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Realizing string breaking dynamics in a $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory on quantum hardware

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arxiv 2504.13760 v1 pith:45ICHYMA submitted 2025-04-18 hep-lat quant-ph

classification hep-latquant-ph
keywords staticbreakingquantumchargesstringgaugehardwaretheory
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

We investigate static and dynamical aspects of string breaking in a $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory coupled to Kogut-Susskind staggered fermions. Using Tensor Network simulations, we demonstrate that the static potential as well as the site-resolved configuration of the matter sites and gauge links allows us to identify the regimes in which string breaking occurs. Furthermore, we develop a variational quantum eigensolver that allows for reliably preparing the ground state of the theory in both the absence and presence of static charges and to capture the static aspects of the phenomenon. Carrying out state preparation on real quantum hardware for up to 19 qubits, we demonstrate its suitability for current quantum devices. In addition, we study the real-time dynamics of a flux tube between two static charges using both Tensor Networks and quantum hardware. Using a trotterization for the time-evolution operator, we are able to show that the breaking process starts with the creation of charges inside the string. These eventually redistribute towards the static charges and screen them, which leads to the breaking of the flux tube.

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Arbitrary-Distance Quantum Error Correction with Gauss's Law for $\mathbb Z_2$ Lattice Gauge Theory

    hep-lat 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    Gauss's law constraints in Z2 lattice gauge theory can be made into quantum error-correcting codes of arbitrary distance, with provably optimal encoding rate within the constructed family.

  2. Nonlocal Nonstabilizerness from Holographic Schwinger Pair Production

    hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    In holographic Schwinger pair production, the excess capacity of entanglement is √λ(d−2)/(d−1)³ — positive for d>2, zero for d=2 — so the produced pair carries nonlocal magic for d>2.

  3. String Breaking Dynamics and Glueball Formation in a $2+1$D Lattice Gauge Theory

    hep-lat 2025-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    In a 2+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory, string breaking happens only at specific resonances set by field strength and matter mass, while long strings can dynamically form closed electric loops analogous to glueballs.

  4. Scalable Quantum Algorithm for Meson Scattering in a Lattice Gauge Theory

    quant-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A non-variational quantum subspace expansion builds high-fidelity meson creation operators, and Givens-rotation circuits prepare meson wave packets with O(L^2) CNOT gates and O(L) depth in a (1+1)-dimensional Z2 latti...

  5. Quantum computation of hadron scattering in a lattice gauge theory

    quant-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    On a trapped-ion quantum computer, the authors prepared multiple meson wave packets and simulated their early-time collisions in a 1+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory.

  6. Observation of hadron scattering in a lattice gauge theory on a quantum computer

    quant-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    The authors observe elastic and confined scattering, plus mass-quench-induced inelastic dynamics, in a 1+1D U(1) lattice gauge theory on IBM quantum hardware.

  7. Confinement and String Breaking in the Compact Abelian Higgs Model

    hep-lat 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A spin-1 qutrit lattice model with a local chemical potential yields universal linear string potentials, from which string tension, breaking length, and meson mass can be extracted by DMRG.

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