DeepOPF: A Feasibility-Optimized Deep Neural Network Approach for AC Optimal Power Flow Problems

High percentage penetrations of renewable energy generations introduce significant uncertainty into power systems. It requires grid operators to solve alternative current optimal power flow (AC-OPF) problems more frequently for economical and reliable operation in both transmission and distribution grids. In this paper, we develop a Deep Neural Network (DNN) approach, called DeepOPF, for solving AC-OPF problems in a fraction of the time used by conventional solvers. A key difficulty for applying machine learning techniques for solving AC-OPF problems lies in ensuring that the obtained solutions respect the equality and inequality physical and operational constraints. Generalized the 2-stage procedure in [1], [2], DeepOPF first trains a DNN model to predict a set of independent operating variables and then directly compute the remaining dependable ones by solving power flow equations. Such an approach not only preserves the power-flow balance equality constraints but also reduces the number of variables to predict by the DNN, cutting down the number of neurons and training data needed. DeepOPF then employs a penalty approach with a zero-order gradient estimation technique in the training process to preserve the remaining inequality constraints. As another contribution, we drive a condition for tuning the size of the DNN according to the desired approximation accuracy, which measures the DNN generalization capability. It provides theoretical justification for using DNN to solve the AC-OPF problem. Simulation results of IEEE 30/118/300-bus and a synthetic 2000-bus test cases show that DeepOPF speeds up the computing time by up to two orders of magnitude as compared to a state-of-the-art solver, at the expense of $<$0.1% cost difference.