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REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 3 cited by

A Survey on Integrating Quantum Computers into High Performance Computing Systems

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read A structured review of 107 publications maps how quantum computers are being integrated into HPC systems and concludes that standardization is the next big step.

desk verdict A useful, well-organized survey of quantum-HPC integration that earns its place as a reference, though it needs a transparency fix before it can claim comprehensiveness. read the letter →

arxiv 2507.03540 v1 pith:554BT7KY submitted 2025-07-04 cs.ET quant-ph

Philip Döbler , Manpreet Singh Jattana This is my paper · ORCID
classification cs.ETquant-ph
keywords quantumcomputinghighperformancehybridquantum-classicalsystemsacceleratorsmiddlewareprogrammingmodelsliteraturesurveyquantum-HPCintegration
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper tries to establish a structured, reliable picture of how quantum computers are being integrated into high performance computing (HPC) systems, based on a methodical search of literature databases and a manual evaluation of 107 publications. It sorts the field into seven categories (overview, hardware architecture, applications, programming models, middleware, and benchmarking) and uses them to argue that integration work is substantial, that quantum computers are best treated as accelerators attached to classical HPC resources, and that the next big step should be standardizing protocols and tools. A reader should care because the survey turns a scattered, fast-growing literature into a map of what exists, where effort is concentrated, and which gaps remain.

What carries the argument

The machinery has two parts. The first is a literature-search protocol: keyword queries combining HPC terms with quantum-computing terms on Web of Science and arXiv, deduplication, manual screening of titles and abstracts, and a reference-expansion pass that added 27 further papers, yielding 107 publications that were manually classified into seven categories. The second is a conceptual taxonomy that gives the survey its structure: the loose versus tight integration distinction, refined into remote, co-located, and on-node placement, plus a layered hybrid software stack running from applications and programming models down through middleware to firmware and hardware, with scheduling singled out as the core middleware problem.

What would settle it

A targeted search using a different keyword vocabulary (for example, terms common in industry white papers, non-English literature, or databases beyond Web of Science and arXiv) that surfaces a substantial body of pre-2023 integration work, especially middleware or scheduling papers the survey does not categorize, would undercut the quantitative trends the conclusions rest on.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims that the integration of quantum computers into HPC systems has become a substantial research field with a recognizable shape: quantum computers are best understood as accelerators, today's deployed systems are loosely integrated (either remote or co-located), the middleware layer whose absence was noted in 2016 has since been built by several independent projects with a heavy focus on scheduling, and the field's next big step should be standardizing protocols and tools so that hardware from different vendors can join existing infrastructures without bespoke software. The review grounds this picture in a quantitative analysis of the 107 collected publications, which shows the field gaining traction from 2023 onward and finds that 10 of the 11 middleware publications appeared in 2023 and 2024.

Load-bearing premise

The completeness and representativeness of the literature search: the authors assume that keyword queries on Web of Science and arXiv, plus a reference-expansion pass, captured all or a representative sample of the relevant publications, so the observed trends reflect the field rather than artifacts of the search.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • HPC centers planning to host quantum computers can choose among documented integration models (remote, co-located, and on-node), with on-premises co-location identified as the most promising near-term option.
  • The middleware gap that earlier work noted has been filled by multiple independent projects, so the field's next big step should be standardization of protocols, interfaces, and scheduling methods rather than more singular solutions.
  • Because most programming models operate at the circuit level, wider uptake of quantum acceleration by HPC users will depend on higher-level, hardware-agnostic frameworks that fit existing HPC tools.
  • Hybrid-system benchmarking is underdeveloped; without accepted benchmarks comparable to LINPACK and the TOP500 list, comparing integrated systems and ranking them will stay difficult.
  • In the loose integration model, quantum computers are scarce shared resources, so scheduling and resource management (not raw quantum speed) determine how useful an integrated system is.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If standardization follows, the first targets are likely the interfaces this survey finds thinnest: quantum job queues, telemetry-based schedulers, and the handoff between batch schedulers and quantum queues, since those are where integration pain concentrates today.
  • The survey's latency discussion implies that the main payoff of moving from co-located to on-node integration is not raw speed but unified scheduling and tighter classical feedback loops; that claim sits in the cited literature but the survey does not fully develop it.
  • Re-running the same search protocol on a fixed later date would test whether the 2023-2024 concentration of middleware work was a genuine phase shift in the field or an artifact of the keyword search.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper presents a structured literature review of integrating quantum computers into HPC systems, based on a keyword search in Web of Science and arXiv performed on March 11, 2025, followed by manual selection and reference expansion, yielding 107 publications. The survey categorizes the literature into seven topics (overview, hardware architecture, software stack, applications, programming models, middleware, benchmarking), provides a quantitative analysis of publication years and topic distribution, and discusses each category with a focus on hardware and software aspects. The authors conclude that substantial work exists and that standardization of protocols and tools is the next big step.

Significance. If the survey's sample is representative, the paper provides a valuable and timely overview of a rapidly evolving area, with a useful taxonomy and synthesis of recent developments. The explicit description of the search process and the categorization tables (Tables 2 and 3) are strengths that make the work citable as a starting point. The main limitation is the absence of an auditable list of included studies, which restricts the verifiability of the quantitative claims.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section 2, Figure 1] The paper claims a 'comprehensive structured overview' (Abstract) and draws quantitative conclusions (Section 3), but it does not provide the full list of the 107 included publications or the reasons for excluding the 375 papers discarded in the manual selection. Without a PRISMA-style flow diagram with exclusion reasons or a supplementary list of included studies, the selection is not reproducible and the completeness claim cannot be audited. This is load-bearing because the observed trend of middleware work concentrated in 2023–2024 (Section 3) could change if the selection were different.
  2. [Section 2, Table 1] The keyword groups in Table 1 omit integration-related terms such as 'quantum-centric supercomputing', 'hybrid scheduler', 'orchestration', and 'QPU integration', and the search is limited to Web of Science and arXiv. As a consequence, the representativeness of the 107-publication sample is questionable; relevant work not using the exact chosen terms may be missing, and the temporal and topical distributions in Section 3 could be artifacts of the search rather than properties of the field. The authors should justify the keyword selection (e.g., by reporting hit counts per keyword) or broaden the search with additional terms and databases.
  3. [Section 3] The quantitative analysis does not separate the 80 papers from the initial search from the 27 papers added via reference expansion, nor does it report the year distribution of these two subsets. Since the reference expansion starts from the manually selected papers, older or unrelated works may be over- or under-represented. To support the claim that '10 out of 11 publications on middleware ... were only published in 2023 and 2024', the authors should provide a per-paper list of affiliations to topics and publication years, allowing readers to verify the count.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Section 6.2.5] In the sentence 'Introduced in 2018 [131], it was described in more detail in a subsequent publication [131]', the second citation should refer to a different reference (likely [136], the 2020 XACC paper), not the same [131].
  2. [Section 5.2] In the sentence 'the computational space is 2N ninstead of N 2n', the exponents are not typeset correctly; please clarify whether the intended comparison is 2^(N·n) versus N·2^n.
  3. [Section 2] The statement 'It is interesting to note that there is not much overlap between the two databases' would benefit from a quantitative figure (e.g., the number of duplicates removed, which is 43 based on the numbers in Figure 1).
  4. [Figure 3] The categories 'Software stack' and 'Applications'/'Programming model'/'Middleware' overlap in Section 2's definition (Software stack includes the other three as sub-topics), but Figure 3 treats them as separate categories; please clarify the relationship.
  5. [Figure 1] Some figures (e.g., Figures 5–7) are schematic and fine, but Figure 1 is difficult to read at the printed size; consider a larger font or a table version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the survey's conclusions are descriptive syntheses of an independently collected literature corpus.

full rationale

This paper is a structured literature review, not a derivation chain. Its central claims—that substantial work on integrating quantum computers into HPC systems exists and that standardization of protocols and tools is the next step—are descriptive summaries of the 107 publications collected through the search procedure described in Section 2 and Figures 1–3. The quantitative observations, such as the 2023–2024 concentration of middleware publications, are direct counts of the found corpus rather than quantities fitted from it. The only self-citation, reference [107] (the authors' OmpSs-2 quantum extension), appears in Section 6.2.3 and Table 3 as one example among many programming-model extensions; the survey's conclusions do not depend on the validity of that specific framework, and no load-bearing argument reduces to it. The reviewer-flagged concern about search completeness (e.g., the full list of 107 papers not being provided and possible omitted keywords) is an auditability or representativeness issue, not circularity: it does not make any conclusion equivalent to its own input by construction. No equation in the paper is shown to reproduce its own input, no fitted parameter is relabeled as a prediction, and no uniqueness or external-support theorem is imported from the authors' own prior work.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The survey introduces no new parameters, entities, or derivations. It rests on methodological assumptions about search completeness, classification reliability, and representativeness. These are normal for a literature review but should be stated and addressed openly.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The defined keyword search on Web of Science and arXiv, combined with reference expansion, identifies all relevant publications on quantum-HPC integration.
    Section 2 describes the search strategy; completeness is assumed for the quantitative analysis and state-of-the-art summary.
  • domain assumption Manual classification of publications into the seven topic categories is consistent and meaningful.
    Section 2: 'Based on the full text of the found publications, we identify the following relevant topics'. The categorization underlies all counts and claims about trends.
  • domain assumption The analyzed publications are representative of the overall field, including work not indexed in the selected databases.
    The authors generalize about the field (e.g., 'most papers are about programming models, applications, and hardware architecture') from the selected 107 papers.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of A Survey on Integrating Quantum Computers into High Performance Computing Systems." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/554BT7KY

@misc{pith2026250703540,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: A Survey on Integrating Quantum Computers into High Performance Computing Systems},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/554BT7KY}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2507.03540}
}
read the original abstract

Quantum computers use quantum mechanical phenomena to perform conventionally intractable calculations for specific problems. Despite being universal machines, quantum computers are not expected to replace classical computers, but rather, to complement them and form hybrid systems. This makes integrating quantum computers into high performance computing (HPC) systems an increasingly relevant topic. We present a structured literature review on the integration aspect. We methodologically search literature databases and manually evaluate 107 publications. These publications are divided into seven categories that describe the state of the art in each category. After a brief quantitative analysis of the literature, this survey deals with the hardware architecture of hybrid quantum-classical systems, as well as the software stack. We observe the development of a wide range of tools enabling hybrid systems and emphasize the need for future standardization of interfaces and methods to foster synergy.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.03540 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Overview of our literature research approach. We query the Web of Science (WoS) database and arXiv [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Number of publications per year. For 2025, we estimate the number of publications based on publications [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Overview of the different categories and how many publications are available for each. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (9 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Components of a Quantum Computer (QC). The MCE controls the qubits. Together, they form the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Schematic of the remote integration model. Classical and quantum hardware are hosted in different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Schematic of the co-located integration model. The HPC and QC systems are hosted in the same [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Schematic of the tight or on-node integration model. The HPC node consists of CPUs and QPUs that [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Overview of the microarchitecture of a hybrid quantum-classical processor. It is a simplified version of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Software stack for hybrid quantum-classical computing. A hybrid application is based on a hybrid [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Interdependencies between QCOR and XACC projects. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: The highest level, the workflow layer, models both quantum and classical tasks and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_11.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Layers of the conceptual quantum-HPC middleware [149]. The system comprises different resources [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_11.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Performance Model for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Workflows

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A two-level runtime model decomposes hybrid quantum-classical cycles into quantum, classical, and communication time, allowing a communication-to-computation ratio to classify workflows as compute- or communication-bound.

  2. HybridQC: Hardware-Grounded Simulation of Tightly Integrated Hybrid Quantum-Classical Systems

    cs.PF 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    HybridQC is a hardware-calibrated, topology-aware simulator that predicts hybrid quantum-classical system bottlenecks, finding that balanced 10x scaling yields only 2.19x-3.42x makespan improvement and that workload g...

  3. StreamingQEC: Streaming Quantum Error Correction in Tightly Integrated Quantum-Classical Systems via Certified Recurrence

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new simulator shows that quantum error correction's classical pipeline can be compressed exactly with a certified recurrence and approximated with a staged-fluid model, and that transfer and decoder bottlenecks shif...

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.