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REVIEW 4 major objections 3 minor 35 references

Pristine, undoped PrNiO2 is an intrinsic superconductor, defining a second, disconnected superconducting regime in infinite-layer nickelates.

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2026-08-01 20:14 UTC pith:3PKLORHB

load-bearing objection A potentially major result—zero resistance and diamagnetism in uncapped, nominally stoichiometric PrNiO2—but the stoichiometry and doping-axis assumptions need direct measurement before the disconnected-dome phase diagram can be trusted. the 4 major comments →

arxiv 2607.16684 v1 pith:3PKLORHB submitted 2026-07-18 cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.str-el

A Disconnected Superconducting Regime at the Parent Limit of Infinite-Layer Nickelates

Chihao Li , Yutong Chen , Yaolong Bian , Yihao Zhang , Jiahao Ye , Zhitong An , Xingtian Sun , Yu Fan
show 6 more authors
Zhihui Chen Zhanze Wang Jinglei Zhang Haichao Xu Rui Peng Donglai Feng
This is my paper
classification cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.str-el
keywords infinite-layer nickelatesPrNiO2superconductivityparent compoundphase diagramupper critical fieldhole dopingself-doping
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper tries to establish that pristine, stoichiometric infinite-layer PrNiO2, with no divalent cation substitution, superconducts on its own, showing zero resistance and diamagnetic shielding in uncapped films. It argues that this state is not an interface effect, survives isovalent rare-earth substitution, and is destroyed by just 3% hole doping. The phase diagram therefore contains two separate superconducting regions: a narrow one near the undoped parent and the familiar dome near ~20% Sr/Ca doping, separated by a non-superconducting gap. If correct, this breaks the cuprate-like single-dome picture and requires a distinct pairing mechanism for nickelates.

Core claim

The paper claims that superconductivity near the parent limit of infinite-layer nickelates is intrinsic to undoped PrNiO2 and not the low-doping tail of the previously known hole-doped dome. Zero resistance at about 7 K and a diamagnetic response are reported in eight stoichiometric, uncapped PrNiO2 films, and the transition persists when a non-superconducting Pr0.97Ca0.03NiO2 spacer separates the film from the SrTiO3 substrate. Isovalent La substitution preserves the superconducting state, while dilute Sr or Ca substitution (1–3%) suppresses it. Combined ARPES and Hall measurements place the state at about 0.09 holes in the Ni 3dx2−y2 band, i.e., in the self-doped parent regime. The upper-c

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the doping phase diagram of infinite-layer nickelates plotted against the Ni 3dx2−y2 hole concentration measured by ARPES. The argument is carried by three experimental moves: stoichiometry optimization via Pr/Ni flux-ratio tuning, which yields low-resistivity films with zero resistance; heterostructure isolation using a non-superconducting Pr0.97Ca0.03NiO2 spacer, which excludes interface-driven superconductivity; and transport plus tunnel-diode-oscillator diamagnetism, which establish the two hallmarks of superconductivity in uncapped films.

Load-bearing premise

The claim rests on the films being truly stoichiometric PrNiO2; no direct composition or oxygen-content measurement is shown, so if the 'pristine' films actually contain interstitial oxygen, hydrogen, or other unintended carriers, the superconductivity would not be intrinsic to the undoped parent.

What would settle it

A direct measurement of oxygen or hydrogen content on the same films (e.g., neutron reflectometry, nuclear reaction analysis, or secondary-ion mass spectrometry) that finds substantial non-stoichiometry, or a transport experiment showing that zero resistance disappears in a film independently verified to have strictly 1:1 Pr:Ni and 2:1 O composition, would falsify the intrinsic-parent claim.

Watch this falsifier. Get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • Infinite-layer nickelates would host two distinct superconducting states, so theories must separately explain the parent state and the ~20% doped dome.
  • The parent state's large upper-critical-field anisotropy (~68) suggests a more two-dimensional character than the optimally doped films, possibly pointing to a different pairing symmetry or mechanism.
  • Because superconductivity is killed by only 3% hole doping without added disorder, the parent state is electronically fragile and sensitive to small changes in filling.
  • The broad non-superconducting region between the parent state and the hole-doped dome offers a natural testbed for competing electronic orders.
  • The phase diagram would impose new constraints on microscopic models of nickelate superconductivity, including proposals of d+is pairing or electron-doped instabilities.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the parent state is real, nickelate superconductivity may be better understood as two competing instabilities—one tied to the self-doped parent and one to heavy hole doping—rather than as a single cuprate-like mechanism.
  • The rapid suppression by Ca/Sr without band broadening hints that the superconducting order parameter is sensitive to the filling of the electron-like β pocket; tracking β-pocket size under doping would test this.
  • The coherence-length and effective-layer-thickness estimates imply a condensate extending over roughly ten unit cells, which could be checked directly by scanning superconducting quantum interference device or muon spin rotation measurements.
  • The paper leaves open the possibility that the parent state is connected to an electron-doped superconducting regime; electron doping by gating or substitution would be a decisive test.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports zero resistance and a TDO-detected diamagnetic response in uncapped, nominally stoichiometric 20-uc PrNiO2 films grown on SrTiO3, and argues that this superconductivity is intrinsic to the parent compound rather than to interfacial or capping effects. The authors support this with a Pr/Ni flux-ratio optimization, a Ca-doped spacer-layer control, reproducibility across eight films, and ARPES/Hall data indicating a self-doped parent electronic structure with p≈0.09. They further show that dilute Sr or Ca substitution (x=0.02–0.05) suppresses superconductivity, while isovalent La substitution preserves it, and they construct a phase diagram with a narrow superconducting regime near the parent limit separated from the previously known hole-doped dome by a non-superconducting region. The paper also reports a large upper-critical-field anisotropy for the near-parent state and uses GL analysis to extract coherence length and effective superconducting layer thickness.

Significance. If the central claims hold, this is a major result: it would establish superconductivity in pristine, uncapped infinite-layer nickelates without divalent cation substitution, and it would challenge the single-dome cuprate-like phase diagram by introducing a second, disconnected superconducting regime. The paper's strengths include direct observation of the two canonical superconductivity hallmarks (zero resistance and diamagnetism), a sensible control experiment inserting a non-superconducting spacer layer, reproducible observation across eight films, and combined ARPES/Hall characterization of the parent state. These are concrete, falsifiable observations and the buffer-layer control is well designed. However, the interpretation as an intrinsic, stoichiometric parent-phase phenomenon and the quantitative doping axis of the phase diagram rest on assumptions that the present data do not fully support, as detailed below.

major comments (4)
  1. [Intrinsic superconductivity; Fig. 1b] The central claim that the superconducting films are stoichiometric PrNiO2 rests on Pr/Ni flux-ratio tuning and low normal-state resistivity. No direct composition measurement—RBS, SIMS, STEM-EELS, or oxygen-content analysis—is reported for the actual superconducting films. Infinite-layer nickelates are synthesized via topotactic reduction, where oxygen vacancies and hydrogen intercalation are known hazards. The extreme sensitivity shown in Fig. 1b (a 2% cation-ratio deviation destroys the zero-resistance state) underscores how composition-sensitive the synthesis window is, yet it does not quantify anion stoichiometry. If these films are PrNiO2−δ or contain residual H, the labels 'pristine', 'parent', and 'without cation substitution' are not established, and the disconnected-regime interpretation loses its foundation. Hall/ARPES showing p≈0.09 does not exclude compensating oxygen vacanc
  2. [A distinct superconducting regime; Fig. 4a] The phase diagram's horizontal axis is constructed assuming one hole per substituted Sr/Ca cation (p = x for the lightly doped films) plus the ARPES-derived p≈0.09 for the parent. No Hall or ARPES Luttinger-volume calibration is shown for the x=0.01–0.05 films that define the suppression boundary; the only ARPES on a doped film is x=0.05 (Fig. 3c,d), and even there the increase in hole doping is estimated from an enlarged α pocket rather than from a direct Hall measurement on that composition. If Sr/Ca incorporation is not exactly 100% effective, or if there is charge compensation, the 'within 3%' boundary and the apparent gap between the two superconducting regimes could shift substantially. Per-sample Hall coefficients (or ARPES-determined Luttinger volumes) for the lightly doped films are needed to anchor the doping axis.
  3. [Contrasting effects of isovalent and divalent substitution; Fig. 2e,f] A key part of the disconnected-regime claim is the absence of superconductivity in x=0.02–0.05 Sr/Ca films. This is negative evidence from a small number of samples, and the situation is delicate: x=0.01 Sr still reaches zero resistance near 2 K, while x=0.02 shows only a partial drop and x=0.03 is insulating. The authors argue against a disorder/quality explanation using stoichiometry optimization and comparable MDC linewidths for x=0.05, but no diamagnetic (TDO) or high-field transport data are shown for the non-superconducting compositions, and the weakly insulating behavior could also arise from cation disorder, oxygen loss during reduction, or nanoscale phase separation. To make the 'true gap' robust, please show more than one or two batches per composition, include TDO or high-field checks for at least one non-superconducting doped film, and provide structural/compositional metrics
  4. [A distinct superconducting regime; Fig. 4b] The claimed phenomenological distinction based on upper-critical-field anisotropy uses γ≈68, with Hc2 for H//ab reaching 35 T only at T/Tc≈0.6—not at T_c,50%—so H_ab,c2,50% is not directly measured. The GL analysis yielding ξ_ab(0)=6.23 nm and d_sc=3.56 nm involves fitting parameters including effective superconducting layer thickness, and the manuscript itself concedes the thickness 'is not a precise microscopic thickness.' As written, this section supports but does not independently establish the 'more two-dimensional' distinction. Please report the full fitting procedure, error bars, and sensitivity of γ, ξ_ab(0), and d_sc to the chosen GL model and data range; if H//ab cannot reach the 50% criterion, say so explicitly and discuss how the anisotropy value is obtained.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Figure 1 caption] The caption says fields are '(c) in the ab plane and (d) parallel to the ab plane,' which appears to be a typo: one of these should be 'perpendicular to the ab plane.' The text in the main body similarly needs correction for clarity.
  2. [Notation, Figs. 1 and 4] The transition-temperature notation is inconsistent: T_c^90%, T_c0, T_c,50%, and T_c,50% are used without a single defining statement. Please define all once in the text or Methods and use consistently.
  3. [Figure 1 caption] The phrase 'as a function of strong sweeping temperatures' is unclear; probably 'as a function of temperature at various fixed magnetic fields.' Please rewrite.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: the central claims are direct experimental observations with independent ARPES calibration.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is observational. Zero resistance (Fig. 1b) and diamagnetism (Fig. 1f) are direct measurements on uncapped films; the heterostructure experiment (Fig. 1h) is an independent control against interface effects. The 'within 3% additional hole doping' boundary is a direct reading of the substituted-film transport data (x=0.01 zero-resistance, x=0.02 partial, x=0.03 none in Fig. 2e,f), not a fitted parameter renamed as a prediction. The ARPES-determined p≈0.09 for the parent is measured in this work (Fig. 3d), so the phase-diagram placement does not depend solely on self-citations; Refs. 11 and 12 are independent ARPES measurements used for comparison and for the x=0.2 calibration point, and are not load-bearing. The main vulnerability—whether the films are truly stoichiometric with no oxygen non-stoichiometry or hydrogen—is a compositional-verification risk, not a circularity: the claim would be wrong if the films were doped, but it is not an input to its own derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 5 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on measured data rather than a derivation, but the phase diagram and interpretation assume several things not directly verified in this paper: that cation substitution maps one-for-one to hole doping, that the ARPES Luttinger volume gives the true carrier count, that the buffer layer is electronically inert, and that the GL thin-film analysis applies. No new entities are introduced.

free parameters (3)
  • Doping efficiency of Sr/Ca in the phase diagram = assumed 1 hole per substituted cation
    The x-axis in Fig. 4a treats nominal substitution percentage as additional hole doping; no direct carrier-density measurement is provided for x=0.01-0.05 films.
  • Effective superconducting layer thickness d_sc = 3.56 nm
    Extracted from GL analysis of Hc2 anisotropy; depends on model geometry and has no reported uncertainty.
  • In-plane coherence length xi_ab(0) = 6.23 nm
    Extracted from high-field Hc2 within the GL framework; an output quantity, but it feeds the claim of larger coherence length and weaker confinement than the doped dome.
axioms (5)
  • domain assumption Sr/Ca substitution adds exactly one hole per substituted cation and preserves the Ni 3dx2-y2 band topology at low x.
    Used to map nominal x onto the phase diagram's doping axis and to claim SC vanishes within 3% additional hole doping (Fig. 4a); not verified by Hall or ARPES for each x.
  • domain assumption ARPES Luttinger volume of the alpha band gives the effective hole doping p ~ 0.09.
    Adopted from refs 11,12 and this paper's own ARPES (Fig. 3d); anchors the 'parent' doping scale.
  • domain assumption A 3-uc Pr0.97Ca0.03NiO2 spacer electrically and chemically decouples the PrNiO2 layer from SrTiO3 without doping the top layer.
    Used to exclude interfacial origin (Fig. 1g,h); the spacer itself is hole-doped and could in principle transfer charge, though no evidence of such transfer is shown.
  • domain assumption TDO frequency shift below Tc signals bulk diamagnetic shielding rather than a contact/artefact or partial-volume effect.
    Used to claim the diamagnetic hallmark (Fig. 1f); no absolute susceptibility calibration or shielding fraction is reported.
  • domain assumption Thin-film Ginzburg-Landau formulas from refs 26,28,29 apply to this quasi-2D system.
    Used to extract xi_ab(0)=6.23 nm and d_sc=3.56 nm from Hc2 data (Fig. 4b).

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read the original abstract

Infinite-layer nickelates have been widely viewed as cuprate analogs in which superconductivity emerges and forms a superconducting dome centered around 10-20% cation substitution. Here we show that pristine and stoichiometric PrNiO2, without cation substitution, exhibits intrinsic superconductivity characterized by zero resistance and diamagnetism in uncapped films. Through heterostructure engineering, we further exclude an interfacial origin of the superconductivity. Remarkably, zero-resistance superconductivity is consistently observed in trivalent-substituted PrNiO2, whereas it is rapidly suppressed by dilute divalent substitution. Combined with angle-resolved photoemission studies, these results indicate that such a new superconducting regime is confined to within 3% additional hole doping from pristine PrNiO2. Furthermore, this phase is separated from the previously established superconducting dome around ~ 20% divalent doping by a non-superconducting region in the phase diagram, and is further distinguished by a remarkably stronger upper-critical-field anisotropy. These findings establish a unique separated superconducting regime, suggesting that infinite-layer nickelates are not merely cuprate analogs but host distinct superconducting physics.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.16684 by Chihao Li, Donglai Feng, Haichao Xu, Jiahao Ye, Jinglei Zhang, Rui Peng, Xingtian Sun, Yaolong Bian, Yihao Zhang, Yu Fan, Yutong Chen, Zhanze Wang, Zhihui Chen, Zhitong An.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: e, the x = 0.01 film still reaches a zero-resistance state near 2 K, while only a partial resistivity drop is observed for x = 0.02, and the x = 0.03 film exhibits weakly insulating behavior below 10 K without any indication of superconduc￾tivity. These results indicate that the superconducting phase near zero doping is confined within 3% Sr doping. To test whether the rapid suppression of superconductivit… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗

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Reference graph

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