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Acceleration of petaelectronvolt protons in the Galactic Centre
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abstract
Galactic cosmic rays reach energies of at least a few Peta-electronvolts (1 PeV =$10^\mathbf{15}$ electron volts). This implies our Galaxy contains PeV accelerators (PeVatrons), but all proposed models of Galactic cosmic-ray accelerators encounter non-trivial difficulties at exactly these energies. Tens of Galactic accelerators capable of accelerating particle to tens of TeV (1 TeV =$10^\mathbf{12}$ electron volts) energies were inferred from recent gamma-ray observations. None of the currently known accelerators, however, not even the handful of shell-type supernova remnants commonly believed to supply most Galactic cosmic rays, have shown the characteristic tracers of PeV particles: power-law spectra of gamma rays extending without a cutoff or a spectral break to tens of TeV. Here we report deep gamma-ray observations with arcminute angular resolution of the Galactic Centre regions, which show the expected tracer of the presence of PeV particles within the central 10~parsec of the Galaxy. We argue that the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* is linked to this PeVatron. Sagittarius A* went through active phases in the past, as demonstrated by X-ray outbursts and an outflow from the Galactic Centre. Although its current rate of particle acceleration is not sufficient to provide a substantial contribution to Galactic cosmic rays, Sagittarius A* could have plausibly been more active over the last $\gtrsim 10^{6-7}$ years, and therefore should be considered as a viable alternative to supernova remnants as a source of PeV Galactic cosmic rays.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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Collective Winds of Massive Star Clusters as the Dominant PeVatrons for Galactic Cosmic Rays
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Exploring New Propagation Scales With Galactic Neutrinos
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Superdiffusion of cosmic rays in the vicinity of their accelerators and the resulting $\gamma$-ray emission
Superdiffusion produces constant or r^{α-3} CR radial profiles near sources; the associated γ-ray morphology can distinguish it from normal diffusion with IACTs.
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Development of PANOSETI Telescopes for Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
A three-telescope pathfinder array of PANOSETI Fresnel-lens telescopes observed the Crab Nebula for 5 hours, found no gamma-ray excess, and is presented as a proof of concept for a low-cost UHE gamma-ray observatory.
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The Southern Wide-Field Gamma-Ray Observatory (SWGO): A Next-Generation Ground-Based Survey Instrument for VHE Gamma-Ray Astronomy
SWGO is proposed as a wide-field VHE gamma-ray survey instrument with a compact inner detector array and sparser outer array, estimated at 54M USD construction cost and full operations by 2026.
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IceCube Results and Perspective for Neutrinos from LHAASO Sources
Reviews IceCube neutrino results, models Galactic plane flux from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar medium, and discusses prospects for identifying PeVatrons via LHAASO sources.
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