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arxiv: 2606.19107 · v1 · pith:AQJUORLTnew · submitted 2026-06-17 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con · cond-mat.mtrl-sci· cond-mat.str-el

Evidence for Multiband Superconductivity in 2H-NbSeS

K. Yadav , M. Lamba K. Bhattacharya , M. Majumder , S. Patnaik This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 18:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mtrl-scicond-mat.str-el
keywords multiband superconductivityNbSeSupper critical fieldtwo-band modelnodeless gapscharge density wave suppression
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The pith

2H-NbSeS exhibits intrinsic multiband superconductivity with two nodeless gaps once its charge density wave is suppressed by Se/S substitution.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper investigates superconductivity in 2H-NbSeS, a material where random substitution of selenium by sulfur eliminates the charge density wave order found in the parent 2H-NbSe2 compound while keeping the layered structure intact. The upper critical field shows an upward curvature that single-band models cannot explain, but a dirty-limit two-band model with large diffusivity ratio fits the data well, pointing to strong scattering differences between bands. Supporting measurements of the lower critical field, superfluid density, and electronic specific heat indicate a fully gapped state with two superconducting gaps of different sizes. A reader would care because this helps separate intrinsic multiband pairing from effects caused by the charge density wave.

Core claim

The authors report that 2H-NbSeS becomes superconducting below 6 K and displays an upper critical field with pronounced upward curvature that is successfully described by a dirty-limit two-band model featuring a large diffusivity ratio between the bands. This model indicates strong band-dependent scattering. The in-plane upper critical field surpasses the Pauli limit. Data on the lower critical field, superfluid density, and specific heat are consistent with a fully gapped superconducting state containing two nodeless gaps of unequal magnitudes.

What carries the argument

The dirty-limit two-band model for the temperature dependence of the upper critical field, which accounts for the upward curvature via a large ratio of diffusivities in the two bands.

If this is right

  • The superconducting state is fully gapped with no nodes.
  • The in-plane upper critical field exceeds the weak-coupling Pauli limit.
  • Strong band-dependent scattering is present due to the large diffusivity ratio.
  • The material shows moderate magnetic anisotropy.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Tuning the sulfur content could vary the gap magnitudes and test the robustness of the two-band fit.
  • The results suggest that CDW order in the parent compound may mask or alter the intrinsic multiband nature.
  • Measurements in other mixed chalcogenides could confirm if this is a general feature of the family.

Load-bearing premise

That the Se/S substitution suppresses the CDW without creating local fluctuations or disorder strong enough to produce apparent multigap behavior in the upper critical field and specific heat.

What would settle it

A high-resolution tunneling spectroscopy measurement that detects only a single gap value across the sample would contradict the two-gap interpretation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.19107 by K. Yadav, M. Lamba K. Bhattacharya, M. Majumder, S. Patnaik.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. (a) Rietveld refinement of the PXRD pattern of 2H [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. (a) Zero-field electrical resistivity as a function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) Temperature-dependent magnetization (ZFCW [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) Low-temperature penetration-depth varia [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a) Temperature dependence of the specific heat [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The nature of superconductivity in 2H-NbSe2 has generated sustained debate in the recent past. While angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy data have been interpreted as evidence for multiband superconductivity, the data from scanning tunneling microscope experiments relate to strongly anisotropic single-band superconductivity. In the later case, the charge density wave (CDW) order mimics the multigap character. Because the CDW reconstructs the Fermi surface and modifies the superconducting gap distribution, disentangling intrinsic multiband pairing from CDW-related effects is challenging. To address this issue, we investigate single-crystalline 2H-NbSeS, a mixed-chalcogen analogue of 2H-NbSe2 in which random Se/S substitution suppresses long-range CDW order while preserving the layered crystal structure P63/mmc. The material becomes superconducting below 6.0 K with moderate magnetic anisotropy. The upper critical field exhibits a pronounced upward curvature that cannot be described within a single-band framework but is well captured by a dirty-limit two-band model with a large diffusivity ratio. This indicates strong band-dependent scattering. The in-plane upper critical field exceeds the weak-coupling Pauli limit. Measurements of the lower critical field, superfluid density, and electronic specific heat are consistent with an interpretation of a fully gapped superconducting state with two nodeless gaps of different magnitudes.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that random Se/S substitution in 2H-NbSeS suppresses long-range CDW order (while preserving the P63/mmc structure), enabling observation of intrinsic multiband superconductivity. The upper critical field shows pronounced upward curvature that cannot be fit by single-band models but is captured by a dirty-limit two-band model with large diffusivity ratio, indicating band-dependent scattering; the in-plane Hc2 exceeds the Pauli limit. Lower critical field, superfluid density, and electronic specific heat are reported as consistent with a fully gapped state having two nodeless gaps of different magnitudes.

Significance. If the CDW suppression is confirmed and the multi-probe consistency holds, the work would provide a valuable platform for studying intrinsic multiband pairing in the NbSe2 family without CDW-induced Fermi-surface reconstruction, helping resolve the ARPES vs. STM debate on pure NbSe2. The use of a standard dirty-limit two-band model for Hc2 and cross-checks with Hc1, ho s(T), and Ce(T) are standard strengths when the underlying assumption is secure.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central attribution of the two-band Hc2 curvature and two nodeless gaps to intrinsic multiband superconductivity rests on the claim that 'random Se/S substitution suppresses long-range CDW order while preserving the layered crystal structure.' No quantitative evidence (e.g., absence of CDW superlattice peaks in XRD, no FS reconstruction in ARPES, or temperature-independent gap anisotropy) is referenced, yet residual short-range CDW patches or substitution-induced inhomogeneity could produce apparent multigap signatures exactly as the paper notes occurs in pure NbSe2. This assumption is load-bearing for the interpretation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and for the positive assessment of its potential significance in providing a platform to study intrinsic multiband superconductivity in the NbSe2 family. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central attribution of the two-band Hc2 curvature and two nodeless gaps to intrinsic multiband superconductivity rests on the claim that 'random Se/S substitution suppresses long-range CDW order while preserving the layered crystal structure.' No quantitative evidence (e.g., absence of CDW superlattice peaks in XRD, no FS reconstruction in ARPES, or temperature-independent gap anisotropy) is referenced, yet residual short-range CDW patches or substitution-induced inhomogeneity could produce apparent multigap signatures exactly as the paper notes occurs in pure NbSe2. This assumption is load-bearing for the interpretation.

    Authors: We agree that the claim of CDW suppression is central to the interpretation and that the absence of explicit quantitative evidence (such as XRD superlattice peaks or ARPES) in the current version weakens the presentation. The manuscript currently supports the claim via the preserved P63/mmc structure, the lack of CDW-related anomalies in transport, and the consistency of multigap signatures across Hc2, Hc1, superfluid density, and specific heat. However, to directly address the concern, the revised manuscript will incorporate additional XRD data confirming the absence of CDW superlattice peaks, a discussion of why short-range CDW patches are unlikely given the multi-probe consistency, and references to prior work on Se/S substitution effects in related compounds. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: standard model fits to independent observables; CDW assumption is external premise, not definitional reduction.

full rationale

The paper reports measured Hc2(T) curvature, Hc1, superfluid density, and specific heat on 2H-NbSeS. These are fitted to the standard dirty-limit two-band Usadel equations with free parameters (diffusivity ratio, two gaps). The upward curvature is an experimental datum, not constructed from the fit parameters. No equations reduce to each other by definition, no fitted input is relabeled as prediction, and no load-bearing self-citation chain is invoked. The premise that random Se/S substitution fully suppresses CDW is an external assumption about sample quality, not a self-referential step inside the derivation. The analysis is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The interpretation depends on standard assumptions of dirty-limit two-band superconductivity theory plus the domain assumption that Se/S disorder eliminates long-range CDW without creating new gap-like features.

free parameters (2)
  • diffusivity ratio
    Large value fitted to reproduce the upward curvature of the upper critical field in the two-band model.
  • gap magnitudes
    Two distinct gap values fitted to specific heat, superfluid density, and lower critical field data.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Random Se/S substitution suppresses long-range CDW order while preserving the P63/mmc layered structure
    Invoked to attribute the two-band behavior to intrinsic multiband pairing rather than CDW reconstruction.
  • domain assumption The dirty-limit two-band model applies to this material
    Used to interpret the upper critical field curvature as evidence of band-dependent scattering.

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