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Averaging in Cosmology

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arxiv gr-qc/9711057 v1 pith:5MC7BL22 submitted 1997-11-19 gr-qc

classification gr-qc
keywords gaugeaveragingback-reactionderiveeffectexpansionflrwglobal
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In this paper we discuss the effect of local inhomogeneities on the global expansion of nearly FLRW universes, in a perturbative setting. We derive a generic linearized averaging operation for metric perturbations from basic assumptions, and we explicify the issue of gauge invariance. We derive a gauge invariant expression for the back-reaction of density inhomogeneities on the global expansion of perturbed FLRW spacetimes, in terms of observable quantities, and we calculate the effect quantitatively. Since we do not adopt a comoving gauge, our result incorporates the back-reaction on the metric due to scalar velocity and vorticity perturbations. The results are compared with the results by other authors in this field.

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  1. Scalar-tensor theories at different scales: averaging the scalar sector

    gr-qc 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Averaging matter before solving the Klein-Gordon equation mis-estimates the coarse-grained scalar-field energy density and pressure, by factors up to about 10^5 for a Yukawa model and with mean-field deviations exceed...

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