Representations of Noisy $N$-Ports

Daniel Molnar (University of Cambridge); Martin Bucher (Universit\'e Paris Cit\'e/CNRS)

Representations of Noisy N-Ports

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arxiv 2404.10502 v1 pith:2N4XSMCB submitted 2024-04-16 astro-ph.IM

Representations of Noisy N-Ports

Martin Bucher (Universit\'e Paris Cit\'e/CNRS) , Daniel Molnar (University of Cambridge) This is my paper

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Much has been written about the representation of noisy linear 2-ports. Here we present a theory of noisy $N$-ports. We show how in the general case there are $(2N)!/(N!)^2$ equivalent representations and give the transformations relating them. We also discuss singular cases in which some of the transformations are not possible as well as how to measure the noise properties of an $N$-port. This work is motivated by the REACH experiment to observe the global 21 cm signal for which modelling noise with exquisite precision is essential for a reliable calibration.

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Global 21cm Measurement Calibration Methodology
astro-ph.CO 2026-07 accept novelty 5.0

Three-way Dicke switching is inadequate for broadband global 21cm work; five independent calibrators plus the classical four noise parameters yield the correct absolute temperature, and Rogers & Bowman (2012) missed |...