Ab initio phonon self-energies and fluctuation diagnostics of phonon anomalies: Lattice instabilities from Dirac pseudospin physics in transition metal dichalcogenides

We present an ab initio approach for the calculation of phonon self-energies and their fluctuation diagnostics, which allows us to identify the electronic processes behind phonon anomalies. Application to the transition-metal-dichalcogenide monolayer 1H-TaS$_2$ reveals that coupling between the longitudinal-acoustic phonons and the electrons from an isolated low-energy metallic band is entirely responsible for phonon anomalies such as the mode softening and associated charge-density waves observed in this material. Our analysis allows us to distinguish between different mode-softening mechanisms including matrix-element effects, Fermi-surface nesting, and Van Hove scenarios. We find that matrix-element effects originating from a peculiar type of Dirac pseudospin textures control the charge-density-wave physics in 1H-TaS$_2$ and similar transition metal dichalcogenides.