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arxiv: 2605.22931 · v1 · pith:2KHBCVCCnew · submitted 2026-05-21 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP

Towards Doppler eclipse mapping of hot Jupiters. An observational perspective on WASP-33 b with SPIRou

Vincent Yariv , Xavier Bonfils , Nicolas Cowan , Thierry Forveille , Florian Debras , Andres Carmona , Xavier Delfosse , Adrien Masson
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Vivien Parmentier Romain Allart
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 05:28 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP
keywords hot Jupiterseclipse mappinghigh-resolution spectroscopyWASP-33bSPIRouexoplanet atmospheresCO detection
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The pith

Stacking multiple eclipse ingresses and egresses enables tentative CO detection in WASP-33b's atmosphere from in-eclipse data.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper explores using eclipses observed with high-resolution spectroscopy to map the dayside atmosphere of hot Jupiters in three dimensions. They observed eight eclipses of WASP-33b with SPIRou and analyzed them with the ATMOSPHERIX pipeline combined with starry to fit the eclipse mapping signal. A tentative detection of CO is reported from in-eclipse data alone, validating that ingresses and egresses can be stacked coherently to boost signals. The approach marginally improves rotation velocity constraints when combined with dayside data, though injection-recovery tests indicate that about 15 more eclipses would be needed to measure rotation for a synchronously rotating planet. Promising limits are shown for the hot-Jupiter population with next-generation telescopes.

Core claim

By stacking high-resolution spectra from multiple eclipse ingresses and egresses of WASP-33b, the authors achieve the first tentative detection of carbon monoxide using only in-eclipse data, demonstrating that coherent combination of these phases can enhance detection limits and support spatial constraints on the dayside atmosphere.

What carries the argument

The ATMOSPHERIX pipeline combined with the starry package to fit the eclipse mapping signal on stacked ingress and egress spectra from SPIRou observations.

If this is right

  • Tentative CO detection from in-eclipse data alone validates coherent stacking of ingresses and egresses to boost detection limits.
  • Combining eclipses with longer phase-coverage dayside data marginally improves constraints on planetary rotation velocity.
  • For a synchronously rotating WASP-33b, a further 15 eclipses with SPIRou would be required to measure the planet's rotation using this method.
  • The method shows promising detection limits for the population of hot Jupiters with next-generation telescopes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The eclipse-stacking approach could be extended to other ultra-hot Jupiters to obtain dayside atmospheric maps with partial phase coverage.
  • Remaining challenges in processing short time-series data suggest that improved systematics removal could lower the number of eclipses needed for rotation measurements.
  • If the method scales as expected, it may allow ground-based facilities to contribute to three-dimensional atmospheric structure studies without space-based full-orbit coverage.

Load-bearing premise

Injection-recovery tests on archival data accurately predict real-world performance for rotation measurements in short time-series SPIRou observations without unmodeled systematics.

What would settle it

Fifteen or more additional SPIRou eclipse observations of WASP-33b that fail to recover a CO signal or rotation velocity scaling as predicted by the injection-recovery tests.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.22931 by Adrien Masson, Andres Carmona, Florian Debras, Nicolas Cowan, Romain Allart, Thierry Forveille, Vincent Yariv, Vivien Parmentier, Xavier Bonfils, Xavier Delfosse.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic representation of the changing shape of an emission line during secondary eclipse. During ingress–egress, the rotation produces an offset in the line centroid, rather than just symmetrical line broadening. has initially focused on HJs and UHJs, which provide the most favourable signal. As detections have become commonplace, the next frontier for HRS lies in developing robust frameworks to convert… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Radial velocity offset of WASP-33 b from a Keplerian orbit due to the rotation effect for different planet intensity maps and rotation velocities. The insets show zoomed-in images of the occultation ingress and egress phases. The total flux is plotted on the secondary axis for the three day–night contrast values considered. As can be seen, the RV offsets are both more pronounced and less sensitive to the d… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Photon-limited detection S/N of the radial velocity offset of CO lines induced by tidally locked rotation rates for a population of UHJs for ten occultations using instrument parameters for SPIRou. WASP￾33 b is the only target for which the eclipse mapping signal could be detectable above the 3σ level. 3. Observations We obtained eclipse (ingress and egress) observations of WASP￾33 b with SPIRou in 2023 an… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Phase coverage of the observations of WASP-33 b used in this work. The shaded regions represent transit–eclipse phases where the full planet disk is in front of or behind the star, while the dashed lines indi￾cate the starts and ends of ingress and egress. The 2019 programme (PI: Darveau-Bernier), covering longer dayside phases, was taken from the CADC archive. Ingress and egress observations were obtained… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: CCF map for eight ingress–egress pairs observed with SPIRou, showing a detection of CO in emission at S/N=5 at Kp=247+10 −18 km/s and Vsys=4±4 km/s. Cross-sections at the peak S/N (grey dashed lines) and expected planet position (white dash-dotted lines) are shown in grey and black in the side and bottom panels for Kp and Vsys, respectively. As seen in figure 5, this detection presents a double-peaked stru… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Scaling of the CO detection from eclipse data in injected vs real SPIRou observations of WASP-33b, and the corresponding 3σ un￾certainties on the planet’s rotation velocity in injection-recovery tests (green). Indicative square root trends are plotted in line with the ex￾pectations from photon-noise statistics. The precision to detect syn￾chronous rotation at 3σ is reached between 20 and 25 eclipses in inj… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Photon-limited detection S/N of the radial velocity offset induced by tidally locked rotation rates for a population of UHJs, measurable from CO lines in the K band in one occultation with ELT/ANDES. Although ANDES is still several years away, first-light ELT instruments may already offer promising opportunities for Doppler mapping of UHJs. Figure H.1 compares the photon￾limited performance of MICADO and A… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

In the last decade, ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy (HRS) has emerged as a powerful method to probe exoplanet atmospheres both in transit and thermal emission. With HRS science now maturing to reveal these planet's thermal, compositional, and dynamical structure in three dimensions, novel strategies will be key to extracting the maximal scientific output from these rich datasets. In this article, we investigate the potential of exploiting eclipses in order to retrieve spatial constraints on exoplanet dayside atmospheres with HRS, as has been successfully applied at lower spectral resolutions with space-based facilities. To attempt this, we obtained an observations of 8 eclipses (ingress and egress) of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b with SPIRou. We analysed these data with the publicly available ATMOSPHERIX pipeline, which we combined with the starry Python package to fit the eclipse mapping signal. Additionally, we performed injection-recovery tests on archival data to evaluate the detection limits that could be reached with further observations. From our data, we obtain the first tentative detection of CO from in-eclipse data alone, validating that ingresses and egresses may be stacked coherently to boost detection limits. In combination with longer phase-coverage dayside data, our eclipses marginally improve constraints on the planetary rotation velocity. Through injection recovery tests, we show that our results are scaling according to expectations for a synchronously rotating WASP-33b, implying that a further 15 eclipses with SPIRou would be required to measure the planet's rotation using this method. Finally, we present promising detection limits for this method on the population of hot-Jupiters with next generation telescopes, and highlight remaining challenges in data processing for short time series and/or slowly accelerating planets.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper reports SPIRou observations of eight eclipses (ingress and egress) of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b. Using the ATMOSPHERIX pipeline combined with starry, the authors claim the first tentative detection of CO from in-eclipse data alone, demonstrate that coherent stacking of ingresses and egresses boosts detection limits, report a marginal improvement in planetary rotation-velocity constraints when combined with longer phase-coverage dayside data, and use injection-recovery tests on archival data to project that ~15 additional eclipses would suffice to measure the planet's rotation for a synchronously rotating WASP-33b. The work also presents population-level detection limits for next-generation telescopes and notes remaining challenges for short time-series data.

Significance. If the tentative CO detection holds and the injection-recovery results prove representative, the manuscript establishes a practical route to Doppler eclipse mapping of hot-Jupiter daysides with existing high-resolution spectrographs, complementing transit and full-phase observations. The use of public pipelines, new multi-epoch eclipse data, and explicit scaling predictions from injection tests are concrete strengths that would make the method immediately testable by other groups.

major comments (1)
  1. [section on injection-recovery tests] Section on injection-recovery tests: the tests are performed on archival data whose noise properties, time sampling, and stellar-activity content may differ from the actual eight short SPIRou eclipse sequences of WASP-33b (A-star host with known pulsations). If residual tellurics, instrumental drifts, or stellar line variability on the eclipse timescale are stronger in the real data, both the reported tentative detection significance and the extrapolated requirement of ~15 additional eclipses become unreliable; this assumption is load-bearing for the central claim that the method scales as expected.
minor comments (1)
  1. [abstract] Abstract: 'an observations of 8 eclipses' contains a grammatical error.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful and constructive review. We address the single major comment below and have prepared a revised manuscript that incorporates the suggested clarifications.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Section on injection-recovery tests: the tests are performed on archival data whose noise properties, time sampling, and stellar-activity content may differ from the actual eight short SPIRou eclipse sequences of WASP-33b (A-star host with known pulsations). If residual tellurics, instrumental drifts, or stellar line variability on the eclipse timescale are stronger in the real data, both the reported tentative detection significance and the extrapolated requirement of ~15 additional eclipses become unreliable; this assumption is load-bearing for the central claim that the method scales as expected.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this important caveat. The injection-recovery tests were performed on archival SPIRou observations of other hot Jupiters to assess realistic instrumental and telluric noise under comparable high-resolution setups. The tentative CO detection itself is obtained directly from the eight WASP-33b eclipse sequences and is independent of the injection tests. The ~15-eclipse projection is presented as an indicative scaling under the assumption that future observations will have noise properties similar to the archival sample. We agree that WASP-33’s A-star pulsations could introduce additional variability on eclipse timescales not fully represented in the archival data. In the revised manuscript we will add an explicit discussion paragraph in the injection-recovery section stating the assumptions, noting that the required number of eclipses is a projection that may change if stellar activity or residual systematics prove stronger, and qualifying the central claim accordingly. This revision will be made without altering the reported detection or the overall conclusions. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: claims rest on new eclipse observations and external archival injection tests

full rationale

The paper reports analysis of fresh SPIRou eclipse data for WASP-33b using the public ATMOSPHERIX pipeline plus the starry package, yielding a tentative CO detection from in-eclipse spectra alone and a marginal improvement when combined with phase-curve data. The scaling to predict ~15 additional eclipses is obtained by applying injection-recovery tests performed on separate archival datasets, not by fitting parameters to the target observations and relabeling them as predictions. No equations, self-citations, or ansatzes are shown to reduce the central results to their own inputs by construction; the derivation chain is therefore self-contained against the new observations and independent test data.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review provides no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; standard assumptions of high-resolution spectroscopy pipelines are implicit but not detailed.

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