Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 84 references

Charge-to-spin conversion in epitaxial and polycrystalline Bi and Bi/Ag layers

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-07-31 · grok-4.5

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Silver multiplies bismuth’s spin-orbit torque by more than ten by keeping the bismuth film intact, not by Rashba interface physics.

desk verdict Solid structure–torque map that largely settles the Bi/Ag controversy: Ag works as a diffusion barrier, not a Rashba engine. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.28310 v1 pith:K7L6CKFJ submitted 2026-07-30 cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.mes-hall

Federica Nasr , Emir Karadža , Santos F. Alvarado , Federico Binda , Tobias Goldenberger , Carlo Zucchetti , Myriam H. Aguirre , Paolo Moras
show 4 more authors
Andrey V. Matetskiy Polina M. Sheverdyaeva Paul Noël Pietro Gambardella
This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.mtrl-scicond-mat.mes-hall
keywords spin-orbittorquebismuthspinHalleffectBi/Aginterfacecharge-to-spinconversionmagneto-opticKerrepitaxialthinfilmsangle
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Bismuth is predicted to convert charge current into spin current about as efficiently as platinum, yet experiments disagree wildly and the large signals seen in Bi/Ag stacks are usually blamed on a Rashba interface. This work shows that the real bottleneck is structural: when a ferromagnet is deposited directly on Bi(001), the bismuth dewets, alloys, oxidizes or reorients, collapsing the torque. A thin silver spacer stops that damage, restores an effective spin Hall conductivity near 2×10⁵ (ℏ/2e) S/m—matching bulk theory—and leaves the Bi surface states essentially unchanged. Oxygen doses known to wipe out those surface states cut the torque by only ~28 %, so the spin current is mostly bulk-generated. The practical message is that reliable Bi-based spin-orbit-torque devices require an atomic-scale barrier that preserves Bi integrity rather than an engineered Rashba interface.

What carries the argument

Scanning polar MOKE magnetometry of the damping-like effective field, calibrated against the Oersted field and free of magnetothermal artifacts, correlated sample-by-sample with HAADF-STEM, EDX, XRD and ARPES that track whether Bi remains continuous, unalloyed and chemically intact.

What would settle it

Grow a Bi/Ag/FM stack in which Bi is demonstrably continuous and unalloyed, then deliberately destroy only the Bi bulk spin-Hall channel (for example by amorphization or extreme thinning while keeping the Bi/Ag interface) and check whether the large positive damping-like torque disappears; if it survives, the bulk-origin claim fails.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Inserting an Ag spacer between epitaxial Bi(001) and FeCo or Ni raises the damping-like spin-orbit-torque efficiency by more than an order of magnitude to ~2×10⁵ (ℏ/2e) S/m. The gain comes from preserving the structural and chemical integrity of Bi, which is otherwise destroyed by direct contact with the ferromagnet; it is not produced by enhanced Rashba spin–orbit coupling at the Bi/Ag interface. Bulk spin-Hall generation in intact Bi therefore dominates, giving an effective Bi spin Hall angle of order 1.

Load-bearing premise

The claim that the large torque is bulk-dominated rests on the idea that a heavy oxygen dose mainly removes surface states while leaving bulk generation and spin transparency essentially intact—yet the same oxidation can also degrade interface transparency, so the residual signal is not a clean bulk-only number.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Bi-based SOT devices need a chemically inert, spin-transparent spacer (Ag works; Cu and Al do not) rather than direct FM contact.
  • Literature scatter in Bi and Bi/Ag spin-to-charge efficiencies is largely explained by uncontrolled dewetting, alloying and oxidation, not by intrinsic material differences.
  • Polycrystalline or rough Bi films deliver substantially lower torque than epitaxial Bi(001), so crystalline quality is a first-order design variable.
  • An effective Bi spin Hall angle near 1 becomes a realistic target once structural integrity is secured, comparable to the best topological-insulator reports.
  • Stacking order matters: depositing Bi on Ni can preserve integrity where depositing Ni on Bi does not.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Any future claim of giant interfacial REE in Bi/Ag must first prove, with cross-sectional chemistry, that Bi has not simply been rescued from degradation.
  • The same integrity-first logic likely applies to other low-melting, surfactant-prone spin-orbit metals (e.g., pure Sb or Bi-rich alloys) whose reported torques are equally scattered.
  • If Ag’s only essential role is diffusion blocking, thinner or discontinuous Ag, or alternative inert barriers with still longer spin diffusion length, should recover the same bulk Bi torque.
  • Harmonic Hall methods on Bi stacks will continue to mis-estimate damping-like torque unless magnetothermal and magnon backgrounds are independently subtracted or MOKE-style checks are added.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. The manuscript investigates charge-to-spin conversion in epitaxial Bi(001), polycrystalline Bi, and Bi(012)-textured magnetic heterostructures, with and without Ag (and Cu/Al) spacers, using polar MOKE magnetometry of the damping-like SOT together with HAADF-STEM/EDX, XRD, RHEED, AFM, ARPES, SQUID, and harmonic Hall comparisons. The central claim is that inserting an Ag spacer between Bi(001) and FeCo or Ni raises the effective spin Hall conductivity by more than an order of magnitude to ≈(1.7–1.9)×10⁵ S/m, matching bulk Bi theory, because Ag preserves the structural and chemical integrity of Bi rather than because of a dominant Rashba–Edelstein contribution at Bi/Ag. Supporting strands include solid-state dewetting/oxidation/alloying without Ag, failure of Cu/Al spacers, a ~60% drop for polycrystalline Bi, ARPES showing no ordered BiAg₂ or enhanced Rashba splitting, residual torque after a 360 L O₂ dose that destroys Bi(001) surface states, and a sizable positive SOT in inverted Ni/Bi(012) that is unchanged by adding Ag on top. An effective Bi spin Hall angle of order 1 is extracted using the conductivity of a Bi single layer.

Significance. If the result holds, the work supplies a coherent structural explanation for the long-standing scatter in Bi and Bi/Ag spin–charge interconversion efficiencies and supplies concrete growth/design rules (Ag as a chemically inert, spin-transparent diffusion barrier; preference for epitaxial Bi integrity) for Bi-based SOT devices. Strengths include orthogonal probes on the same device set, E-field-normalized ξᴱ_DL that avoids dubious current partitioning, explicit comparison of MOKE versus harmonic Hall (including magnetothermal/magnonic artifacts), and ARPES that directly tests the BiAg₂ scenario. The correlation of atomic-scale integrity with torque magnitude is a clear advance over prior spin-pumping and THz studies that often lacked depth-sensitive structural characterization.

major comments (2)
  1. [Sec. III.D.2, IV.C] Sec. III.D.2 and IV.B–C: The 360 L O₂ experiment is presented as evidence for bulk-dominated generation (28% drop, residual ξᴱ_DL ≈ 1.22×10⁵ S/m). The manuscript correctly notes that oxidation can also reduce interface spin transparency, so the residual cannot cleanly partition surface versus bulk. For the SHA estimate ξ^{j}_Bi_DL = ξᴱ_DL/σ_Bi ≈ 0.78–1.2, please state more explicitly in the main text (not only SM/discussion) that σ_Bi is taken from a separate AlOₓ-capped Bi(001) single layer and that the quoted SHA is therefore an effective lower-bound figure of merit, not an intrinsic bulk SHA after interface transparency correction. A short sensitivity check (range of σ_Bi or parallel-resistor bounds) would make the claim robust without changing the integrity-not-Rashba conclusion.
  2. [Sec. III.D, Figs. 4 and 6] Body text vs. figure numbering: In Sec. III.D the MOKE line scans, B_DL(j) plots, and ξᴱ_DL bar chart are repeatedly cited as “Figures 6(b–h)” and “Fig. 6”, yet the corresponding caption is FIG. 4 and the summary table is FIG. 6. This mis-citation makes the central SOT data hard to locate and must be corrected before publication; it is load-bearing for readability of the main result.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract, Sec. IV.C, Sec. V] Abstract and Sec. V state an effective Bi spin Hall angle of “approximately 1”; Sec. IV.C gives both 1.2±0.2 (average of FeCo/Ni) and 0.78±0.03 (oxidized). Align the abstract wording with the more conservative oxidized lower bound or quote the range.
  2. [Fig. 6] Fig. 6 summary table: the optical micrographs are useful but low-resolution in the manuscript rendering; ensure final production quality so that pinholes versus continuous films remain distinguishable.
  3. [Sec. III.E.2] Sec. III.E.2: The statement that a spin diffusion length ≪ 3 nm in Bi(012) cannot be excluded is appropriate; a brief citation or estimate of λ_sf from related Bi literature would help the reader judge whether the null effect of the top Ag layer is expected.
  4. Typographical consistency: “Bi 0.9Sb0.1” vs “Bi0.9Sb0.1”, “¯h/2e” formatting, and occasional missing spaces before units appear in several places; a copy-edit pass is warranted.
  5. [Sec. III.D] Note 4 of the SM is cited for the MOKE–HHR discrepancy; a one-sentence quantitative summary (e.g., factor of misestimation) in the main text would help readers who do not open the SM.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: experimental SOT efficiencies are measured and calibrated independently, not forced by fit or self-citation.

full rationale

This is a measurement-and-structure paper. Damping-like efficiencies ξ^E_DL are obtained from polar MOKE Kerr profiles whose magneto-optical constant is calibrated to the analytically known Oersted-field geometry (Biot–Savart), then combined with independently measured M_s t_FM and applied E; nothing in that chain is defined in terms of the claimed bulk Bi SHC or SHA. Structural integrity arguments rest on STEM/EDX, XRD, optical microscopy, and ARPES performed on the same stacks, not on a uniqueness theorem or ansatz imported from the authors. Comparison of the resulting ~2×10^5 (ℏ/2e) S/m and effective SHA≈1 to external bulk Bi theory (Guo; Şahin–Flatté; Qu–Tatara) and to prior Bi/Ag and BiSb reports is ordinary benchmarking. Self-citations (group MOKE methodology; prior Bi0.9Sb0.1 SOT work) supply technique and context only; they do not force the Bi/Ag integrity-not-Rashba conclusion. The O2-dose residual-torque argument is one supporting strand and is presented with its own caveats (possible spin-transparency loss), not as a definitional partition. No fitted parameter is renamed a prediction; no central claim reduces by construction to its inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

Load-bearing content is experimental. Background spin-transport definitions and the Oersted-field calibration are standard. The main interpretive axioms are that ξᴱ_DL is a fair cross-sample metric, that Ag’s role is structural/spin-transparent rather than a new spin source, and that the chosen O₂ dose primarily removes surface-state conversion. One free parameter enters when converting ξᴱ_DL to an effective SHA via a measured Bi conductivity.

free parameters (2)
  • σ_Bi (electrical conductivity of Bi used for SHA) = 1.57×10⁵ S/m (ρ_Bi = 635 μΩ cm)
    Effective SHA ξ^j_Bi_DL = ξᴱ_DL/σ_Bi uses σ_Bi = 1.57×10⁵ S/m from a Bi(001)/AlOx single layer (Sec. IV.C). Buried-layer conductivity in the full stack may differ; this choice sets the quoted SHA ≈1 (or 0.78 after oxidation).
  • Effective Ni thickness after Bi–Ni alloying = t_Ni ≲ 3.3 nm (Ms); ~1.4 nm (AHE scaling)
    For Bi/Ni, Ms and AHE are used to infer reduced magnetic volume (t_Ni ~1.4–3.3 nm); this affects B_DL normalization and the small positive ξᴱ_DL quoted for the alloyed stack.
assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption Damping-like effective field B_DL = B_DL σ×m and polar MOKE first-harmonic isolation of out-of-plane tilts correctly quantify DL-SOT free of magnetothermal/magnon artifacts at the stated drive.
    Sec. II.E and Refs. 52,55,56; central to preferring MOKE over HHR.
  • domain assumption Oersted-field profile (Biot–Savart thin-strip formula) provides an absolute calibration of Kerr rotation to effective field identical for DL and Oe contributions.
    Eq. (1)–(2); used for every ξᴱ_DL value.
  • domain assumption Ag does not itself generate significant DL-SOT (negligible SHA), so large positive torque in Bi/Ag/FM is attributed to Bi (plus possible residual interface effects).
    Sec. III.D.1 citing prior Ag SHA literature; Ag/FeCo control shows only small negative self-torque.
  • ad hoc to paper Oxygen dose of 360 L destroys Bi(001) surface states (per prior ARPES) while leaving bulk Bi structurally intact enough that residual torque is bulk-dominated.
    Sec. III.D.2; authors acknowledge spin-transparency confounding, so this is the softest interpretive step.
  • domain assumption Theoretical bulk SHC of Bi is in the (0.9–2.1)×10⁵ (ℏ/2e) S/m range (Guo, Şahin–Flatté, Qu–Tatara).
    Used as external benchmark for ‘excellent agreement’ in abstract and Sec. III.D.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Charge-to-spin conversion in epitaxial and polycrystalline Bi and Bi/Ag layers." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/K7L6CKFJ

@misc{pith2026260728310,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Charge-to-spin conversion in epitaxial and polycrystalline Bi and Bi/Ag layers},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/K7L6CKFJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.28310}
}
abstract

Bi is predicted to be an efficient generator of spin-orbit torques (SOTs), with charge-to-spin conversion efficiency comparable to those of prototypical heavy metals, such as Ta, W, and Pt. However, experimental reports provide widely scattered interconversion efficiencies, while the origin of the large conversion signal in Bi/Ag bilayers remains controversial. Here, we investigate charge-to-spin conversion in epitaxial and polycrystalline Bi-based magnetic heterostructures by measuring the damping-like SOT using magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometry, complemented by structural and spectroscopic analyses and harmonic Hall resistance measurements. We show that inserting an Ag spacer between Bi(001) and metallic ferromagnets (FeCo or Ni) enhances the SOT efficiency by more than one order of magnitude, reaching an effective spin Hall conductivity of approximately $2 \times 10^5 (\hbar/2e)$ S/m, in excellent agreement with theoretical expectations for bulk Bi. This enhancement can be consistently explained by the preservation of the structural and chemical integrity of Bi, otherwise compromised by the direct deposition of a ferromagnetic overlayer, rather than by Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the Bi/Ag interface. Comparative studies across epitaxial, polycrystalline, and intentionally surface-oxidized Bi films, beyond oxygen doses known to destroy Bi(001) surface states, reveal that structural disorder has a negative impact on the SOT efficiency and indicate a dominant bulk contribution to spin-current generation in Bi/Ag heterostructures, yielding an effective Bi spin Hall angle of approximately 1. By establishing a direct correlation between atomic-scale integrity and charge-to-spin conversion, this study provides design principles to improve the reliability of Bi-based SOT devices and offers a robust framework for interpreting spin-charge interconversion in Bi and Bi/Ag systems.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.28310 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. Structural characterization of Bi(001)-based heterostructures grown on BaF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. ARPES spectra. (a-d) Electronic dispersion of (a) 10-BL-thick Bi(001) grown on 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Structural and magnetic characterization of Bi(001)-based heterostructures grown on BaF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (3 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. SOT measurements of Bi(001)-based heterostructures grown on BaF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Structural characterization and SOT measurements of polycrystalline and (012)-textured Bi-based heterostructures [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Summary of the structural, magnetic, electrical, and charge-to-spin conversion properties of the different samples. Shown [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_6.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

84 extracted references · 1 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    SOT efficiencies and comparison with literature Figures 6(f) and 6(g) show the estimated damping-like effective field as a function of the total current density for FeCo- and Ni-based samples, respectively. To compare the strength of the damping-like SOT across different samples, we quantified the damping-like SOT efficiency with respect to the electric f...

  2. [2]

    This experiment is inspired by ARPES measurements [ 53], which show that the surface state band of Bi(001) vanishes beyond an O 2 exposure of 4 .5 L

    Influence of Bi surface oxidation To assess the role of the Bi/Ag interfacial quality in gen- erating and transmitting a spin current, we intentionally degraded the Bi(001) surface prior to Ag deposition by ex- posing it to an oxygen partial pressure of 1 .6 × 10−6 mbar for 5 min, corresponding to a total oxygen dose of 360 Langmuirs (L). This experiment ...

  3. [3]

    In both cases, similar to the scenario without any spacer, the Bi layer exhibits significant discontinuity {see Fig

    Cu and Al spacers Notably, we find that replacing Ag with alternative metallic spacers, such as Cu or Al, does not preserve the structural integrity of the Bi(001) film. In both cases, similar to the scenario without any spacer, the Bi layer exhibits significant discontinuity {see Fig. S8(b) within the Supplemental Material [ 54]}. In Bi(001)/Cu/FeCo, EDX...

  4. [4]

    Poly-Bi/Ag/FeCo heterostructure In the former heterostructure − hereafter referred to as poly-Bi/Ag/FeCo − Bi grown on MgO(001) forms a polycrystalline film, composed of a mixture of (001) and (012)-oriented crystallites, as shown in the XRD θ/2θ scan in Fig. 5(b). Although the Ag(110) texture is re- tained, the Laue oscillations associated with the (003)...

  5. [5]

    Ni/Bi(012)/Ag heterostructure The XRD pattern of the second heterostruc- ture − hereafter referred to as Ni/Bi(012)/Ag − exhibits distinct reflections from the (022) crystal planes of Ni, the (012) planes of Bi, and the (111) planes of Ag, indicating that Bi is (012)-textured, as shown in Fig. 5(f). This crystallographic alignment between Bi(012) and Ag(1...

    1925

  6. [6]

    Manchon, J

    A. Manchon, J. ˇZelezn´ y, I. M. Miron, T. Jungwirth, J. Sinova, A. Thiaville, K. Garello, and P. Gambardella, Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems, Rev. Mod. Phys.91, 035004 (2019)

    2019

  7. [7]

    Krizakova, M

    V. Krizakova, M. Perumkunnil, S. Couet, P. Gambardella, and K. Garello, Spin-orbit torque switching of magnetic tunnel junctions for memory applications, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.562, 169692 (2022)

    2022

  8. [8]

    Sinova, S

    J. Sinova, S. O. Valenzuela, J. Wunderlich, C. H. Back, and T. Jungwirth, Spin Hall effects, Rev. Mod. Phys.87, 1213 (2015)

    2015

Show all 84 references
  1. [9]

    Bihlmayer, P

    G. Bihlmayer, P. No¨ el, D. Vyalikh, E. V. Chulkov, and A. Manchon, Rashba-like physics in condensed matter, Nat. Rev. Phys.4, 642 (2022)

    2022

  2. [10]

    Gambardella and I

    P. Gambardella and I. M. Miron, Current-induced spin– orbit torques, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A369, 3175 (2011)

    2011

  3. [11]

    R. B. Atencia, A. Agarwal, and D. Culcer, Orbital angular momentum of Bloch electrons: equilibrium formulation, magneto-electric phenomena, and the orbital Hall effect, Adv. Phys.: X9, 2371972 (2024)

    2024

  4. [12]

    D. Jo, D. Go, G.-M. Choi, and H.-W. Lee, Spintronics meets orbitronics: Emergence of orbital angular momen- tum in solids, npj Spintronics2, 19 (2024)

    2024

  5. [13]

    Hofmann, The surfaces of bismuth: Structural and electronic properties, Prog

    P. Hofmann, The surfaces of bismuth: Structural and electronic properties, Prog. Surf. Sci.81, 191 (2006)

    2006

  6. [14]

    Guo, Anisotropic spin Hall and spin Nernst effects in bismuth semimetal, J

    G.-Y. Guo, Anisotropic spin Hall and spin Nernst effects in bismuth semimetal, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.563, 169949 (2022)

    2022

  7. [15]

    S ¸ahin and M

    C. S ¸ahin and M. E. Flatt´ e, Tunable Giant Spin Hall Con- ductivities in a Strong Spin-Orbit Semimetal: Bi1−xSbx, Phys. Rev. Lett.114, 107201 (2015)

    2015

  8. [16]

    Qu and G

    G. Qu and G. Tatara, Intrinsic orbital and spin Hall effect in bismuth semimetal, Phys. Rev. B107, 214421 (2023)

    2023

  9. [17]

    D. Hou, Z. Qiu, K. Harii, Y. Kajiwara, K. Uchida, Y. Fu- jikawa, H. Nakayama, T. Yoshino, T. An, K. Ando, X. Jin, and E. Saitoh, Interface induced inverse spin Hall effect in bismuth/permalloy bilayer, Appl. Phys. Lett.101, 042403 (2012)

    2012

  10. [18]

    Emoto, Y

    H. Emoto, Y. Ando, E. Shikoh, Y. Fuseya, T. Shinjo, and M. Shiraishi, Conversion of pure spin current to charge current in amorphous bismuth, J. Appl. Phys. 115, 17C507 (2014)

    2014

  11. [19]

    Zhang, M

    W. Zhang, M. B. Jungfleisch, W. Jiang, J. E. Pearson, and A. Hoffmann, Spin pumping and inverse Rashba- Edelstein effect in NiFe/Ag/Bi and NiFe/Ag/Sb, J. Appl. Phys.117, 17C727 (2015)

    2015

  12. [20]

    Sangiao, J

    S. Sangiao, J. M. De Teresa, L. Morellon, I. Lucas, M. C. Martinez-Velarte, and M. Viret, Control of the spin to charge conversion using the inverse Rashba-Edelstein ef- fect, Appl. Phys. Lett.106, 172403 (2015)

    2015

  13. [21]

    Nomura, T

    A. Nomura, T. Tashiro, H. Nakayama, and K. Ando, Tem- perature dependence of inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect at metallic interface, Appl. Phys. Lett.106, 212403 (2015)

    2015

  14. [22]

    D. Yue, W. Lin, J. Li, X. Jin, and C. L. Chien, Spin-to- Charge Conversion in Bi Films and Bi/Ag Bilayers, Phys. Rev. Lett.121, 037201 (2018)

    2018

  15. [23]

    Emoto, Y

    H. Emoto, Y. Ando, G. Eguchi, R. Ohshima, E. Shikoh, Y. Fuseya, T. Shinjo, and M. Shiraishi, Transport and spin conversion of multicarriers in semimetal bismuth, Phys. Rev. B93, 174428 (2016)

    2016

  16. [24]

    D. Yue, W. Lin, and C. L. Chien, Negligible spin–charge conversion in Bi films and Bi/Ag(Cu) bilayers, APL Mater. 9, 050904 (2021)

    2021

  17. [25]

    Kim, H.-W

    S. Kim, H.-W. Lee, and G.-M. Choi, Giant Spin-Orbit Torque in Sputter-Deposited Bi Films, Adv. Sci.10, 2303831 (2023)

    2023

  18. [26]

    Z. Chi, G. Qu, Y.-C. Lau, M. Kawaguchi, J. Fujimoto, K. Takanashi, M. Ogata, and M. Hayashi, Spin Hall effect driven by the spin magnetic moment current in Dirac materials, Phys. Rev. B105, 214419 (2022)

    2022

  19. [27]

    Chi, Y.-C

    Z. Chi, Y.-C. Lau, X. Xu, T. Ohkubo, K. Hono, and M. Hayashi, The spin Hall effect of Bi-Sb alloys driven by thermally excited Dirac-like electrons, Sci. Adv.6, eaay2324 (2020)

    2020

  20. [28]

    Binda, S

    F. Binda, S. Fedel, S. F. Alvarado, P. No¨ el, and P. Gam- bardella, Spin–Orbit Torques and Spin Hall Magnetoresis- tance Generated by Twin-Free and Amorphous Bi 0.9Sb0.1 Topological Insulator Films, Adv. Mater.35, 2304905 (2023)

    2023

  21. [29]

    Y. Ou, W. Y´ anez-Parre˜ no, Y.-S. Huang, S. Ghosh, C. S ¸ahin, M. Stanley, S. Santhosh, S. Islam, A. Richardella, K. A. Mkhoyan, M. E. Flatt´ e, and S. N., Spin Hall Conductivity in Bi 1–xSbx as an Experimental Test of Bulk-Boundary Correspondence, Nano Lett.25, 8775–8781 (2025)

    2025

  22. [30]

    J. C. R. S´ anchez, L. Vila, G. Desfonds, S. Gambarelli, J. P. Attan´ e, J. M. D. Teresa, C. Mag´ en, and A. Fert, Spin-to-charge conversion using Rashba coupling at the interface between non-magnetic materials, Nat. Commun. 18 4, 2944 (2013)

    2013

  23. [31]

    Liang, T

    H.-L. Liang, T. C. Chuang, D. Qu, C. C. Chiang, M.-H. Lee, Y. S. Chen, J. G. Lin, M.-W. Chu, C. L. Chien, and S.-Y. Huang, Anisotropic spin-to-charge conversion in bismuth, Phys. Rev. B106, L201304 (2022)

    2022

  24. [32]

    Fukumoto, R

    N. Fukumoto, R. Ohshima, M. Aoki, Y. Fuseya, M. Mat- sushima, E. Shigematsu, T. Shinjo, Y. Ando, S. Sakamoto, M. Shiga, S. Miwa, and M. Shiraishi, Observation of large spin conversion anisotropy in bismuth, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.120, e2215030120 (2023)

    2023

  25. [33]

    Marcano, S

    N. Marcano, S. Sangiao, C. Mag´ en, L. Morell´ on, M. R. Ibarra, M. Plaza, L. P´ erez, and J. M. De Teresa, Role of the surface states in the magnetotransport properties of ultrathin bismuth films, Phys. Rev. B82, 125326 (2010)

    2010

  26. [34]

    Zucchetti, M.-T

    C. Zucchetti, M.-T. Dau, F. Bottegoni, C. Vergnaud, T. Guillet, A. Marty, C. Beign´ e, S. Gambarelli, A. Picone, A. Calloni, G. Bussetti, A. Brambilla, L. Du` o, F. Ciccacci, P. K. Das, J. Fujii, I. Vobornik, M. Finazzi, and M. Jamet, Tuning spin-charge interconversion with qu...

    2018

  27. [35]

    H. J. Zhang, S. Yamamoto, B. Gu, H. Li, M. Maekawa, Y. Fukaya, and A. Kawasuso, Charge-to-Spin Conversion and Spin Diffusion in Bi/Ag Bilayers Observed by Spin- Polarized Positron Beam, Phys. Rev. Lett.114, 166602 (2015)

    2015

  28. [36]

    M. B. Jungfleisch, W. Zhang, J. Sklenar, W. Jiang, J. E. Pearson, J. B. Ketterson, and A. Hoffmann, Interface- driven spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance by Rashba coupling at the interface between nonmagnetic materials, Phys. Rev. B93, 224419 (2016)

    2016

  29. [37]

    Nakayama, Y

    H. Nakayama, Y. Kanno, H. An, T. Tashiro, S. Haku, A. Nomura, and K. Ando, Rashba-Edelstein Magnetore- sistance in Metallic Heterostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 116602 (2016)

    2016

  30. [38]

    M. B. Jungfleisch, Q. Zhang, W. Zhang, J. E. Pearson, R. D. Schaller, H. Wen, and A. Hoffmann, Control of Terahertz Emission by Ultrafast Spin-Charge Current Conversion at Rashba Interfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett.120, 207207 (2018)

    2018

  31. [39]

    C. Zhou, Y. P. Liu, Z. Wang, S. J. Ma, M. W. Jia, R. Q. Wu, L. Zhou, W. Zhang, M. K. Liu, Y. Z. Wu, and J. Qi, Broadband Terahertz Generation via the Interface Inverse Rashba-Edelstein Effect, Phys. Rev. Lett.121, 086801 (2018)

    2018

  32. [40]

    Matsushima, Y

    M. Matsushima, Y. Ando, S. Dushenko, R. Ohshima, R. Kumamoto, T. Shinjo, and M. Shiraishi, Quantitative investigation of the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect in Bi/Ag and Ag/Bi on YIG, Appl. Phys. Lett.110, 072404 (2017)

    2017

  33. [41]

    J. Shen, Z. Feng, P. Xu, D. Hou, Y. Gao, and X. Jin, Spin-to-Charge Conversion in Ag/Bi Bilayer Revisited, Phys. Rev. Lett.126, 197201 (2021)

    2021

  34. [42]

    Cheng, B

    J. Cheng, B. F. Miao, Z. Liu, M. Yang, K. He, Y. L. Zeng, H. Niu, X. Yang, Z. Q. Wang, X. H. Hong, S. J. Fu, L. Sun, Y. Liu, Y. Z. Wu, Z. Yuan, and H. F. Ding, Coherent Picture on the Pure Spin Transport between Ag/Bi and Ferromagnets, Phys. Rev. Lett.129, 097203 (2022)

    2022

  35. [43]

    K. Ueda, Y. Hadate, K. Suzuki, and H. Asano, Fabrication of high-quality epitaxial Bi1-xSbx films by two-step growth using molecular beam epitaxy, Thin Solid Films713, 138361 (2020)

    2020

  36. [44]

    S. K. Mahatha, P. M. Sheverdyaeva, C. Carbone, and P. Moras, Ag growth on the Ag 2Bi Rashba alloy, Surf. Sci.723, 122125 (2022)

    2022

  37. [45]

    Binda, C

    F. Binda, C. O. Avci, S. F. Alvarado, P. No¨ el, C.-H. Lam- bert, and P. Gambardella, Spin-orbit torques and mag- netotransport properties of α−Sn and β−Sn heterostruc- tures, Phys. Rev. B103, 224428 (2021)

    2021

  38. [46]

    Niimi, Y

    Y. Niimi, Y. Kawanishi, D. H. Wei, C. Deranlot, H. X. Yang, M. Chshiev, T. Valet, A. Fert, and Y. Otani, Giant Spin Hall Effect Induced by Skew Scattering from Bismuth Impurities inside Thin Film CuBi Alloys, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 156602 (2012)

    2012

  39. [47]

    Vaughan, N

    M. Vaughan, N. Satchell, M. Ali, C. J. Kinane, G. B. G. Stenning, S. Langridge, and G. Burnell, Origin of super- conductivity at nickel-bismuth interfaces, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 013270 (2020)

    2020

  40. [48]

    Kumari, S.-J

    L. Kumari, S.-J. Lin, J.-H. Lin, Y.-R. Ma, P.-C. Lee, and Y. Liou, Effects of deposition temperature and thick- ness on the structural properties of thermal evaporated bismuth thin films, Appl. Surf. Sci.253, 5931 (2007)

    2007

  41. [49]

    Wang, Y.-X

    N. Wang, Y.-X. Dai, T.-L. Wang, H.-Z. Yang, and Y. Qi, Investigation of growth characteristics and semimetal- semiconductor transition of polycrystalline bismuth thin films, IUCrJ7, 49 (2020)

    2020

  42. [50]

    Karbivskyy, V

    V. Karbivskyy, V. Zaika, L. Karbivska, N. Kurgan, and N. Zueva, Structural and Physical Properties of Ultrathin Bismuth Films, Prog. Phys. Met.22, 539 (2021)

    2021

  43. [51]

    Yaginuma, T

    S. Yaginuma, T. Nagao, J. Sadowski, M. Saito, K. Na- gaoka, Y. Fujikawa, T. Sakurai, and T. Nakayama, Origin of flat morphology and high crystallinity of ultrathin bismuth films, Surf. Sci.601, 3593 (2007)

    2007

  44. [52]

    Wansorra and W

    C. Wansorra and W. Donner, Retarded solid state dewet- ting of thin bismuth films with oxide capping layer, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A39, 043412 (2021)

    2021

  45. [53]

    Kumar, M

    K. Kumar, M. Kavuri, and P. Swaminathan, Effect of nanoparticles on the dewetting of bismuth films, Surf. Eng.37, 406 (2021)

    2021

  46. [54]

    Wansorra, E

    C. Wansorra, E. Bruder, and W. Donner, Atomistic view onto solid state dewetting: Thin bismuth films with and without strain gradient, Acta Mater.200, 455 (2020)

    2020

  47. [55]

    E. S. Walker, S. Muschinske, C. J. Brennan, S. R. Na, T. Trivedi, S. D. March, Y. Sun, T. Yang, A. Yau, D. Jung, A. F. Briggs, E. M. Krivoy, M. L. Lee, K. M. Liechti, E. T. Yu, D. Akinwande, and S. R. Bank, Composition- dependent structural transition in epitaxial Bi1−xSbx thi...

    2019

  48. [56]

    M. A. Khaled, L. Cancellara, S. Fekraoui, R. Daubriac, F. Bertran, C. Bigi, Q. Gravelier, R. Monflier, A. Arnoult, C. Durand, and S. R. Plissard, Large-Scale Epitaxial In- tegration of Single-Crystalline BiSb Topological Insulator on GaAs (111)A, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.6, 3...

    2024

  49. [57]

    No¨ el, E

    P. No¨ el, E. Karadˇ za, R. Schlitz, P. Welter, C.-H. Lambert, L. Nessi, F. Binda, C. L. Degen, and P. Gambardella, Estimation of spin-orbit torques in the presence of current- induced magnon creation and annihilation, Phys. Rev. B 111, 144409 (2025)

    2025

  50. [58]

    Z. Liu, Y. Chen, J. Analytis, S. Mo, D. Lu, R. Moore, I. Fisher, Z. Hussain, and Z. Shen, Robust topological surface state against direct surface contamination, Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct.44, 891 (2012)

    2012

  51. [59]

    See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/ghsn-9thc for additional structural, magnetic, and SOT characteriza- 19 tion

    doi

  52. [60]

    X. Fan, H. Celik, J. Wu, C. Ni, K.-J. Lee, V. O. Lorenz, and J. Q. Xiao, Quantifying interface and bulk contri- butions to spin–orbit torque in magnetic bilayers, Nat. Commun.5, 3042 (2014)

    2014

  53. [61]

    Montazeri, P

    M. Montazeri, P. Upadhyaya, M. C. Onbasli, G. Yu, K. L. Wong, M. Lang, Y. Fan, X. Li, P. K. Amiri, R. N. Schwartz, C. A. Ross, and K. L. Wang, Magneto-optical investigation of spin–orbit torques in metallic and insu- lating magnetic heterostructures, Nat. Commun.6, 8958 (2015)

    2015

  54. [62]

    Garello, I

    K. Garello, I. M. Miron, C. O. Avci, F. Freimuth, Y. Mokrousov, S. Bl¨ ugel, S. Auffret, O. Boulle, G. Gaudin, and P. Gambardella, Symmetry and magnitude of spin– orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures., Nat. Nan- otech.8, 587 (2013)

    2013

  55. [63]

    T. J. Silva, C. S. Lee, T. M. Crawford, and C. T. Rogers, Inductive measurement of ultrafast magnetization dynam- ics in thin-film Permalloy, J. Appl. Phys.85, 7849 (1999)

    1999

  56. [64]

    Hayashi, J

    M. Hayashi, J. Kim, M. Yamanouchi, and H. Ohno, Quan- titative characterization of the spin-orbit torque using harmonic Hall voltage measurements, Phys. Rev. B89, 144425 (2014)

    2014

  57. [65]

    Stamm, C

    C. Stamm, C. Murer, M. Berritta, J. Feng, M. Gabureac, P. M. Oppeneer, and P. Gambardella, Magneto-Optical Detection of the Spin Hall Effect in Pt and W Thin Films, Phys. Rev. Lett.119, 087203 (2017)

    2017

  58. [66]

    Y. M. Mos, A. C. Vermeulen, C. J. N. Buisman, and J. Weijma, X-Ray Diffraction of Iron Containing Samples: The Importance of a Suitable Configuration, Geomicrobiol. J.35, 511 (2018)

    2018

  59. [67]

    C. R. Ast, J. Henk, A. Ernst, L. Moreschini, M. C. Falub, D. Pacil´ e, P. Bruno, K. Kern, and M. Grioni, Giant Spin Splitting through Surface Alloying, Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 186807 (2007)

    2007

  60. [68]

    M. P. Seah and W. A. Dench, Quantitative electron spec- troscopy of surfaces: A standard data base for electron inelastic mean free paths in solids, Surf. Interface Anal. 1, 2 (1979)

    1979

  61. [69]

    Hirahara, K

    T. Hirahara, K. Miyamoto, I. Matsuda, T. Kadono, A. Kimura, T. Nagao, G. Bihlmayer, E. V. Chulkov, S. Qiao, K. Shimada, H. Namatame, M. Taniguchi, and S. Hasegawa, Direct observation of spin splitting in bis- muth surface states, Phys. Rev. B76, 153305 (2007)

    2007

  62. [70]

    G. Bian, T. Miller, and T.-C. Chiang, Electronic struc- ture and surface-mediated metastability of Bi films on Si(111)-7 × 7 studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B80, 245407 (2009)

    2009

  63. [71]

    J. M. D. Coey,Magnetism and Magnetic Materials(Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010)

    2010

  64. [72]

    C. O. Avci, K. Garello, M. Gabureac, A. Ghosh, A. Fuhrer, S. F. Alvarado, and P. Gambardella, Inter- play of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects in ferromagnet/normal-metal bilayers, Phys. Rev. B90, 224427 (2014)

    2014

  65. [73]

    No¨ el, R

    P. No¨ el, R. Schlitz, E. Karadˇ za, C.-H. Lambert, L. Nessi, F. Binda, and P. Gambardella, Nonlinear Longitudi- nal and Transverse Magnetoresistances due to Current- Induced Magnon Creation-Annihilation Processes, Phys. Rev. Lett.134, 146701 (2025)

    2025

  66. [74]

    Behnia and H

    K. Behnia and H. Aubin, Nernst effect in metals and superconductors: a review of concepts and experiments, Rep. Prog. Phys.79, 046502 (2016)

    2016

  67. [75]

    Niimi, H

    Y. Niimi, H. Suzuki, Y. Kawanishi, Y. Omori, T. Valet, A. Fert, and Y. Otani, Extrinsic spin Hall effects measured with lateral spin valve structures, Phys. Rev. B89, 054401 (2014)

    2014

  68. [76]

    Tatsuoka, M

    K. Tatsuoka, M. Aoki, M. Funato, R. Ohshima, Y. Ando, and M. Shiraishi, Investigation of spin-orbit torque effi- ciency in CuBi alloys, Phys. Rev. B110, 094419 (2024)

    2024

  69. [77]

    H. An, Y. Kageyama, Y. Kanno, N. Enishi, and K. Ando, Spin–torque generator engineered by natural oxidation of Cu, Nat. Commun.7, 13069 (2016)

    2016

  70. [78]

    Idzuchi, Y

    H. Idzuchi, Y. Fukuma, and Y. Otani, Spin transport in non-magnetic nano-structures induced by non-local spin injection, Physica E: Low-dimens. Syst. Nanostruct.68, 239 (2015)

    2015

  71. [79]

    Tatsuoka, N

    K. Tatsuoka, N. Fukumoto, S. Sakamoto, S. Miwa, Y. Fuseya, J. Fujimoto, R. Ohshima, J. Puebla, Y. Ando, and M. Shiraishi, Temperature dependence of charge-to- spin conversion in a rhombohedral (110) bismuth thin film, Phys. Rev. B113, 134422 (2026)

    2026

  72. [80]

    Isshiki, P

    H. Isshiki, P. Muduli, J. Kim, K. Kondou, and Y. Otani, Phenomenological model for the direct and inverse Edel- stein effects, Phys. Rev. B102, 184411 (2020)

    2020

  73. [81]

    S. Xiao, D. Wei, and X. Jin, Bi(111) Thin Film with Insulating Interior but Metallic Surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 166805 (2012)

    2012

  74. [82]

    Hirahara, T

    T. Hirahara, T. Shirai, T. Hajiri, M. Matsunami, K. Tanaka, S. Kimura, S. Hasegawa, and K. Kobayashi, Role of Quantum and Surface-State Effects in the Bulk Fermi-Level Position of Ultrathin Bi Films, Phys. Rev. Lett.115, 106803 (2015)

    2015

  75. [83]

    Bonell, M

    F. Bonell, M. Goto, G. Sauthier, J. F. Sierra, A. I. Figueroa, M. V. Costache, S. Miwa, Y. Suzuki, and S. O. Valenzuela, Control of Spin–Orbit Torques by Interface Engineering in Topological Insulator Heterostructures, Nano Lett.20, 5893 (2020)

    2020

  76. [84]

    F. Nasr, F. Binda, C.-H. Lambert, G. Sala, P. No¨ el, and P. Gambardella, Spin–orbit torques and magnetization switching in Gd/Fe multilayers generated by current in- jection in NiCu alloys, Appl. Phys. Lett.123, 262403 (2023)

    2023

Pith tools

Reviewed July 31, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.