiao-Ling Pang and Ai-Lin Yang and Jian-Peng Dou and Hang Li and Chao-Ni Zhang and Eilon Poem and Dylan J. Saunders and Hao Tang and Joshua Nunn and Ian A. Walmsley and Xian-Min Jin , title =. Sci. Adv. , volume =. 2020 , doi =

    2020

  75. [77]

    Harper and Emily Y

    Nathan A. Harper and Emily Y. Hwang and Ryoto Sekine and Luis Ledezma and Christian Perez and Alireza Marandi and Scott K. Cushing , journal =. Highly efficient visible and near-IR photon pair generation with thin-film lithium niobate , volume =. 2024 , url =

    2024

  76. [78]

    Spontaneous four-wave mixing in lossy microring resonators , author =. Phys. Rev. A , volume =. 2015 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.91.053802 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.91.053802 2015

  77. [79]

    Low-frequency modes in vitreous silica , author =. Phys. Rev. B , volume =. 1986 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.34.5665 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevb.34.5665 1986

  78. [80]

    and Joshi, Siddarth K

    Sidhu, Jasminder S. and Joshi, Siddarth K. and Gündoğan, Mustafa and Brougham, Thomas and Lowndes, David and Mazzarella, Luca and Krutzik, Markus and Mohapatra, Sonali and Dequal, Daniele and Vallone, Giuseppe and Villoresi, Paolo and Ling, Alexander and Jennewein, Thomas and Mohageg, Makan and Rarity, John G. and Fuentes, Ivette and Pirandola, Stefano an...

    work page doi:10.1049/qtc2.12015

  79. [81]

    Nature , author=

    Microsatellite-based real-time quantum key distribution , volume=. Nature , author=. 2025 , month=apr, pages=. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08739-z , number=

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08739-z 2025

  80. [82]

    Wildfeuer and Douglas Griffin and Daniel K

    Aitor Villar and Alexander Lohrmann and Xueliang Bai and Tom Vergoossen and Robert Bedington and Chithrabhanu Perumangatt and Huai Ying Lim and Tanvirul Islam and Ayesha Reezwana and Zhongkan Tang and Rakhitha Chandrasekara and Subash Sachidananda and Kadir Durak and Christoph F. Wildfeuer and Douglas Griffin and Daniel K. L. Oi and Alexander Ling , journ...

    2020

Showing first 80 references.