Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 39 references

The radiative decay of 229mTh isomers in CaF2 and MgF2 crystals is measurably quenched by α and β radiation, with the effect varying by up to two orders of magnitude across samples.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Alpha and beta radiation quenches the 229mTh isomer's VUV decay in CaF2 and MgF2, with probabilities differing up to two orders of magnitude between samples.

T0 review reviewed 2026-08-04 challenge →

arxiv 2607.21245 v2 pith:3HFQHGNJ submitted 2026-07-23 nucl-ex

Exploring α- and β-decay-induced quenching of the ²²⁹Th nuclear-clock isomer in solid-state hosts

Y. Elskens , M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis , S. Arasada Pradeep , M. Au , S. Bara , M. Bartokos , K. Beeks , C. Bernerd
show 47 more authors
B. Biesmans S. Casci P. Chhetri K. Chrysalidis A. Claessens T. E. Cocolios J. G. Correia A. R. G. Costa H. De Witte S. B. Diewald Ch. E. D\"ullmann R. Ferrer R. Heinke G. Holthoff F. Ivandikov Yu. Kudryavtsev U. K\"oster S. Kraemer M. Laatiaoui R. Lica C. Merckling J. Moens I. Morawetz D. Moritz L. M. C. Pereira S. V. Pineda S. Raeder S. Rothe S. Sabrieva M. Satrazani F. Schaden K. Scharl T. Schumm S. Stegemann J. Stricker T. Teschler P. G. Thirolf P. Van den Bergh P. Van Duppen A. Vantomme R. Villarreal L. von der Wense U. Wahl Y. Wang M. Wiesinger Z. Yue F. Zacherl
This is my paper
classification nucl-ex
keywords 229mTh isomernuclear clockquenchinginternal conversionCaF2MgF2radiative decayvacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper establishes that radiation from α and β decays shortens the observable radiative lifetime of the 229mTh nuclear-clock isomer when it is embedded in fluoride crystals. By tracking the VUV decay signal over time after ion implantation, the authors extract per-decay quenching probabilities for each radiation type in several CaF2 samples and one MgF2 crystal. The values span roughly two orders of magnitude depending on crystal quality and defect density, and in CaF2 an α decay is about four times more likely than a β decay to trigger quenching. The authors argue the mechanism is charge-carrier mediated: electrons created along the decay track survive early recombination, get trapped near thorium defects, and open an internal-conversion decay channel. A key practical consequence is that self-quenching from the host's own radioactivity is negligible at thorium densities currently used in solid-state nuclear clock experiments.

Core claim

In the authors' picture, the radiative decay of the isomeric ensemble obeys a modified Bateman equation with an extra time-dependent decay constant λQ(t)=qβ Aβ+qα Aα, where Aβ and Aα are the total beta and alpha activities in the crystal and qβ, qα are per-decay quenching probabilities. Fitting the measured VUV signal time curves yields sample-dependent qβ values, e.g. 6.5e-12 Bq^-1 in UV-grade CaF2, ~4e-11 in the 350°C epitaxial film with qα/qβ=4.0±0.7, and a much stronger response in MgF2 with average ~8.2e-10 Bq^-1. They also find that the isomer population splits into at least two fractions with different quenching sensitivities, and that the radiative-decay fraction, once decoupled from

What carries the argument

The central device is the activity-dependent quenching decay constant λQ(t)=qβ Aβ+qα Aα added to the Bateman equations describing the 229Ac→229mTh feeding chain. It lets the authors separate the intrinsic radiative decay from radiation-induced internal conversion without knowing absolute feeding or detection efficiency, by treating those as a single normalization factor. A secondary piece is the two-fraction split of the isomer ensemble, which captures different local electronic configurations with different quenching probabilities, and the ABC electron-hole recombination model used to rationalize why α and β quenching probabilities differ by only a factor of four.

Load-bearing premise

The analysis assumes the quenching rate is strictly linear in the instantaneous beta and alpha activities with constant per-decay probabilities qβ and qα, independent of local ionization density, track overlap, cumulative dose, or trap occupation.

What would settle it

Measure the VUV decay curve after identical implantations into the same crystal at two markedly different specific activities (e.g., by varying implantation rate or adding a long-lived alpha emitter). If the extracted qβ or qα change with activity level or accumulated dose, the linear constant-probability model fails. Alternatively, measure the MgF2 radiative half-life directly; if it is substantially shorter than 523 s, the inferred MgF2 quenching probabilities drop, and the claimed material dependence weakens.

Watch this falsifier. Get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • If the central claim holds, intrinsic radioactivity of 229Th-doped crystals at densities ~5e18 cm^-3 causes only ~1e-5 quenching, so solid-state nuclear clock operation is not limited by self-quenching.
  • The measured per-decay probabilities can be used to design and select host crystals: lower defect density (e.g., UV-grade CaF2) minimizes radiation-induced quenching.
  • The decoupling of RDF from quenching in this analysis suggests that relative radiative-decay fractions observed previously at signal apex may need revision.
  • The qα/qβ ≈ 4 ratio constrains the microscopic quenching mechanism, favouring charge-carrier-mediated pathways over photon- or heat-mediated ones.
  • The methodology extends to other hosts and to temperature-dependent quenching studies.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A direct test of the linear model would be to vary implantation dose and check whether qβ and qα remain constant; if the effective probabilities drift, the model would need to be replaced by a dose- or track-density-dependent description.
  • The strong MgF2 quenching estimate relies on an assumed 523 s radiative half-life; a measured half-life (e.g., via direct single-isomer detection or Purcell-corrected lifetime) would either confirm the enhanced quenching or revise it.
  • If the electron-capture picture is right, co-doping or surface treatments that reduce electron trapping might systematically lower q values, offering a practical knob for clock material engineering.
  • Extending the time-window of observation could separate delayed release from color centers, potentially revealing a second, slower quenching component.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper reports time-resolved VUV spectroscopy of the radiative decay of 229mTh isomers embedded in CaF2 and MgF2, populated by the beta decay of 229Ac after ion implantation. The decay curves are modeled with Bateman equations extended by an activity-dependent quenching rate lambda_Q(t) = q_beta A_beta + q_alpha A_alpha (Eq. 3). A Bayesian MCMC analysis infers per-decay quenching probabilities q_beta and q_alpha for several samples, finding values spanning two orders of magnitude, a q_alpha/q_beta ratio of 4.0 +/- 0.7 in a CaF2 350 sample, and evidence for two isomer fractions with different quenching sensitivities. Emission channeling on the CaF2 thin films links non-substitutional Th to non-radiative losses. The authors further estimate that intrinsic 229Th radioactivity causes negligible self-quenching (~1e-5) at typical solid-state clock densities.

Significance. If the quantitative results hold, this is a valuable systematic study for the solid-state nuclear clock program: it provides the first direct quantification of alpha- and beta-decay-induced quenching of the 229mTh radiative decay in CaF2 and MgF2, and it gives a concrete framework for separating activity-dependent quenching from static radiative-decay losses. The abrupt VUV signal drop after 220Fr implantation (Fig. 4) is strong, direct evidence for alpha-induced quenching. The paper is also transparent about several limitations, such as the estimated MgF2 radiative half-life. However, the quantitative claims currently rest on two unpropagated systematics and an untested linearity assumption; these need to be addressed before the specific q-values and the q_alpha/q_beta ratio can be taken as definitive.

major comments (3)
  1. [§III.B, Appendix Eq. (6)-(7)] The absolute scale of q_alpha is set by the 220Fr implantation rate, estimated from the Faraday-cup calibration as 2e8 pps with no quoted uncertainty. Because q_alpha is inversely proportional to this rate, the reported q_alpha = (7±3)e-11 Bq^-1 and the key ratio q_alpha/q_beta = 4.0±0.7 do not include the dominant systematic. The authors should propagate the calibration uncertainty or, at minimum, show how q_alpha/q_beta varies over the plausible range of the 220Fr rate.
  2. [§III.A, Table II] All MgF2 q_beta values are computed assuming trad = 523 s, obtained from n^-3 scaling with an extrapolated refractive index. The text explicitly notes that this is an estimate and that freeing the half-life leads to strong parameter correlations, but the tabulated uncertainties exclude this systematic. Since the MgF2 quenching probabilities and the 129-fold enhancement factor relative to CaF2 UV scale with the assumed lambda_0, a sensitivity analysis or an added systematic term in Table II is required. The statement that the conclusions are conservative needs to be made quantitative.
  3. [§II.D, Eq. (3)] The linear quenching law lambda_Q = q_beta A_beta + q_alpha A_alpha is imported from Refs. [16,19] and is not validated within this dataset. The authors later call q_alpha and q_beta 'effective probabilities,' but the discrimination between carrier-mediated and other mechanisms via q_alpha/q_beta depends on the linearity assumption. No test with varying 220Fr activity, dose, or track-overlap conditions is presented, nor is a discussion of the regime in which Eq. (3) holds given the nonlinear ABC recombination model in Eq. (4). This limitation should be made explicit and, if possible, tested with existing or future data.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Table II] Entries with q_beta^(2) = 0 should be labeled as fixed parameters rather than as measured values. Also, the 0.01 uncertainty on the CaF2 850 relative RDF appears suspiciously small given the two-dataset combination; please clarify how the standard deviation of the posterior medians was computed.
  2. [§III.A, text after Table II] The sentence 'the relative RDF values are, within uncertainties, consistent' should specify that this refers to the bulk crystals (standard, UV, MgF2), not the thin films (CaF2 350 and 850, with relative RDF 0.56 and 0.20). The current wording invites confusion with the full table.
  3. [§II.C, Eq. (1)] The correction factor f(t) is introduced without definition before Eq. (1); it is described only afterward. A one-line definition before the equation would improve readability.
  4. [Fig. 4 caption] Please state which A=229 activities (or implantation-rate values) were used in the model for the simultaneous beta-quenching correction, since the q_alpha fit depends on that correction.
  5. [Appendix A] Equation numbering restarts at (1) in the appendix, which can be confused with the main-text numbering. Please use an 'A' prefix (e.g., Eq. (A1)) or a separate numbering scheme.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; the central quantities are fit parameters extracted from time-resolved data, and modeling assumptions are stated rather than derived from the effects they are used to infer.

full rationale

The paper's central outputs—qβ, qα, qα/qβ, sample-to-sample ⟨qβ⟩, and the ~1e-5 self-quenching estimate—are not predictions forced by the model inputs. They are obtained by fitting a Bateman-type population model (Eq. 2, Appendix Eqs. 2a–2b) to the measured time behavior of the VUV radiative-decay signal, with λQ(t) as an assumed linear function of activities (Eq. 3). That linearity is explicitly an assumption ('for which a linear relationship is assumed, based on the work of Refs. [16,19]'), not a consequence of the data, so importing it from prior work (some with overlapping authors) is a stated modeling choice rather than a self-citation chain that manufactures the result. The MCMC-inferred parameters—qβ^(1), qβ^(2), ξ, η—are free and independently constrained by the time shape; no subset of data is pre-fit and re-announced as a prediction. The ratio qα/qβ = 4.0 ± 0.7 is a ratio of two fitted parameters, not a predicted quantity used as input. The RDF, defined in Sec. II.D and the Appendix as absorbing time-independent static non-radiative losses into overall normalization, is a definitional bookkeeping choice; the comparison of relative RDF across samples is still an empirical output of the joint fit, and the Appendix openly states that static quenching would enter RDF. The MgF2 radiative half-life of 523 s from n^-3 scaling is an external input whose systematic effect is acknowledged and shown to be conservative. Overall, no equation reduces by construction to its own input, and no load-bearing result depends on a self-citation that is itself unverified.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

8 free parameters · 7 axioms · 0 invented entities

No new particles, forces, or conserved quantities are introduced. The ledger is dominated by fitted experimental calibration parameters (quenching probabilities, fraction ξ, efficiency η, 220Fr rate) and two imported modeling assumptions: the linear activity-dependence of quenching and the two-fraction partition. The 'Th defect state |d⟩' and trapped-electron picture are borrowed from prior literature.

free parameters (8)
  • qβ^(1) (beta quenching probability, sensitive fraction) = CaF2 350: 3.9e-11 Bq^-1; CaF2 850: 1.0e-10; CaF2 std: 1.44e-10; CaF2 UV: 6.5e-12; MgF2: 1.3e-9 (Table II medians)
    Fitted in MCMC from the time behavior of the VUV signal; a central quantity of the paper.
  • qβ^(2) (beta quenching probability, insensitive fraction) = 0 (fixed for CaF2 datasets); MgF2: 5.1e-11 Bq^-1
    Second fraction in the model; fixed to zero when not constrained by the data.
  • ξ (fraction of isomers in sensitive configuration) = 0.86±0.03 (CaF2 350), 0.63±0.02 (CaF2 850), 0.56±0.04 (CaF2 std), 1 (CaF2 UV), 0.62±0.06 (MgF2)
    Fitted fraction weighting the two quenching components.
  • η (overall efficiency = εI × RDF × BR) = not reported; per-dataset nuisance
    Absorbs absolute isomer feeding, radiative-decay fraction, and instrumental efficiency; used to derive relative RDF.
  • qα^(1) (alpha quenching probability) = 7±3e-11 Bq^-1 in CaF2 350
    Fitted from the abrupt VUV signal drop after A=220 implantation; scales inversely with the assumed 220Fr implantation rate.
  • 220Fr implantation rate = ~2e8 pps (estimated)
    Estimated from Faraday-cup readings calibrated against A=229 gamma-ray-derived rates; systematic uncertainty not propagated into qα.
  • MgF2 radiative half-life = 523 s (assumed via n^-3 scaling)
    Chosen by hand from a scaling of the CaF2 half-life and an extrapolated refractive index; affects all MgF2 quenching probabilities and is not included in Table II uncertainties.
  • Cherenkov background polynomial coefficients c_i = not listed; fixed from A=230 fits
    Fit to A=230 control spectra and kept fixed when fitting A=229 spectra (Eq. 1).
axioms (7)
  • standard math Bateman equations describe the radioactive decay chain with known half-lives (Eqs. 1a-c in Appendix A).
    Standard radioactive decay kinetics; used as the backbone of the time-behavior model.
  • domain assumption The quenching rate is linear in total activity: λQ(t) = qβ Aβ + qα Aα (Eq. 3).
    Load-bearing assumption imported from Refs. [16,19]; nonlinear or history-dependent quenching would change the interpretation of q.
  • domain assumption Isomers exist in two fractions with distinct, constant quenching probabilities (Eqs. 2a-b in Appendix A).
    The number of fractions is selected from the data ('better described') without a quantitative model-comparison criterion.
  • domain assumption RDF is defined as the radiatively active fraction in the absence of activity-dependent quenching; all static losses are absorbed into the normalization.
    Makes the relative-RDF comparison partly definitional; static quenching cannot be separately identified.
  • domain assumption Radiative half-life in a medium scales as n^-3 (Purcell effect), with MgF2 refractive index extrapolated at 148.5 nm.
    Used to set λ0 for MgF2 (523 s); the authors acknowledge this is an estimate.
  • domain assumption Cherenkov background is described by a second-degree polynomial with coefficients from A=230 implantations.
    Assumed spectral shape for the background in Eq. (1); if wrong, it would bias the Gaussian signal amplitude.
  • domain assumption ABC recombination model (Eq. 4) describes electron-hole recombination in the interpretation of qα/qβ.
    Used only to explain the small qα/qβ ratio, not to derive the central numbers.

reviewed 2026-08-04 · how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Exploring $\alpha$- and $\beta$-decay-induced quenching of the $^{229}$Th nuclear-clock isomer in solid-state hosts." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/3HFQHGNJ

@misc{pith2026260721245,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Exploring $\alpha$- and $\beta$-decay-induced quenching of the $^229$Th nuclear-clock isomer in solid-state hosts},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/3HFQHGNJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.21245}
}
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN
read the original abstract

The radiative decay dynamics of an ensemble of $^{229\mathrm{m}}$Th nuclei embedded in CaF$_2$ and MgF$_2$ is investigated. The isomer is populated through $\beta$ decay of $^{229}$Ac following ion implantation, and its radiative decay is detected using vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy and measured as a function of time. This allows to identify and quantify the quenching of the radiative-decay signal induced by $\alpha$ or $\beta$ radiation. The quenching probability density is determined in different CaF$_2$ crystals and in a MgF$_2$ crystal, revealing differences up to two orders of magnitude between the investigated samples and a strong dependence on the host material and defect densities. The results support a microscopic mechanism mediated by charge carriers in which electronic excitations created by the decay radiation are captured near Th defects, thereby favoring non-radiative decay channels.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.21245 by A. Claessens, A. R. G. Costa, A. Vantomme, B. Biesmans, C. Bernerd, Ch. E. D\"ullmann, C. Merckling, D. Moritz, F. Ivandikov, F. Schaden, F. Zacherl, G. Holthoff, H. de Witte, I. Morawetz, J. G. Correia, J. Moens, J. Stricker, K. Beeks, K. Chrysalidis, K. Scharl, L. M. C. Pereira, L. von der Wense, M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, M. Au, M. Bartokos, M. Laatiaoui, M. Satrazani, M. Wiesinger, P. Chhetri, P. G. Thirolf, P. Van den Bergh, P. Van Duppen, R. Ferrer, R. Heinke, R. Lica, R. Villarreal, S. Arasada Pradeep, S. Bara, S. B. Diewald, S. Casci, S. Kraemer, S. Raeder, S. Rothe, S. Sabrieva, S. Stegemann, S. V. Pineda, T. E. Cocolios, T. Schumm, T. Teschler, U. K\"oster, U. Wahl, Y. Elskens, Yu. Kudryavtsev, Y. Wang, Z. Yue.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. VUV spectra after [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Example of a spectrum collected from a MgF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Time behavior of the radiative-decay rate in MgF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Effect of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Experimental and best-fit simulated emission chan [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Right: Experimental emission channeling patterns [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_1.png] view at source ↗

Review history (2 revisions) →

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

39 extracted references · 2 linked inside Pith

  1. [1]

    Peik and C

    E. Peik and C. Tamm, Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in 229Th, EPL (Europhysics Letters)61, 181 (2003)

    2003

  2. [2]

    Tiedau, M

    J. Tiedau, M. V. Okhapkin, K. Zhang, J. Thielking, G. Zitzer, E. Peik, F. Schaden, T. Pronebner, I. Morawetz, L. T. De Col, F. Schneider, A. Leitner, M. Pressler, G. A. Kazakov, K. Beeks, T. Sikorsky, and T. Schumm, Laser excitation of the Th-229 nucleus, Physical Review Letters 132, 182501 (2024)

    2024

  3. [3]

    E. Peik, T. Schumm, M. S. Safronova, A. P´ alffy, J. Weit- enberg, and P. G. Thirolf, Nuclear clocks for testing fun- damental physics, Quantum Science and Technology6, 034002 (2021)

    2021

  4. [4]

    P. G. Thirolf, S. Kraemer, D. Moritz, and K. Scharl, The thorium isomer 229mTh: review of status and perspec- tives after more than 50 years of research, The European Physical Journal Special Topics233, 1113 (2024)

    2024

  5. [5]

    Caputo, D

    A. Caputo, D. Gazit, H.-W. Hammer, J. Kopp, G. Paz, G. Perez, and K. Springmann, Sensitivity of nuclear clocks to new physics, Phys. Rev. C112, L031302 (2025)

    2025

  6. [6]

    Arakawa, J

    J. Arakawa, J. F. Doyle, E. Fuchs, J. S. Higgins, F. Kirk, K. Li, T. Ooi, G. Perez, W. Ratzinger, M. S. Safronova, et al., Probing ultralight dark matter at the mega-planck scale with the thorium nuclear clock, arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.16804 (2026)

    arXiv 2026

  7. [7]

    L. T. D. Col, T. Riebner, I. Morawetz, F. Schnei- der, N. Sempelmann, J. Schlachet-L´ epinay, F. Schaden, M. Bartokos, G. A. Kazakov, K. Beeks, B. Gerstenecker, M. Pimon, S. Lahs, A. Hellerschmied, T. Lercher, J. Prem- per, A. Niessner, M. Matus, H. Denker, M. Cizek, O. Cip, V. Lal, G. Zitzer, V. Petrov, J. Tiedau, M. V. Okhap- kin, E. Peik, and T. Schumm...

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  8. [8]

    von der Wense, B

    L. von der Wense, B. Seiferle, M. Laatiaoui, J. B. Neu- mayr, H.-J. Maier, H.-F. Wirth, C. Mokry, J. Runke, K. Eberhardt, C. E. D¨ ullmann,et al., Direct detection of the 229Th nuclear clock transition, Nature533, 47 (2016)

    2016

  9. [9]

    Verlinde, S

    M. Verlinde, S. Kraemer, J. Moens, K. Chrysalidis, J. Cor- reia, S. Cottenier, H. De Witte, D. Fedorov, V. Fedosseev, R. Ferrer,et al., Alternative approach to populate and study the 229Th nuclear clock isomer, Physical Review C 100, 024315 (2019)

    2019

  10. [10]

    Kraemer, J

    S. Kraemer, J. Moens, M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, S. Bara, K. Beeks, P. Chhetri, K. Chrysalidis, A. Claessens, T. E. Cocolios, J. G. M. Correia, H. D. Witte, R. Ferrer, S. Geldhof, R. Heinke, N. Hosseini, M. Huyse, U. K¨ oster, Y. Kudryavtsev, M. Laatiaoui, R. Lica, G. Magchiels, V. Manea, C. Merckling, L. M. C. Pereira, S. Raeder, T. Schumm, S. Sels, P....

    2023

  11. [11]

    S. V. Pineda, P. Chhetri, S. Bara, Y. Elskens, S. Casci, A. N. Alexandrova, M. Au, M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, M. Bartokos, K. Beeks, C. Bernerd, A. Claessens, K. Chrysalidis, T. E. Cocolios, J. G. Correia, H. De Witte, R. Elwell, R. Ferrer, R. Heinke, E. R. Hudson, F. Ivandikov, Y. Kudryavtsev, U. K¨ oster, S. Kraemer, M. Laatiaoui, R. Lica, C. Mercklin...

    2025

  12. [12]

    Elwell, C

    R. Elwell, C. Schneider, J. Jeet, J. E. S. Terhune, H. W. T. Morgan, A. Alexandrova, H. B. Tran Tan, A. Derevianko, and E. R. Hudson, Laser excitation of the 229Th nuclear isomeric transition in a solid-state host, Physical Review Letters133, 013201 (2024)

    2024

  13. [13]

    Zhang, T

    C. Zhang, T. Ooi, J. S. Higgins, J. F. Doyle, L. von der Wense, K. Beeks, A. Leitner, G. A. Kazakov, P. Li, P. G. Thirolf, T. Schumm, and J. Ye, Frequency ratio of the 229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the 87Sr atomic clock, Nature633, 63 (2024)

    2024

  14. [14]

    Claessens, F

    A. Claessens, F. Ivandikov, M. Brasseur, A. Dragoun, C. E. D¨ ullmann, R. Ferrer, Y. Kudryavtsev, P. Palmeri, P. Quinet, S. Raeder, D. Renisch, P. Van den Bergh, and P. Van Duppen, Thorium in hypersonic gas jets: Ionization potentials of Th and Th +, Phys. Rev. A112, 052810 (2025)

    2025

  15. [15]

    Seiferle, L

    B. Seiferle, L. von der Wense, and P. G. Thirolf, Lifetime measurement of the 229Th nuclear isomer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 042501 (2017)

    2017

  16. [16]

    Hiraki, K

    T. Hiraki, K. Okai, M. Bartokos, K. Beeks, H. Fujimoto, Y. Fukunaga, H. Haba, Y. Kasamatsu, S. Kitao, A. Leit- ner,et al., Controlling 229Th isomeric state population in 13 a VUV transparent crystal, Nature communications15, 5536 (2024)

    2024

  17. [17]

    M. Guan, M. Bartokos, K. Beeks, H. Fujimoto, Y. Fuku- naga, H. Haba, T. Hiraki, Y. Kasamatsu, S. Ki- tao, A. Leitner, T. Masuda, N. Nagasawa, K. Okai, R. Ogake, M. Pimon, M. Pressler, N. Sasao, F. Schaden, T. Schumm, M. Seto, Y. Shigekawa, K. Shimizu, T. Siko- rsky, K. Tamasaku, S. Takatori, T. Watanabe, A. Yam- aguchi, Y. Yoda, A. Yoshimi, and K. Yoshimu...

    2026

  18. [18]

    Schaden, T

    F. Schaden, T. Riebner, I. Morawetz, L. T. De Col, G. A. Kazakov, K. Beeks, T. Sikorsky, T. Schumm, K. Zhang, V. Lal, G. Zitzer, J. Tiedau, M. V. Okhapkin, and E. Peik, Laser-induced quenching of the Th-229 nuclear clock isomer in calcium fluoride, Phys. Rev. Res.7, L022036 (2025)

    2025

  19. [19]

    J. E. S. Terhune, R. Elwell, H. B. T. Tan, U. C. Perera, H. W. T. Morgan, A. N. Alexandrova, A. Derevianko, and E. R. Hudson, Photoinduced quenching of the 229Th isomer in a solid-state host, Phys. Rev. Res.7, L022062 (2025)

    2025

  20. [20]

    Hiraki, T

    T. Hiraki, T. Masuda, S. Takatori, F. Schaden, M. Bartokos, K. Beeks, Y. Fukunaga, A. Gr¨ uneis, M. Guan, G. Kazakov, T. LaGrange, A. Leitner, I. Morawetz, R. Ogake, K. Okai, M. Pimon, M. Pressler, T. Riebner, N. Sasao, F. Schneider, T. Schumm, K. Shimizu, L. T. de Col, T. Sikorsky, A. Yoshimi, and K. Yoshimura, Laser M¨ ossbauer spectroscopy of229Th (202...

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  21. [21]

    Kraemer, P

    S. Kraemer, P. Chhetri, S. Bara, A. Claessens, H. De Witte, Y. Elskens, R. Ferrer, Y. Kudryavtsev, S. Sels, P. Van Den Bergh, and P. Van Duppen, A setup for vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy of the 229Th low-energy isomer, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms542, 1 (2023)

    2023

  22. [22]

    Catherall, W

    R. Catherall, W. Andreazza, M. Breitenfeldt, A. Dorsival, G. J. Focker, T. P. Gharsa, G. T J, J.-L. Grenard, F. Locci, P. Martins, S. Marzari, J. Schipper, A. Shornikov, and T. Stora, The isolde facility, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics44, 094002 (2017)

    2017

  23. [23]

    Kraemer and P

    S. Kraemer and P. V. Duppen,Vacuum-ultraviolet spec- troscopy of the radiative decay of the low-energy isomer in 229Th, Ph.D. thesis, KU Leuven - Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica (2022)

    2022

  24. [24]

    Morse, Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF), Nuclear Data Sheets204, 409 (2026)

    C. Morse, Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF), Nuclear Data Sheets204, 409 (2026)

    2026

  25. [25]

    Auranen and E

    K. Auranen and E. A. Mccutchan, Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF), Nuclear Data Sheets168, 117 (2020)

    2020

  26. [26]

    M. J. Martin, Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF), Nuclear Data Sheets108, 1583 (2007)

    2007

  27. [27]

    F. G. Kondev, J. K. Tuli, and E. Browne, Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF), Nuclear Data Sheets208, 397 (2026)

    2026

  28. [28]

    S. Casci,Decay spectroscopy of 229Th implanted crys- tals for a nuclear clock, Master’s thesis, Universit` a di Camerino (2024), supervisors: Alessandro Saltarelli; Co- supervisors: Piet Van Duppen, Silvia Bara, Yens Elskens

    2024

  29. [29]

    De Vries, U

    B. De Vries, U. Wahl, S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, and A. Van- tomme, Influence of crystal mosaicity on axial channeling effects and lattice site determination of impurities, Ap- plied Physics Letters103, 172108 (2013)

    2013

  30. [30]

    E. V. Tkalya, C. Schneider, J. Jeet, and E. R. Hudson, Radiative lifetime and energy of the low-energy isomeric level in 229Th, Phys. Rev. C92, 054324 (2015)

    2015

  31. [31]

    Li, Refractive index of alkaline earth halides and its wavelength and temperature derivatives, Journal of phys- ical and chemical reference data9, 161 (1980)

    H. Li, Refractive index of alkaline earth halides and its wavelength and temperature derivatives, Journal of phys- ical and chemical reference data9, 161 (1980)

    1980

  32. [32]

    H. W. T. Morgan, H. B. Tran Tan, R. Elwell, A. N. Alexandrova, E. R. Hudson, and A. Derevianko, Theory of internal conversion of the 229Th nuclear isomer in solid- state hosts, Phys. Rev. Lett.134, 253801 (2025)

    2025

  33. [33]

    J. Cang, X. Fang, Z. Zeng, M. Zeng, Y. Liu, Z. Sun, and Z. Chen, Ionization-density-dependent scintillation pulse shape and mechanism of luminescence quenching in labr3: Ce, Physical Review Applied14, 064075 (2020)

    2020

  34. [34]

    M. A. Hopkins, D. Allsopp, M. Kappers, R. Oliver, and C. Humphreys, The abc model of recombination rein- terpreted: Impact on understanding carrier transport and efficiency droop in ingan/gan light emitting diodes, Journal of Applied Physics122(2017)

    2017

  35. [35]

    Z. Wang, Y. Xie, L. W. Campbell, F. Gao, and S. Kerisit, Monte carlo simulations of electron thermalization in al- kali iodide and alkaline-earth fluoride scintillators, Journal of Applied Physics112(2012)

    2012

  36. [36]

    Kawaguchi, H

    N. Kawaguchi, H. Kimura, M. Akatsuka, G. Okada, N. Kawano, K. Fukuda, and T. Yanagida, Scintillation characteristics of pr: CaF 2 crystals for charged-particle detection, Sens. Mater30, 1585 (2018)

    2018

  37. [37]

    X. Li, D. Kwon, K. Tetsuno, I. Kim, H. Kim, H. Lee, S. Yoshida, Y. Kim, M. Lee, S. Umehara,et al., Study of a large CaF 2 (Eu) scintillating bolometer for neutrinoless double beta decay, inJournal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1468 (IOP Publishing, 2020) p. 012116

    2020

  38. [38]

    manybeam

    T. Ooi, J. F. Doyle, C. Zhang, J. S. Higgins, J. Ye, K. Beeks, T. Sikorsky, and T. Schumm, Frequency re- producibility of solid-state thorium-229 nuclear clocks, Nature , 1 (2026). Exploringα- andβ-decay-induced quenching of the 229Th nuclear-clock isomer in solid-state hosts Y. Elskens,1,∗ M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis,1 S. Arasada Pradeep, 2 M. Au, 3 S. B...

    2026

  39. [39]

    Verlinde, S

    M. Verlinde, S. Kraemer, J. Moens, K. Chrysalidis, J. Cor- reia, S. Cottenier, H. De Witte, D. Fedorov, V. Fedosseev, R. Ferrer,et al., Physical Review C100, 024315 (2019)

    2019

This paper was first reviewed by deepseek-v4-flash on August 4, 2026.