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From galactic bars to the Hubble tension: weighing up the astrophysical evidence for Milgromian gravity
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abstract
Astronomical observations reveal a major deficiency in our understanding of physics $-$ the detectable mass is insufficient to explain the observed motions in a huge variety of systems given our current understanding of gravity, Einstein's General theory of Relativity (GR). This missing gravity problem may indicate a breakdown of GR at low accelerations, as postulated by Milgromian dynamics (MOND). We review the MOND theory and its consequences, including in a cosmological context where we advocate a hybrid approach involving light sterile neutrinos to address MOND's cluster-scale issues. We then test the novel predictions of MOND using evidence from galaxies, galaxy groups, galaxy clusters, and the large-scale structure of the Universe. We also consider whether the standard cosmological paradigm ($\Lambda$CDM) can explain the observations and review several previously published highly significant falsifications of it. Our overall assessment considers both the extent to which the data agree with each theory and how much flexibility each has when accommodating the data, with the gold standard being a clear $a~priori$ prediction not informed by the data in question. Our conclusion is that MOND is favoured by a wealth of data across a huge range of astrophysical scales, ranging from the kpc scales of galactic bars to the Gpc scale of the local supervoid and the Hubble tension, which is alleviated in MOND through enhanced cosmic variance. We also consider several future tests, mostly on scales much smaller than galaxies.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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Model galaxies with a variable stellar IMF and the MOND relation reproduce the observed high-mass deviation of the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation.
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Using DESI DR1 distance measurements, flat LambdaCDM is decisively preferred over R_h=ct, driven almost entirely by the Lyman-alpha data point at redshift 2.33.
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A comprehensive review finds no theoretical Hubble-tension solution yet passes all consistency tests; new early-dark-energy chains reach high H0 only when the SH0ES calibration is added.
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