pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.20654 · v1 · pith:7VXYDUJPnew · submitted 2026-06-08 · ⚛️ physics.soc-ph · cond-mat.mtrl-sci· physics.bio-ph

The Sustainability Paradox of Biodegradable Packaging: A Life Cycle Perspective on Chitosan-Based Food Packaging

Maria Cosic , Milena Cosic , Amy Kim , Siddhartha Pahari , Grace Wu , Rayna Zhou , Trisha Daftari , Shaily Gupta
show 4 more authors
Reyna Michelle Suneel Srinivasan Latha Rashi Sharma Utkarsh Chadha
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 14:00 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.soc-ph cond-mat.mtrl-sciphysics.bio-ph
keywords chitosanlife cycle assessmentfood packagingbiodegradable materialssustainability trade-offsnanomaterialsenvironmental impactcrustacean waste
0
0 comments X

The pith

Chitosan nanomaterials for food packaging present critical trade-offs across their life cycle that challenge assumptions of net sustainability gains.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review assesses whether chitosan nanomaterials derived from crustacean waste truly offer environmental advantages over petroleum-based plastics when evaluated from extraction through disposal. It traces chemical and energy demands in chitin processing and nanoparticle synthesis, weighs use-phase gains such as extended shelf life against added burdens, and examines biodegradation outcomes including nanoparticle uncertainties. The analysis shows that stage-by-stage interactions often create overlooked costs that can cancel out biodegradability benefits. A reader would care because common claims about bio-based alternatives rest on partial views that ignore these connections, which could lead to packaging choices with little or no overall improvement. The paper tests whether the assembled evidence supports net benefits or instead reveals persistent drawbacks.

Core claim

By synthesizing stagewise interactions from chitin extraction from crustacean waste through demineralization, deproteinization, nanoparticle synthesis, manufacturing routes, antimicrobial use, and end-of-life biodegradation, the review finds that chitosan-based nanomaterials involve critical trade-offs in chemical intensity, energy demand, emissions, and nanoparticle fate that frequently offset advantages relative to conventional plastics.

What carries the argument

Life cycle perspective that integrates material origin, processing pathways, functional performance, and end-of-life behavior to evaluate net sustainability outcomes.

If this is right

  • Processing steps such as demineralization and deproteinization must be made less chemically and energetically intensive before net gains become likely.
  • Antimicrobial functionality justifies use only when it produces measurable reductions in food waste large enough to offset upstream burdens.
  • Uncertainties in nanoparticle behavior during composting or biodegradation must be resolved to produce reliable end-of-life accounting.
  • Green synthesis methods may lower burdens relative to solvent routes but require direct comparative data across the full cycle.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Material selection guidelines for packaging should shift from single-attribute labels like biodegradability toward integrated life-cycle thresholds.
  • Alternative chitin sources or milder extraction chemistries could change the balance of trade-offs if scaled and measured.
  • Regulatory incentives for bio-based packaging may require revision to reflect upstream impacts rather than end-of-life traits alone.

Load-bearing premise

The body of published life-cycle studies on chitosan extraction, nanoparticle synthesis, and end-of-life behavior is complete and unbiased enough to support conclusions about net benefits versus conventional plastics.

What would settle it

A comprehensive new life-cycle assessment that tracks all stages for chitosan packaging in actual food supply chains and reports either clear net reductions or clear net increases in total environmental impact compared with plastic equivalents.

read the original abstract

Chitosan-based nanomaterials are being increasingly explored as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived food packaging, yet their environmental performance across the full life cycle remains insufficiently understood. This review critically evaluates these systems from a life cycle perspective and examines how material origin, processing pathways, functional performance, and end-of-life behavior collectively influence sustainability outcomes. Beginning with chitin extraction from crustacean waste, key processing steps, including demineralization, deproteinization, and nanoparticle synthesis, are assessed in terms of chemical intensity, energy demand, and associated emissions. Manufacturing routes, including solvent-based and green synthesis approaches, are compared with those of conventional plastics to identify relative environmental burdens. The use phase is analyzed with respect to antimicrobial functionality, shelf life extension, and potential reductions in food waste. End-of-life pathways, including biodegradation and composting, are evaluated alongside uncertainties related to degradation behavior and nanoparticle fate. By synthesizing these stagewise interactions, this review highlights critical trade-offs that are often overlooked in sustainability narratives and examines whether chitosan-based nanomaterials provide net environmental benefits in food packaging applications.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a narrative review synthesizing existing life-cycle assessment literature on chitosan-based nanomaterials for food packaging. It evaluates environmental impacts across stages including chitin extraction from crustacean waste (demineralization, deproteinization), nanoparticle synthesis (solvent-based vs. green routes), manufacturing compared to petroleum plastics, use-phase benefits (antimicrobial activity, shelf-life extension, food-waste reduction), and end-of-life (biodegradation, composting, nanoparticle fate uncertainties). The central claim is that stage-wise interactions reveal overlooked trade-offs and that the review examines whether these materials deliver net environmental benefits.

Significance. If the synthesis is representative, the stage-wise framing could usefully inform packaging decisions by showing how production burdens may offset use-phase gains and how end-of-life uncertainties complicate net-benefit claims. The explicit focus on interactions across the full life cycle, rather than isolated stages, is a constructive contribution to sustainability assessments of biodegradable alternatives.

major comments (2)
  1. [abstract, processing pathways, end-of-life evaluation] Abstract and processing/end-of-life sections: The central claim that the review can identify net benefits and overlooked trade-offs rests on the cited LCA studies being sufficiently complete and unbiased. No methods description (search strategy, databases, inclusion criteria, or bias assessment) is provided, so the representativeness of the synthesized evidence cannot be evaluated.
  2. [use phase, end-of-life evaluation] Use-phase and end-of-life sections: Potential food-waste reductions and biodegradation benefits are discussed qualitatively, but without reference to specific quantitative offsets (e.g., LCA numbers showing how much waste reduction compensates for extraction energy or how nanoparticle release alters composting impacts), the net-benefit examination remains difficult to assess.
minor comments (2)
  1. [title, introduction] The title invokes a 'Sustainability Paradox' while the abstract and body describe trade-offs; a brief clarification of the term in the introduction would align title and content.
  2. [manufacturing routes] Several comparisons to conventional plastics are mentioned; ensuring that the same functional unit and system boundaries are used across cited studies would strengthen the relative-burden statements.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which highlight important issues of transparency and quantitative rigor in our narrative review. We agree that adding methodological details and more specific quantitative references will improve the manuscript and address the concerns about evaluating the evidence base and net benefits.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [abstract, processing pathways, end-of-life evaluation] Abstract and processing/end-of-life sections: The central claim that the review can identify net benefits and overlooked trade-offs rests on the cited LCA studies being sufficiently complete and unbiased. No methods description (search strategy, databases, inclusion criteria, or bias assessment) is provided, so the representativeness of the synthesized evidence cannot be evaluated.

    Authors: We acknowledge the absence of an explicit methods description, which is a valid concern for assessing the review's scope. Although the manuscript is framed as a narrative review synthesizing key LCA literature rather than a systematic review, we will add a new 'Literature Search Strategy' subsection. This will detail the databases searched (Scopus, Web of Science), keywords and Boolean strings employed, publication date range, inclusion criteria (peer-reviewed studies with LCA data on chitosan/chitin packaging or related processes), and any noted limitations or potential biases in the available LCA literature. This revision will allow readers to evaluate representativeness without altering the narrative synthesis approach. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [use phase, end-of-life evaluation] Use-phase and end-of-life sections: Potential food-waste reductions and biodegradation benefits are discussed qualitatively, but without reference to specific quantitative offsets (e.g., LCA numbers showing how much waste reduction compensates for extraction energy or how nanoparticle release alters composting impacts), the net-benefit examination remains difficult to assess.

    Authors: We agree that the current discussion relies heavily on qualitative synthesis. We will revise the use-phase and end-of-life sections to extract and cite specific quantitative LCA results from the referenced studies wherever available (e.g., modeled food-waste reduction percentages and associated GHG credits, or reported impacts of nanoparticle release on compost quality). In cases where primary studies lack such offset data or where uncertainties (such as variable nanoparticle fate) prevent precise quantification, we will explicitly state these limitations and avoid implying stronger net benefits than the evidence supports. This will make the trade-off analysis more concrete while remaining faithful to the literature. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; narrative synthesis of external literature

full rationale

This is a review paper that synthesizes published life-cycle studies on chitosan extraction, processing, use-phase benefits, and end-of-life behavior. No original equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or first-principles derivations are present. The argument consists of qualitative stage-wise comparisons drawn from external sources; any dependence on the completeness of that literature is an acknowledged limitation of reviews rather than an internal reduction of the paper's own claims to its inputs. No self-citation load-bearing steps, self-definitional constructs, or ansatzes appear. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained as a literature synthesis.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a literature review that relies on the validity of prior life-cycle assessment studies rather than introducing new parameters or entities. No free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or invented entities are introduced by the paper itself.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Life-cycle assessment provides a valid framework for comparing environmental performance of packaging materials
    The entire analysis is structured around LCA stages and metrics drawn from the field.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5773 in / 1212 out tokens · 23157 ms · 2026-06-27T14:00:45.395527+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

202 extracted references · 2 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    and Badoni, B., 2022

    Chadha, U., Bhardwaj, P., Selvaraj, S.K., Arasu, K., Praveena, S., Pavan, A., Khanna, M., Singh, P., Singh, S., Chakravorty, A. and Badoni, B., 2022. Current trends and future perspectives of nanomaterials in food packaging application. Journal of Nanomaterials , 2022 (1), p.2745416

    2022

  2. [2]

    and Khalid, A., 2026

    Liaqat, I., Shiza, Andleeb, S., Naseem, S., Latif, A.A., Ali, A., Aftab, M.N., Ali, S., Arshad, M. and Khalid, A., 2026. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterial ‐ Coated Chitosan ‐ Based, Biodegradable Film for Antimicrobial Food Packaging. Journal of Basic Microbiology , 66 (1), p.e70120

    2026

  3. [3]

    and Li, H., 2026

    Teklemedhin, T.B., Ahmad, R., Li, M., Zhang, B., Guo, Y., Niu, M. and Li, H., 2026. Cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan hybrid bio-composite films for food packaging application: a review on synthesis, mechanisms, and functional properties. Food Reviews International , pp.1-29

    2026

  4. [4]

    and Zhang, W., 2026

    Yang, J., Goksen, G., Wu, D., Xia, G. and Zhang, W., 2026. Synergistic antibacterial food packaging enabled by photothermal cinnamaldehyde release from mesoporous polydopamine functionalized chitosan films. Food Research International , p.119464

    2026

  5. [5]

    and Al-Mashhadani, M.H., 2026

    Edo, G.I., Yousif, E. and Al-Mashhadani, M.H., 2026. Chitosan in modern industries: A sustainable alternative to plastics?. Polymer Bulletin , 83 (2), p.58

    2026

  6. [6]

    and Chakravorty, A., 2022

    Choudhury, M., Sahoo, S., Samanta, P., Tiwari, A., Tiwari, A., Chadha, U., Bhardwaj, P., Nalluri, A., Eticha, T.K. and Chakravorty, A., 2022. COVID ‐ 19: an accelerator for global plastic consumption and its implications. Journal of environmental and public health , 2022 (1), p.1066350

    2022

  7. [7]

    Plastics Europe. (2023). Plastics – the fast facts 2023 . Retrieved June 26, 2024, from https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/plastics-the-fast-facts-2023/ 8. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R. and Law, K.L. (2017) ‘Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made’, Science Advances , 3(7), e1700782

    2023

  8. [8]

    and Dutta, P.K

    Tripathi, S., Mehrotra, G.K. and Dutta, P.K. (2008) ‘Chitosan based antimicrobial films for food packaging applications’, e-Polymers , 8(1), p. 093. 74

    2008

  9. [9]

    Liu, Tong, Junbo Li, Qilong Tang, Peng Qiu, Dongxia Gou, and Jun Zhao. (2022). Chitosan-Based Materials: An Overview of Potential Applications in Food Packaging. Foods 11, no. 10: 1490

    2022

  10. [10]

    Stefanowska, K., Magdalena W., Renata D., and Izabela R. (2023). Chitosan with Natural Additives as a Potential Food Packaging. Materials 16, no. 4: 1579

    2023

  11. [11]

    Chitosan Based Biodegradable Composite for Antibacterial Food Packaging Application

    Jiang A, Patel R, Padhan B, Palimkar S, Galgali P, Adhikari A, Varga I, Patel M. Chitosan Based Biodegradable Composite for Antibacterial Food Packaging Application. Polymers . 2023; 15(10):2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15102235

    work page doi:10.3390/polym15102235 2023

  12. [12]

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). Aquaculture production . In The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024: Blue transformation in action . https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1273bc36-339b-43d2-8163-af4d805f2ad2/content/sofia/2024/aquaculture-production.html 14. Flórez, M., Guerra-Rodríguez, E., Ca...

    2024

  13. [13]

    Zhang, Z., Ma, Z., Song, L., & Farag, M. A. (2024). Maximizing crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and lobster) by-products value for optimum valorization practices: A comparative review of their active ingredients, extraction, bioprocesses and applications. Journal of Advanced Research, 57 , 59–76

    2024

  14. [14]

    P., Blount, J., Cheng, Y., Raliya, R., Kim, J

    Orcutt, K., McCaffrey, Z., Klamczynski, A. P., Blount, J., Cheng, Y., Raliya, R., Kim, J. H., Orts, W. J., & Hart-Cooper, W. M. (2025). Environmental influence on degradation of chitosan bioplastics. ACS Omega, 10 (39), 45220–45231. 17. Piekarska, K., Sikora, M., Owczarek, M., Jóźwik-Pruska, J., & Wiśniewska-Wrona, M. (2023). Chitin and chitosan as polyme...

    2025

  15. [15]

    Life cycle assessment of manufacturing cellulose nanofibril-reinforced chitosan composite films for packaging applications

    Ponnusamy, P.G., Mani, S. Life cycle assessment of manufacturing cellulose nanofibril-reinforced chitosan composite films for packaging applications. Int J Life Cycle Assess 27 , 380–394 (2022)

    2022

  16. [16]

    Ghosh, T., Katiyar, V. (2020). Life Cycle Assessment of Chitosan. In: Katiyar, V., Kumar, A., Mulchandani, N. (eds) Advances in Sustainable Polymers. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore

    2020

  17. [17]

    (G.), Peters, L

    Kou, S. (G.), Peters, L. M., & Mucalo, M. R. (2021). Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 169 , 85–94. 22. Cazón, P., Vázquez, M. Mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan combined with other components as food packaging film. Environ Chem Lett 18 , 257–267 (2020). 75

    2021

  18. [18]

    C., Salaün, F., Giraud, S., Ferri, A., Chen, G., & Guan, J

    Roy, J. C., Salaün, F., Giraud, S., Ferri, A., Chen, G., & Guan, J. (2017). Solubility of Chitin: Solvents, Solution Behaviors and. Solubility of polysaccharides , 109 . DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71385

    work page doi:10.5772/intechopen.71385 2017

  19. [19]

    and Acosta, N., 2021

    Aranaz, I., Alcántara, A.R., Civera, M.C., Arias, C., Elorza, B., Heras Caballero, A. and Acosta, N., 2021. Chitosan: An overview of its properties and applications. Polymers , 13 (19), p.3256

    2021

  20. [20]

    and Debeaufort, F., 2014

    Benbettaïeb, N., Kurek, M., Bornaz, S. and Debeaufort, F., 2014. Barrier, structural and mechanical properties of bovine gelatin–chitosan blend films related to biopolymer interactions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 94 (12), pp.2409-2419

    2014

  21. [21]

    & Hikmet Mutasher, S

    Al-Lami, H.S., Ali Abdullah, B. & Hikmet Mutasher, S. Thermal and optical properties of characterized plasticized chitosan films. J.Umm Al-Qura Univ. Appll. Sci. (2025)

    2025

  22. [22]

    Kumar, D., Choudhary, M., Mishra, A. et al. Engineered pathways toward low-carbon footprint materials for sustainable applications: a review. J.Umm Al-Qura Univ. Appll. Sci. (2026)

    2026

  23. [23]

    and Ullah, A., 2024

    Upadhyay, P., Zubair, M., Roopesh, M.S. and Ullah, A., 2024. An overview of advanced antimicrobial food packaging: emphasizing antimicrobial agents and polymer-based films. Polymers , 16 (14), p.2007

    2024

  24. [24]

    and Sajkiewicz, P.Ł., 2025

    Niemczyk-Soczynska, B. and Sajkiewicz, P.Ł., 2025. Hydrogel-based systems as smart food packaging: A review. Polymers , 17 (8), p.1005

    2025

  25. [25]

    and Dutta, J., 2009

    Dutta, P.K., Tripathi, S., Mehrotra, G.K. and Dutta, J., 2009. Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications. Food chemistry , 114 (4), pp.1173-1182

    2009

  26. [26]

    and Yan, C., 2021

    Yan, D., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, N., Zhang, X. and Yan, C., 2021. Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and chitosan derivatives in the treatment of enteric infections. Molecules , 26 (23), p.7136

    2021

  27. [27]

    and Sahl, H.G., 2008

    Raafat, D., Von Bargen, K., Haas, A. and Sahl, H.G., 2008. Insights into the mode of action of chitosan as an antibacterial compound. Applied and environmental microbiology , 74 (12), pp.3764-3773

    2008

  28. [28]

    and Xiao, H., 2022

    Shokri, Z., Seidi, F., Saeb, M.R., Jin, Y., Li, C. and Xiao, H., 2022. Elucidating the impact of enzymatic modifications on the structure, properties, and applications of cellulose, chitosan, starch and their derivatives: a review. Materials today chemistry , 24 , p.100780

    2022

  29. [29]

    and Vázquez, M., 2022

    Cazón, P., Morales-Sanchez, E., Velazquez, G. and Vázquez, M., 2022. Measurement of the water vapor permeability of chitosan films: A laboratory experiment on food packaging materials. Journal of chemical education , 99 (6), pp.2403-2408

    2022

  30. [30]

    and Wiles, J.L., 1998

    Caner, C., Vergano, P.J. and Wiles, J.L., 1998. Chitosan film mechanical and permeation properties as affected by acid, plasticizer, and storage. Journal of food science , 63 (6), pp.1049-1053

    1998

  31. [31]

    and Zivanovic, S., 2013

    Schreiber, S.B., Bozell, J.J., Hayes, D.G. and Zivanovic, S., 2013. Introduction of primary antioxidant activity to chitosan for application as a multifunctional food packaging material. Food Hydrocolloids , 33 (2), pp.207-214. 76

    2013

  32. [32]

    and Adeyeye, O.A., 2019

    Nambiar, R.B., Sellamuthu, P.S., Perumal, A.B., Sadiku, E.R. and Adeyeye, O.A., 2019. The use of chitosan in food packaging applications. In Green biopolymers and their nanocomposites (pp. 125-136). Singapore: Springer Singapore

    2019

  33. [33]

    and Chaiyasut, C., 2023

    Kumar, A., Yadav, S., Pramanik, J., Sivamaruthi, B.S., Jayeoye, T.J., Prajapati, B.G. and Chaiyasut, C., 2023. Chitosan-based composites: development and perspective in food preservation and biomedical applications. Polymers , 15 (15), p.3150

    2023

  34. [34]

    and Ding, F., 2021

    Hu, B., Guo, Y., Li, H., Liu, X., Fu, Y. and Ding, F., 2021. Recent advances in chitosan-based layer-by-layer biomaterials and their biomedical applications. Carbohydrate Polymers , 271 , p.118427

    2021

  35. [35]

    and Beppu, M.M., 2014, June

    Taketa, T.B. and Beppu, M.M., 2014, June. Layer-by-layer thin films of alginate/chitosan and hyaluronic acid/chitosan with tunable thickness and surface roughness. In Materials science forum (Vol. 783, pp. 1226-1231). Trans Tech Publications Ltd

    2014

  36. [36]

    and Badot, P.M., 2008

    Crini, G. and Badot, P.M., 2008. Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: A review of recent literature. Progress in polymer science , 33 (4), pp.399-447

    2008

  37. [37]

    and Dutcher, J.R., 2006

    Murray, C.A. and Dutcher, J.R., 2006. Effect of changes in relative humidity and temperature on ultrathin chitosan films. Biomacromolecules , 7 (12), pp.3460-3465

    2006

  38. [38]

    and Lizárraga ‐ Laborín, L.L., 2021

    Quiroz ‐ Castillo, J.M., Rodríguez ‐ Félix, D.E., Romero ‐ García, J., Madera ‐ Santana, T.J., Encinas ‐ Encinas, J.C., Castillo ‐ Ortega, M.M., Cabrera ‐ Germán, D. and Lizárraga ‐ Laborín, L.L., 2021. Extrusion of polypropylene/chitosan/poly (lactic ‐ acid) films: Chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 138 (7)...

    2021

  39. [39]

    and Rostami, M., 2024

    Soleimanzadeh, A., Mizani, S., Mirzaei, G., Bavarsad, E.T., Farhoodi, M., Esfandiari, Z. and Rostami, M., 2024. Recent advances in characterizing the physical and functional properties of active packaging films containing pomegranate peel. Food chemistry: X , 22 , p.101416

    2024

  40. [40]

    and Ni, H., 2012

    Fan, W., Yan, W., Xu, Z. and Ni, H., 2012. Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces , 90 , pp.21-27

    2012

  41. [41]

    and Tang, C.H., 2020

    Wang, X.Y., Wang, J., Rousseau, D. and Tang, C.H., 2020. Chitosan-stabilized emulsion gels via pH-induced droplet flocculation. Food Hydrocolloids , 105 , p.105811

    2020

  42. [42]

    and Shi, A., 2025

    Xiao, T., Ma, X., Hu, H., Xiang, F., Zhang, X., Zheng, Y., Dong, H., Adhikari, B., Wang, Q. and Shi, A., 2025. Advances in emulsion stability: A review on mechanisms, role of emulsifiers, and applications in food. Food Chemistry: X , p.102792

    2025

  43. [43]

    and Mirzadeh, H., 2015

    Koosha, M. and Mirzadeh, H., 2015. Electrospinning, mechanical properties, and cell behavior study of chitosan/PVA nanofibers. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A , 103 (9), pp.3081-3093

    2015

  44. [44]

    and Kong, L., 2025

    Li, S., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Jiang, D. and Kong, L., 2025. Electrospinning of Chitosan-based Nanofibers: Innovations in Fabrication and Applications. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research , p.102599. 77

    2025

  45. [45]

    and Yamamoto, H., 2004

    Ohkawa, K., Cha, D., Kim, H., Nishida, A. and Yamamoto, H., 2004. Electrospinning of chitosan. Macromolecular rapid communications , 25 (18), pp.1600-1605

    2004

  46. [46]

    and Yuan, X., 2007

    Zhang, Y., Huang, X., Duan, B., Wu, L., Li, S. and Yuan, X., 2007. Preparation of electrospun chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) membranes. Colloid and Polymer Science , 285 (8), pp.855-863

    2007

  47. [47]

    and Oh, J., 2021

    Sivanesan, I., Gopal, J., Muthu, M., Shin, J., Mari, S. and Oh, J., 2021. Green synthesized chitosan/chitosan nanoforms/nanocomposites for drug delivery applications. Polymers , 13 (14), p.2256

    2021

  48. [48]

    and Oh, J., 2021

    Phan, T.T.V., Phan, D.T., Cao, X.T., Huynh, T.C. and Oh, J., 2021. Roles of chitosan in green synthesis of metal nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanomaterials , 11 (2), p.273

    2021

  49. [49]

    and Wang, Q., 2018

    Huang, Y., Mei, L., Chen, X. and Wang, Q., 2018. Recent developments in food packaging based on nanomaterials. Nanomaterials , 8 (10), p.830

    2018

  50. [50]

    and Pettersen, M.K., 2020

    Sarfraz, J., Gulin-Sarfraz, T., Nilsen-Nygaard, J. and Pettersen, M.K., 2020. Nanocomposites for food packaging applications: An overview. Nanomaterials , 11 (1), p.10

    2020

  51. [51]

    and Varzakas, T., 2020, November

    Agriopoulou, S., Stamatelopoulou, E., Skiada, V., Tsarouhas, P. and Varzakas, T., 2020, November. Emerging nanomaterial applications for food packaging and preservation: Safety issues and risk assessment. In Proceedings (Vol. 70, No. 1, p. 7). MDPI

    2020

  52. [52]

    and Verma, M., 2013

    Dhillon, G.S., Kaur, S., Brar, S.K. and Verma, M., 2013. Green synthesis approach: extraction of chitosan from fungus mycelia. Critical reviews in biotechnology , 33 (4), pp.379-403

    2013

  53. [53]

    and Kawashima, S., 2005

    Kofuji, K., Qian, C.J., Murata, Y. and Kawashima, S., 2005. Preparation of chitosan microparticles by water-in-vegetable oil emulsion coalescence technique. Reactive and Functional Polymers , 62 (1), pp.77-83

    2005

  54. [54]

    and Abdou, E.S., 2013

    Elsabee, M.Z. and Abdou, E.S., 2013. Chitosan based edible films and coatings: A review. Materials science and engineering: C , 33 (4), pp.1819-1841

    2013

  55. [55]

    and Blomberg, E., 2013

    Partanen, R., Forssell, P., Mackie, A. and Blomberg, E., 2013. Interfacial cross-linking of β- casein changes the structure of the adsorbed layer. Food Hydrocolloids , 32 (2), pp.271-277

    2013

  56. [56]

    and Winnicka, K., 2015

    Szymańska, E. and Winnicka, K., 2015. Stability of chitosan—a challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Marine drugs , 13 (4), pp.1819-1846

    2015

  57. [57]

    Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications

    Rinaudo, M., 2006. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in polymer science , 31 (7), pp.603-632

    2006

  58. [58]

    and González-Martínez, C., 2009

    Vargas, M., Albors, A., Chiralt, A. and González-Martínez, C., 2009. Characterization of chitosan–oleic acid composite films. Food Hydrocolloids , 23 (2), pp.536-547

    2009

  59. [59]

    and Tsironi, T., 2026

    Ntzimani, A. and Tsironi, T., 2026. Balancing Functionality and Safety in Food Packaging Coatings. Foods , 15 (3), p.571. 78

    2026

  60. [60]

    and Suprijadi, S., 2025

    Setya, P., Adhika, D., Amelia, L. and Suprijadi, S., 2025. Performance enhancement of Chitosan for food packaging: Impact of additives and nanotechnology. Journal of Renewable Materials , 13 (6), p.1043

    2025

  61. [61]

    and Riar, C.S., 2016

    Chandanasree, D., Gul, K. and Riar, C.S., 2016. Effect of hydrocolloids and dry heat modification on physicochemical, thermal, pasting and morphological characteristics of cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch. Food Hydrocolloids , 52 , pp.175-182

    2016

  62. [62]

    Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites

    Decher, G., 1997. Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites. science , 277 (5330), pp.1232-1237

    1997

  63. [63]

    Nutritional potential, bioaccessibility of minerals and functionality of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds

    Kaul, P., 2011. Nutritional potential, bioaccessibility of minerals and functionality of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology , 44 (8), pp.1821-1826

    2011

  64. [64]

    and Jeon, Y.J., 1999

    Shahidi, F., Arachchi, J.K.V. and Jeon, Y.J., 1999. Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends in food science & technology , 10 (2), pp.37-51

    1999

  65. [65]

    and Soponronnarit, S., 2010

    Thakhiew, W., Devahastin, S. and Soponronnarit, S., 2010. Effects of drying methods and plasticizer concentration on some physical and mechanical properties of edible chitosan films. Journal of Food Engineering , 99 (2), pp.216-224

    2010

  66. [66]

    and Lu, F., 2025

    Zhu, Y., Su, Y., Hu, L., Li, Z., Xie, T., Zhang, Y., Qiao, G. and Lu, F., 2025. pH-responsive zein/chitosan composite film containing cinnamon essential oil-loaded Pickering emulsion and black wolfberry anthocyanin: Physicochemical properties, and application in packing salmon. Food Chemistry , 479 , p.143815

    2025

  67. [67]

    and Kaczmarek-Szczepańska, B., 2024

    Zasada, L., Chmielniak, D., Gwizdalska, K. and Kaczmarek-Szczepańska, B., 2024. Preparation and comprehensive characterization of chitosan-based films enhanced with ferulic acid. Engineering of Biomaterials , 27 (172)

    2024

  68. [68]

    and Ha, C.S., 2013

    Rhim, J.W., Park, H.M. and Ha, C.S., 2013. Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Progress in polymer science , 38 (10-11), pp.1629-1652

    2013

  69. [69]

    and Gurny, R.J.E.J.O.P., 2004

    Berger, J., Reist, M., Mayer, J.M., Felt, O., Peppas, N.A. and Gurny, R.J.E.J.O.P., 2004. Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics , 57 (1), pp.19-34

    2004

  70. [70]

    and Zhang, P., 2018

    Yu, Z., Li, B., Chu, J. and Zhang, P., 2018. Silica in situ enhanced PVA/chitosan biodegradable films for food packages. Carbohydrate polymers , 184 , pp.214-220

    2018

  71. [71]

    and Machado, R.A.F., 2021

    Silva, A.O., Cunha, R.S., Hotza, D. and Machado, R.A.F., 2021. Chitosan as a matrix of nanocomposites: A review on nanostructures, processes, properties, and applications. Carbohydrate Polymers , 272 , p.118472

    2021

  72. [72]

    and Korber, D.R., 2021

    Babaei-Ghazvini, A., Acharya, B. and Korber, D.R., 2021. Antimicrobial biodegradable food packaging based on chitosan and metal/metal-oxide bio-nanocomposites: A review. Polymers , 13 (16), p.2790

    2021

  73. [73]

    and Zolfaghari, B., 2014

    Iravani, S., Korbekandi, H., Mirmohammadi, S.V. and Zolfaghari, B., 2014. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods. Research in pharmaceutical sciences , 9 (6), pp.385-406. 79

    2014

  74. [74]

    and Hassan, E.B., 2018

    Soni, B., Mahmoud, B., Chang, S., El-Giar, E.M. and Hassan, E.B., 2018. Physicochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan/TEMPO biocomposite packaging films. Food packaging and shelf life , 17 , pp.73-79

    2018

  75. [75]

    and Li, L., 2023

    Qin, L., Zhang, Y., Fan, Y. and Li, L., 2023. Cellulose nanofibril reinforced functional chitosan biocomposite films. Polymer Testing , 120 , p.107964

    2023

  76. [76]

    and Giacinti Baschetti, M., 2023

    Casalini, S. and Giacinti Baschetti, M., 2023. The use of essential oils in chitosan or cellulose ‐ based materials for the production of active food packaging solutions: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 103 (3), pp.1021-1041

    2023

  77. [77]

    and Tharanathan, R.N., 2007

    Srinivasa, P.C., Ramesh, M.N. and Tharanathan, R.N., 2007. Effect of plasticizers and fatty acids on mechanical and permeability characteristics of chitosan films. Food hydrocolloids , 21 (7), pp.1113-1122

    2007

  78. [78]

    and Purnawan, C., 2023

    Wibowo, A.H., Fehragucci, H. and Purnawan, C., 2023. Effect of plasticizer addition on the characteristics of chitosan-alginate edible film. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia , 19 (2), pp.123-129

    2023

  79. [79]

    Ferreira, D. C. M., de Souza, A. L., da Silveira, J. V. W., Marim, B. M., Giraldo, G. A. G., Mantovan, J., Mali, S., & Pelissari, F. M. (2020). Chitosan nanocomposites for food packaging applications. In K. A. Abd-Elsalam (Ed.), Multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials for sustainable agri-food and ecosystems (pp. 393–435). Elsevier

    2020

  80. [80]

    and Luo, Y., 2021

    Qu, B. and Luo, Y., 2021. A review on the preparation and characterization of chitosan-clay nanocomposite films and coatings for food packaging applications. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications , 2 , p.100102

    2021

Showing first 80 references.