pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.31569 · v1 · pith:3KMPWS5Cnew · submitted 2026-06-30 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con

Electronic theory for scanning tunneling microscopy spectra in bilayer nickelate thin films

Marius Scholten , Steffen B\"otzel , Frank Lechermann , Peayush Choubey , Ilya M. Eremin This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-01 02:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con
keywords bilayer nickelatesSTM spectrasuperconducting gapmultiorbital modelWannier functionsLa2PrNi2O7coherence peakslocal density of states
0
0 comments X

The pith

Tip position reveals band origins of nickelate superconducting gap

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper analyzes STM spectra in strained bilayer nickelate films using a two-orbital model. It demonstrates that the multiorbital character combined with the spatial extent of Wannier functions produces tip-position-dependent features in the local density of states. These features enable distinguishing which bands contribute to the superconducting coherence peaks and to scattering signals. Experiments varying the tip distance can therefore identify whether a debated band is active and assign gap features to specific bands.

Core claim

Using the realistic two-orbital bilayer model and the continuum Green's function formalism, the orbital and band-selective local density of states as well as the corresponding STM spectra develop characteristic features depending on the position of the scanning tunneling microscope's tip. This follows from the multiorbital character and the spatial dependence of the Wannier functions. The resulting position dependence allows for a band-resolved analysis of the superconducting coherence peaks and scattering momenta, and supplies a route to identify the incipiency of the gamma-band together with the band origins of the coherence peaks via distance-dependent local density of states measurements

What carries the argument

Continuum Green's function formalism applied to the realistic two-orbital bilayer model, with spatial dependence of Wannier functions entering the tunneling matrix elements.

If this is right

  • STM spectra exhibit characteristic features that depend on the position of the tip.
  • Band-resolved analysis of superconducting coherence peaks and scattering momenta is possible.
  • Distance-dependent local density of states measurements can identify the incipiency of the gamma-band.
  • Impurity scattering corrections help trace the band origins of the coherence peaks.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Position-dependent effects may appear in STM studies of other multiorbital layered superconductors.
  • Varying tip position offers a route to separate surface versus interior contributions in thin-film samples.
  • The same formalism could be used to map how compressive strain alters orbital selectivity across related nickelate compounds.

Load-bearing premise

The realistic two-orbital bilayer model together with the continuum Green's function formalism accurately represents the low-energy electronic structure and tunneling matrix elements of strained La2PrNi2O7.

What would settle it

STM spectra on La2PrNi2O7 films that lack the predicted variations in coherence peak intensities or scattering momenta as a function of tip position would falsify the claim that multiorbital Wannier spatial dependence controls the observed features.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.31569 by Frank Lechermann, Ilya M. Eremin, Marius Scholten, Peayush Choubey, Steffen B\"otzel.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Illustration for our two-orbital bilayer nickelate [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Three dimensional isosurface plots of the 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Calculated electronic dispersion (a) along the high [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) DOS calculated on the lattice in absence of any [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a)+(b) LDOS normalized by the left shoulder [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. (a) DOS calculated on the lattice in absence of any [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. (a)+(b) LDOS normalized by the left shoulder [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Correction to the density of states [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Antisymmetrized correction to the density of states [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Calculated momentum integrated antisymmetrized [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Real space correction to the LDOS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. Wannier adjusted antisymmetrized correction to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_12.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Recent Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) experiments measuring the superconducting gap features in thin films of superconducting bilayer nickelates La2PrNi2O7 at ambient pressure and compressive strain paved the way to study the Cooper-pairing models and the band-selective identification of the gap features in these systems. Here, using the realistic two-orbital bilayer model and the continuum Green's function formalism, we theoretically analyze orbital and band-selective local density of states as well as the corresponding STM spectra. We find that the multiorbital character and the spatial dependence of the Wannier functions leads to the spectra developing characteristic features depending on the position of the scanning tunneling microscope's tip. This allows for a band-resolved analysis of the superconducting coherence peaks and scattering momenta. We identify a clear path for experimental measurements to not only identify the debated incipiency of the gamma-band, but also identification of the coherence peaks' band origins via distance dependent measurements of the local density of states and its corrections through impurity scattering.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript develops a theoretical framework using a realistic two-orbital bilayer model and continuum Green's function formalism to compute orbital- and band-selective local density of states (LDOS) and STM spectra for strained La2PrNi2O7 thin films. It claims that the multiorbital character combined with the spatial dependence of the Wannier functions produces characteristic tip-position-dependent features in the spectra. These features enable a band-resolved analysis of the superconducting coherence peaks and scattering momenta, and the work outlines experimental paths via distance-dependent LDOS measurements and impurity scattering to identify the incipiency of the gamma-band and the band origins of the coherence peaks.

Significance. If the central modeling result holds, the position-dependent STM predictions offer a concrete experimental route to resolve band-selective features in the debated electronic structure of bilayer nickelates, which is timely given recent superconductivity discoveries. The adoption of continuum Green's functions with realistic Wannier functions is a methodological strength that directly ties orbital character to observable spatial variations, providing falsifiable predictions for tip-position and impurity effects without requiring additional free parameters beyond the model itself.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Introduction] The abstract and introduction should explicitly state the strain value and the specific form of the two-orbital Hamiltonian (including hopping parameters) used for La2PrNi2O7 to allow direct comparison with other bilayer nickelate calculations.
  2. [Results] Figure captions for the LDOS and STM spectra plots should include the precise tip heights and orbital projections shown, as well as the broadening parameter employed in the Green's function.
  3. [Methods] A brief discussion of the continuum approximation's validity range (e.g., relative to lattice constant) would clarify the applicability to atomic-scale tip positions.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive and accurate summary of our manuscript, as well as the assessment of its significance for resolving band-selective features in bilayer nickelates via STM. The recommendation for minor revision is noted. No major comments were provided in the report.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The paper's derivation consists of direct numerical evaluation of LDOS and STM spectra within an adopted two-orbital bilayer model plus continuum Green's function. The reported tip-position dependence follows immediately from the model's multiorbital Wannier functions and is not obtained by fitting parameters to the target spectra, by self-citation of a uniqueness theorem, or by any other enumerated circular pattern. No equation or step is shown to reduce to its own input by construction; the result remains a conditional model output.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review prevents enumeration of concrete free parameters or axioms; the two-orbital model and Green's-function approach are treated as given inputs whose validity is the central untested premise.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5720 in / 1159 out tokens · 29295 ms · 2026-07-01T02:22:42.940185+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

71 extracted references · 18 canonical work pages · 5 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    H. Sun, M. Huo, X. Hu, J. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Han, L. Tang, Z. Mao, P. Yang, B. Wang, J. Cheng, D.-X. Yao, G.-M. Zhang, and M. Wang, Signatures of superconductivity near 80 K in a nickelate under high pressure, Nature621, 493–498 (2023)

    2023

  2. [2]

    Hou, P.-T

    J. Hou, P.-T. Yang, Z.-Y. Liu, J.-Y. Li, P.-F. Shan, L. Ma, G. Wang, N.-N. Wang, H.-Z. Guo, J.-P. Sun, Y. Uwatoko, M. Wang, G.-M. Zhang, B.-S. Wang, and J.-G. Cheng, Emergence of High-Temperature Supercon- ducting Phase in Pressurized La3Ni2O7 Crystals, Chinese Physics Letters40, 117302 (2023)

    2023

  3. [3]

    Zhang, D

    Y. Zhang, D. Su, Y. Huang, Z. Shan, H. Sun, M. Huo, K. Ye, J. Zhang, Z. Yang, Y. Xu, Y. Su, R. Li, M. Smid- man, M. Wang, L. Jiao, and H. Yuan, High-temperature superconductivity with zero resistance and strange-metal behaviour in La3Ni2O7−δ, Nature Physics20, 1269–1273 (2024)

    2024

  4. [4]

    Y. Zhou, J. Guo, S. Cai, H. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhao, P. Wang, J. Han, X. Chen, Y. Chen, Q. Wu, Y. Ding, T. Xiang, H.-k. Mao, and L. Sun, Investigations of key issues on the reproducibility of high-T c superconductivity emerg- ing from compressed La3Ni2O7, Matter and Radiation at Extremes10, 027801 (2025)

    2025

  5. [5]

    Zhang, C

    M. Zhang, C. Pei, Q. Wang, Y. Zhao, C. Li, W. Cao, S. Zhu, J. Wu, and Y. Qi, Effects of pressure and doping on Ruddlesden-Popper phases La n+1NinO3n+1, Journal of Materials Science & Technology185, 147 (2024)

    2024

  6. [6]

    L. Wang, Y. Li, S.-Y. Xie, F. Liu, H. Sun, C. Huang, Y. Gao, T. Nakagawa, B. Fu, B. Dong, Z. Cao, R. Yu, S. I. Kawaguchi, H. Kadobayashi, M. Wang, C. Jin, H.- k. Mao, and H. Liu, Structure Responsible for the Su- perconducting State in La 3Ni2O7 at High-Pressure and Low-Temperature Conditions, Journal of the American Chemical Society146, 7506–7514 (2024)

    2024

  7. [7]

    G. Wang, N. N. Wang, X. L. Shen, J. Hou, L. Ma, L. F. Shi, Z. A. Ren, Y. D. Gu, H. M. Ma, P. T. Yang, Z. Y. Liu, H. Z. Guo, J. P. Sun, G. M. Zhang, S. Calder, J.-Q. Yan, B. S. Wang, Y. Uwatoko, and J.-G. Cheng, Pressure-Induced Superconductivity In Polycrys- talline La3Ni2O7−δ, Phys. Rev. X14, 011040 (2024)

    2024

  8. [8]

    Z. Dong, M. Huo, J. Li, J. Li, P. Li, H. Sun, L. Gu, Y. Lu, M. Wang, Y. Wang, and Z. Chen, Visualization of oxy- gen vacancies and self-doped ligand holes in La3Ni2O7−δ, Nature630, 847–852 (2024)

    2024

  9. [9]

    N. Wang, G. Wang, X. Shen, J. Hou, J. Luo, X. Ma, H. Yang, L. Shi, J. Dou, J. Feng, J. Yang, Y. Shi, Z. Ren, H. Ma, P. Yang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, X. Dong, and J.-G. Cheng, Bulk high-temperature superconductivity in pressurized tetragonal La 2PrNi2O7, Nature634, 579 (2024)

    2024

  10. [10]

    E. K. Ko, Y. Yu, Y. Liu, L. Bhatt, J. Li, V. Thampy, C.-T. Kuo, B. Y. Wang, Y. Lee, K. Lee, J.-S. Lee, B. H. Goodge, D. A. Muller, and H. Y. Hwang, Signa- tures of ambient pressure superconductivity in thin film La3Ni2O7, Nature638, 935–940 (2024)

    2024

  11. [11]

    G. Zhou, W. Lv, H. Wang, Z. Nie, Y. Chen, Y. Li, H. Huang, W.-Q. Chen, Y.-J. Sun, Q.-K. Xue, and Z. Chen, Ambient-pressure superconductivity onset above 40 K in (La, Pr)3Ni2O7 films, Nature640, 641–646 (2025)

    2025

  12. [12]

    Bhatt, A

    L. Bhatt, A. Y. Jiang, E. K. Ko, N. Schnitzer, G. A. Pan, D. F. Segedin, Y. Liu, Y. Yu, Y.-F. Zhao, E. A. Morales, C. M. Brooks, A. S. Botana, H. Y. Hwang, J. A. Mundy, D. A. Muller, and B. H. Goodge, Resolving struc- tural Origins for Superconductivity in Strain-Engineered La3Ni2O7 Thin Films (2025), arXiv:2501.08204 [cond- 12 mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  13. [13]

    Y. Liu, E. K. Ko, Y. Tarn, L. Bhatt, J. Li, V. Thampy, B. H. Goodge, D. A. Muller, S. Raghu, Y. Yu, and H. Y. Hwang, Superconductivity and normal-state transport in compressively strained La 2PrNi2O7 thin films, Nature Materials24, 1221–1227 (2025)

    2025

  14. [14]

    Lechermann, J

    F. Lechermann, J. Gondolf, S. B¨ otzel, and I. M. Eremin, Electronic correlations and superconducting instability in La 3Ni2O7 under high pressure, Phys. Rev. B108, L201121 (2023)

    2023

  15. [15]

    C. Xia, H. Liu, S. Zhou, and H. Chen, Sensitive depen- dence of pairing symmetry on Ni-eg crystal field splitting in the nickelate superconductor La 3Ni2O7, Nature Com- munications16(2025)

    2025

  16. [16]

    Qin and Y.-f

    Q. Qin and Y.-f. Yang, High-Tc superconductivity by mo- bilizing local spin singlets and possible route to higher Tc in pressurized La 3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B108, L140504 (2023)

    2023

  17. [17]

    Huang, Z

    J. Huang, Z. D. Wang, and T. Zhou, Impurity and vor- tex states in the bilayer high-temperature superconduc- tor La3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B108, 174501 (2023)

    2023

  18. [18]

    Oh and Y.-H

    H. Oh and Y.-H. Zhang, Type-IIt−Jmodel and shared superexchange coupling from Hund’s rule in supercon- ducting La3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B108, 174511 (2023)

    2023

  19. [19]

    Qu, D.-W

    X.-Z. Qu, D.-W. Qu, J. Chen, C. Wu, F. Yang, W. Li, and G. Su, Bilayert-J-J ⊥ Model and Magnetically Me- diated Pairing in the Pressurized Nickelate La 3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. Lett.132, 036502 (2024)

    2024

  20. [20]

    S. Ryee, N. Witt, and T. O. Wehling, Quenched Pair Breaking by Interlayer Correlations as a Key to Super- conductivity in La 3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. Lett.133, 096002 (2024)

    2024

  21. [21]

    Y.-H. Tian, Y. Chen, J.-M. Wang, R.-Q. He, and Z.-Y. Lu, Correlation effects and concomitant two-orbitals ±- wave superconductivity in La3Ni2O7 under high pressure, Phys. Rev. B109, 165154 (2024)

    2024

  22. [22]

    Z. Liao, L. Chen, G. Duan, Y. Wang, C. Liu, R. Yu, and Q. Si, Electron correlations and superconductivity in La 3Ni2O7 under pressure tuning, Phys. Rev. B108, 214522 (2023)

    2023

  23. [23]

    Kaneko, H

    T. Kaneko, H. Sakakibara, M. Ochi, and K. Kuroki, Pair correlations in the two-orbital Hubbard ladder: Im- plications for superconductivity in the bilayer nickelate La3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B109, 045154 (2024)

    2024

  24. [24]

    Z. Luo, X. Hu, M. Wang, W. W´ u, and D.-X. Yao, Bilayer Two-Orbital Model of La 3Ni2O7 under Pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 126001 (2023)

    2023

  25. [25]

    J. Chen, F. Yang, and W. Li, Orbital-selective supercon- ductivity in the pressurized bilayer nickelate La 3Ni2O7: An infinite projected entangled-pair state study, Phys. Rev. B110, L041111 (2024)

    2024

  26. [26]

    Jiang, Z

    K. Jiang, Z. Wang, and F.-C. Zhang, High-Temperature Superconductivity in La 3Ni2O7, Chinese Physics Letters 41, 017402 (2024)

    2024

  27. [27]

    Y. Shen, M. Qin, and G.-M. Zhang, Effective Bi-Layer Model Hamiltonian and Density-Matrix Renormaliza- tion Group Study for the High-T c Superconductivity in La3Ni2O7 under High Pressure, Chinese Physics Letters 40, 127401 (2023)

    2023

  28. [28]

    Yang, G.-M

    Y.-f. Yang, G.-M. Zhang, and F.-C. Zhang, Interlayer valence bonds and two-component theory for high-Tc su- perconductivity of La 3Ni2O7 under pressure, Phys. Rev. B108, L201108 (2023)

    2023

  29. [29]

    W. W´ u, Z. Luo, D.-X. Yao, and M. Wang, Superex- change and charge transfer in the nickelate supercon- ductor La3Ni2O7 under pressure, Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy67, 117402 (2024)

    2024

  30. [30]

    Z. Luo, B. Lv, M. Wang, W. W´ u, and D.-X. Yao, High-Tc superconductivity in La3Ni2O7 based on the bi- layer two-orbital t-J model, npj Quantum Materials9, 10.1038/s41535-024-00668-w (2024)

    work page doi:10.1038/s41535-024-00668-w 2024

  31. [31]

    J. Zhan, Y. Gu, X. Wu, and J. Hu, Cooperation be- tween Electron-Phonon Coupling and Electronic Inter- action in Bilayer Nickelates La 3Ni2O7, Physical Review Letters134(2025)

    2025

  32. [32]

    C. Le, J. Zhan, X. Wu, and J. Hu, Landscape of corre- lated orders in strained bilayer nickelate thin films (2025), arXiv:2501.14665 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  33. [33]

    J. Zhan, C. Le, X. Wu, and J. Hu, Impact of Non- local Coulomb Repulsion on Superconductivity and Density-Wave Orders in Bilayer Nickelates (2025), arXiv:2503.18877 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  34. [34]

    T. A. Maier, P. Doak, L.-F. Lin, Y. Zhang, A. Moreo, and E. Dagotto, Interlayer pairing in bilayer nickelates, npj Quantum Materials11, 10.1038/s41535-026-00849-9 (2026)

    work page doi:10.1038/s41535-026-00849-9 2026

  35. [35]

    Theoretical study on ambient pressure superconductivity in La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ thin films : structural analysis, model construction, and robustness of $s\pm$-wave pairing

    K. Ushio, S. Kamiyama, Y. Hoshi, R. Mizuno, M. Ochi, K. Kuroki, and H. Sakakibara, Theoretical study on am- bient pressure superconductivity in La 3Ni2O7 thin films : structural analysis, model construction, and robust- ness ofs±-wave pairing (2025), arXiv:2506.20497 [cond- mat.supr-con]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  36. [36]

    W. Qiu, Z. Luo, X. Hu, and D.-X. Yao, Pairing symme- try and superconductivity in La3Ni2O7 thin films (2025), arXiv:2506.20727 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  37. [37]

    S. Ryee, N. Witt, G. Sangiovanni, and T. O. Wehling, Su- perconductivity Governed by Janus-Faced Fermiology in Strained Bilayer Nickelates, Phys. Rev. Lett.135, 236003 (2025)

    2025

  38. [38]

    Bulut, D

    N. Bulut, D. J. Scalapino, and R. T. Scalettar, Nodeless d-wave pairing in a two-layer Hubbard model, Phys. Rev. B45, 5577 (1992)

    1992

  39. [39]

    T. A. Maier and D. J. Scalapino, Pair structure and the pairing interaction in a bilayer Hubbard model for un- conventional superconductivity, Physical Review B84 (2011)

    2011

  40. [40]

    T. I. Vanhala, J. E. Baarsma, M. O. J. Heikkinen, M. Troyer, A. Harju, and P. T¨ orm¨ a, Superfluidity and density order in a bilayer extended Hubbard model, Phys- ical Review B91(2015)

    2015

  41. [41]

    Maier, T

    T. Maier, T. Berlijn, and D. J. Scalapino, Two pairing domes as Cu 2+ varies to Cu 3+, Physical Review B99 (2019)

    2019

  42. [42]

    Matsumoto, D

    K. Matsumoto, D. Ogura, and K. Kuroki, Strongly En- hanced Superconductivity Due to Finite Energy Spin Fluctuations Induced by an Incipient Band: A FLEX Study on the Bilayer Hubbard Model with Vertical and Diagonal Interlayer Hoppings, Journal of the Physical So- ciety of Japan89, 044709 (2020)

    2020

  43. [43]

    Karakuzu, S

    S. Karakuzu, S. Johnston, and T. A. Maier, Superconduc- tivity in the bilayer Hubbard model: Two Fermi surfaces are better than one, Physical Review B104(2021)

    2021

  44. [44]

    Z.-Y. Cao, D. Peng, S. Choi, F. Lan, L. Yu, E. Zhang, Z. Xing, Y. Liu, F. Zhang, T. Luo, L. Chen, V. T. A. Hong, S.-Y. Paek, H. Jang, J. Xie, H. Liu, H. Lou, Z. Zeng, Y. Ding, J. Zhao, C. Liu, T. Park, Q. Zeng, and H. kwang Mao, Direct Observation of d-Wave Super- conducting Gap Symmetry in Pressurized La 3Ni2O7−δ 13 Single Crystals (2025), arXiv:2509.126...

    work page arXiv 2025

  45. [45]

    C. Liu, M. Huo, H. Yang, Q. Li, Y. Zhang, Z. Xiang, M. Wang, and H.-H. Wen, Andreev reflection in super- conducting state of pressurized La3Ni2O7, Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy68, 247412 (2025)

    2025

  46. [46]

    J. Guo, Y. Chen, Y. Wang, H. Sun, D. Hu, M. Wang, X. Huang, and T. Cui, Revealing superconducting gap in La3Ni2O7−δ by Andreev reflection spectroscopy under high pressure, Nature Communications16, 10838 (2025)

    2025

  47. [47]

    J. Shen, G. Zhou, Y. Miao, P. Li, Z. Ou, Y. Chen, Z. Wang, R. Luan, H. Sun, Z. Feng, X. Yong, Y. Li, L. Xu, W. Lv, Z. Nie, H. Wang, H. Huang, Y.-J. Sun, Q.-K. Xue, J. He, and Z. Chen, Nodeless superconducting gap and electron-boson coupling in (La,Pr,Sm) 3Ni2O7 films, Science 10.1126/science.adw8329 (2026)

    work page doi:10.1126/science.adw8329 2026

  48. [48]

    P. Li, G. Zhou, W. Lv, Y. Li, C. Yue, H. Huang, L. Xu, J. Shen, Y. Miao, W. Song, Z. Nie, Y. Chen, H. Wang, W. Chen, Y. Huang, Z.-H. Chen, T. Qian, J. Lin, J. He, Y.-J. Sun, Z. Chen, and Q.-K. Xue, Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of supercon- ducting (La, Pr)3Ni2O7/SrLaAlO4 heterostructures, Na- tional Science Review12, nwaf205 (2025)

    2025

  49. [49]

    B. Y. Wang, Y. Zhong, S. Abadi, Y. Liu, Y. Yu, X. Zhang, Y.-M. Wu, R. Wang, J. Li, Y. Tarn, E. K. Ko, V. Thampy, M. Hashimoto, D. Lu, Y. S. Lee, T. P. Dev- ereaux, C. Jia, H. Y. Hwang, and Z.-X. Shen, Electronic structure of compressively strained thin film La2PrNi2O7 (2025), arXiv:2504.16372 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  50. [50]

    Y. Li, L. Xu, W. Lv, Z. Nie, Z. Wang, Y. Miao, J. Shen, G. Zhou, W. Song, H. Wang, H. Huang, J. He, J.-F. Jia, P. Li, Q.-K. Xue, and Z. Chen, Three-Dimensional Electronic Structures in Superconducting Ruddlesden- Popper Bilayer Nickelate Films (2026), arXiv:2604.08430 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  51. [51]

    S. Fan, M. Ou, M. Scholten, Q. Li, Z. Shang, Y. Wang, J. Xu, H. Yang, I. M. Eremin, and H.-H. Wen, Single- particle tunneling spectrum with a robust superconduct- ing gap in La 2PrNi2O7 thin films at ambient pressure, Science Advances12, 10.1126/sciadv.aeg2429 (2026)

    work page doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg2429 2026

  52. [52]

    X. Wang, Y. Chen, C. Ding, L. Xu, J.-J. Miao, G. Zhou, Z. Chen, Y.-J. Sun, J.-F. Jia, and Q.-K. Xue, Atomically resolved intrinsic superconducting gap in (La,Pr) 3Ni2O7 films (2026), arXiv:2605.14806 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  53. [53]

    Observation of flat-bottom U-shaped energy gap in high-Tc nickelate (La,Pr)3Ni2O7 thin films

    Z. Liang, T. Wei, W. Ren, H. Ji, Z. Xie, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, and J. Wang, Observation of flat-bottom U-shaped en- ergy gap in high-Tc nickelate (La,Pr) 3Ni2O7 thin films (2026), arXiv:2605.15703 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  54. [54]

    Choubey, T

    P. Choubey, T. Berlijn, A. Kreisel, C. Cao, and P. J. Hirschfeld, Visualization of atomic-scale phenomena in superconductors: Application to FeSe, Phys. Rev. B90, 134520 (2014)

    2014

  55. [55]

    Kreisel, P

    A. Kreisel, P. Choubey, T. Berlijn, W. Ku, B. M. An- dersen, and P. J. Hirschfeld, Interpretation of Scanning Tunneling Quasiparticle Interference and Impurity States in Cuprates, Phys. Rev. Lett.114, 217002 (2015)

    2015

  56. [56]

    Choubey, A

    P. Choubey, A. Kreisel, T. Berlijn, B. M. Andersen, and P. J. Hirschfeld, Universality of scanning tunneling mi- croscopy in cuprate superconductors, Phys. Rev. B96, 174523 (2017)

    2017

  57. [57]

    Kreisel, R

    A. Kreisel, R. Nelson, T. Berlijn, W. Ku, R. Aluru, S. Chi, H. Zhou, U. R. Singh, P. Wahl, R. Liang, W. N. Hardy, D. A. Bonn, P. J. Hirschfeld, and B. M. Andersen, Towards a quantitative description of tunneling conduc- tance of superconductors: Application to LiFeAs, Phys. Rev. B94, 224518 (2016)

    2016

  58. [58]

    Tersoff and D

    J. Tersoff and D. R. Hamann, Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope, Phys. Rev. B31, 805 (1985)

    1985

  59. [59]

    Choubey and I

    P. Choubey and I. M. Eremin, Electronic theory for scan- ning tunneling microscopy spectra in infinite-layer nicke- late superconductors, Phys. Rev. B104, 144504 (2021)

    2021

  60. [60]

    Li, C.-Q

    G. Li, C.-Q. Chen, H. Shi, Z. Liu, H. Ma, F. Tian, D.- X. Yao, and D. Duan, Theoretical study on the elec- tronic properties and multiorbital models of La 3Ni2O7 thin films on SrLaAlO 4 (001) (2025), arXiv:2512.17625 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  61. [61]

    Q. Li, J. Sun, S. B¨ otzel, M. Ou, Z.-N. Xiang, F. Lecher- mann, B. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Zhang, J. Cheng, I. M. Eremin, and H.-H. Wen, Enhanced superconductivity in the compressively strained bilayer nickelate thin films by pressure, Nature Communications17, 10.1038/s41467- 026-69660-1 (2026)

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467- 2026

  62. [62]

    Lechermann, A

    F. Lechermann, A. Georges, G. Kotliar, and O. Parcol- let, Rotationally invariant slave-boson formalism and mo- mentum dependence of the quasiparticle weight, Phys. Rev. B76, 155102 (2007)

    2007

  63. [63]

    B¨ otzel, F

    S. B¨ otzel, F. Lechermann, J. Gondolf, and I. M. Eremin, Theory of magnetic excitations in the multilayer nickelate superconductor La 3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B109, L180502 (2024)

    2024

  64. [64]

    Q.-G. Yang, D. Wang, and Q.-H. Wang, Possibles ±- wave superconductivity in La3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B108, L140505 (2023)

    2023

  65. [65]

    H. Yang, H. Oh, and Y.-H. Zhang, Strong pairing from a small Fermi surface beyond weak coupling: Application to La3Ni2O7, Phys. Rev. B110, 104517 (2024)

    2024

  66. [66]

    Sakakibara, N

    H. Sakakibara, N. Kitamine, M. Ochi, and K. Kuroki, Possible HighT c Superconductivity in La 3Ni2O7 under High Pressure through Manifestation of a Nearly Half- Filled Bilayer Hubbard Model, Phys. Rev. Lett.132, 106002 (2024)

    2024

  67. [67]

    Triplon-mediated pairing and the superconducting gap structure in bilayer nickelates

    H. Liu and G. Khaliullin, Triplon-mediated pairing and the superconducting gap structure in bilayer nickelates (2026), arXiv:2602.23989 [cond-mat.str-el]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  68. [68]

    Marzari, A

    N. Marzari, A. A. Mostofi, J. R. Yates, I. Souza, and D. Vanderbilt, Maximally localized Wannier functions: Theory and applications, Rev. Mod. Phys.84, 1419 (2012)

    2012

  69. [69]

    Zhang, J

    Z. Zhang, J. Zhan, C. Le, H. C. Po, J. Hu, and X. Wu, Mirror-Selective Quasiparticle Interference in Bi- layer Nickelate Superconductor (2025), arXiv:2512.14544 [cond-mat.supr-con]

    work page arXiv 2025

  70. [70]

    P. J. Hirschfeld, D. Altenfeld, I. Eremin, and I. I. Mazin, Robust determination of the superconducting gap sign structure via quasiparticle interference, Phys. Rev. B92, 184513 (2015)

    2015

  71. [71]

    Altenfeld, P

    D. Altenfeld, P. J. Hirschfeld, I. I. Mazin, and I. Eremin, Detecting sign-changing superconducting gap in LiFeAs using quasiparticle interference, Phys. Rev. B97, 054519 (2018)

    2018