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This search finds no emerging-jet signal and excludes pair-produced dark scalar mediators up to about 2 TeV in the four-jet topology.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

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T0 review · deepseek-v4-flash

2026-08-04 09:56 UTC pith:BPK5SQT7

load-bearing objection A careful null search that closes a slice of dark-QCD parameter space; the ABCD extrapolation is the natural soft spot but the closure checks make it a paper worthy of peer review.

arxiv 2510.12347 v2 pith:BPK5SQT7 submitted 2025-10-14 hep-ex

Search for emerging jets in pp collisions at sqrt{s} = 13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

ATLAS Collaboration This is my paper
classification hep-ex
keywords emerging jetsdark QCDdisplaced verticeslong-lived particlesdark sectorLHC Run 2boosted decision treesABCD background estimation
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper tries to establish whether a confining dark sector that mimics QCD, with 'dark pions' decaying inside the detector to ordinary quarks, produces jets filled with displaced vertices—'emerging jets'—in LHC proton-proton collisions. Using 140 inverse femtobarns of 13 TeV data, it reports no such signal beyond the Standard Model background: 103 observed events versus a predicted background of 112 ± 6 ± 4. If correct, the result rules out pair-produced scalar mediators with masses between roughly 1 and 2 TeV for dark pions with a 20 mm decay length and 20 GeV mass, narrowing the viable parameter space of a dark QCD sector. The search matters because it tests a well-motivated class of dark matter models that evade conventional WIMP searches.

Core claim

The analysis targets four-jet events where two jets arise from ordinary quarks and two are dark-sector 'emerging jets', each containing multiple displaced vertices from long-lived dark pions. A two-stage boosted decision tree, fed by dedicated large-radius tracking and displaced-vertex reconstruction, separates signal from the overwhelming QCD multijet background. No excess is observed: the signal region contains 103 events against a data-driven background prediction of 112 ± 6 (stat.) ± 4 (syst.). The resulting 95% confidence-level exclusion contours rule out mediator masses up to 1.95–2.00 TeV for dark pions with 20 mm proper decay length (for dark pion masses of 5, 10, and 20 GeV), and ex

What carries the argument

The central mechanism is the combination of dedicated Large Radius Tracking—which reconstructs tracks displaced by up to 300 mm from the collision point—with a jet-level and event-level boosted decision tree trained to isolate emerging-jet-like topologies. The background is estimated with a modified ABCD method: the ratio of event yields in two control regions is fitted as a linear function of the BDT response and then extrapolated into the signal region, defined by BDT response ≥ 0.2 and at least two jet-matched displaced vertices. Key discriminating variables include the minimum prompt track fraction and transverse sphericity.

Load-bearing premise

The background estimate assumes that the ratio of event counts between two control regions, fitted as a straight line in the BDT response outside the signal region, remains valid inside the signal region where no background-only data can directly check it.

What would settle it

Measure the N_C/N_D ratio as a function of BDT response in bins just below the signal-region threshold (0.15 ≤ R < 0.2, N_DV ≥ 2) and test whether the straight-line fit from regions C and D continues to hold; if the ratio develops curvature at R ≥ 0.2, the predicted background of 112 events would be incorrect and the exclusion curves would shift beyond the quoted uncertainties.

Watch this falsifier. Get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • Pair-produced dark scalar mediators with masses up to about 2 TeV are excluded when dark pions have 20 mm proper decay length and 20 GeV mass.
  • At a 1 TeV mediator mass, dark pion lifetimes up to roughly 880 mm (for 10 or 20 GeV dark pions) and about 530 mm (for 5 GeV dark pions) are excluded.
  • The search reaches cross-sections about a factor of two smaller than those probed by the earlier Run 3 four-jet interpretation, making it competitive with other recent emerging-jet searches at the LHC.
  • The observed signal-region yield agrees with the data-driven background prediction within uncertainties, providing no evidence for dark QCD emerging jets.
  • The cut-based reinterpretation presented in the appendix excludes mediators only up to about 1.57 TeV, quantifying the gain from the machine-learning classifier.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the exclusion is accepted, the surviving dark-QCD parameter space moves to either lighter mediators (below about 1 TeV) or to dark-pion lifetimes outside the sensitive window of 2–300 mm; future searches could specifically target those gaps.
  • The same analysis strategy could be applied to higher-energy Run 3 data, where a dedicated emerging-jet trigger may recover sensitivity to lower jet-multiplicity topologies and push the excluded mediator masses higher.
  • A direct testable extension would validate the ABCD linearity at the signal-region boundary by defining a pseudo-signal region just below BDT response 0.2 with at least two displaced vertices; any curvature in the control-region ratio there would require revising the quoted exclusion contours.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

0 major / 6 minor

Summary. This paper presents a search for emerging jets in 140 fb^-1 of pp collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. The analysis targets pair production of bifundamental scalar mediators, each decaying to a SM quark and a dark quark, producing a final state with two emerging jets (characterized by multiple displaced vertices) and two SM jets. A two-stage BDT classifier selects signal-like events, and the dominant QCD multijet background is estimated with a data-driven modified ABCD method, where the ratio N_C/N_D is fit as a linear function of BDT response and extrapolated into the signal region. The observed yield in the signal region is 103 events, consistent with the prediction of 112±6(stat.)±4(syst.); no significant excess is found. Exclusion contours at 95% CL are set on the mediator pair-production cross-section, excluding mediator masses up to about 2 TeV at a dark pion proper decay length of 20 mm and mass 20 GeV, with weaker constraints for other lifetimes and masses.

Significance. If the result holds, it provides strong new constraints on dark QCD models with bifundamental scalar mediators, complementing and in parts extending the reach of CMS Run 2 and ATLAS Run 3 searches. The paper has clear strengths: the background estimate is data-driven and validated in two control regions, an MC closure test is performed directly in the signal region, the BDT is protected against overtraining by a training/test split, and the systematic treatment is detailed, including tracking/vertexing uncertainties up to ~39% at long lifetimes. The cut-based analysis in Appendix A is valuable for reinterpretation. The main residual risk is the assumption of linearity of the N_C/N_D ratio as a function of BDT response and its extrapolation into the signal region; however, this is mitigated by the MC closure test and by the fact that the observed yield is slightly below the prediction, so even a moderate background misestimate would not create a significant excess. I consider the central claim sound.

minor comments (6)
  1. [Figure 5 (Section 9)] The caption reads 'Only data and MC from the SR and region C are shown, since events are required to have N_DV>1.' If region C is defined by inverting the N_DV>=2 selection, then it has N_DV<2, which conflicts with the stated requirement. Please clarify which control region is actually plotted (likely region B, with N_DV>=2 and lower BDT response) or correct the caption.
  2. [Section 7, Eq. (4)] The text states that the modified ABCD method 'corresponds to an uncertainty of 5% on the final background estimate.' Table 5 lists the statistical uncertainty as 6 events on 112, which is about 5.4%. Please clarify that this 5% is the statistical uncertainty from the fit and region B, and explain how it combines with the 3% non-closure systematic to give the total 4-event systematic quoted in Table 5.
  3. [Section 9, Eq. (6)] The notation for the Gaussian constraints, G(alpha_Sig_i, sigma_Sig | 0,1), is ambiguous. If alpha_Sig_i are nuisance parameters with nominal value 0 and width sigma_Sig, the constraint should be written more explicitly, e.g., G(alpha_Sig_i - 0 | sigma_Sig). Please clarify the nominal and width parameters in the text.
  4. [Section 7, MC closure test] The MC closure test in the signal region is described only as 'good agreement' without numerical results. To allow the reader to assess the extrapolation quantitatively, please provide the predicted and observed event counts from QCD multijet simulation in the SR, or a reference to an auxiliary plot.
  5. [Section 8, first paragraph] There is a typo: 'The systematic associated with jets' should be 'The systematic associated with jets' or, better, 'The jet-related systematic'.
  6. [Section 3.1, Eq. (1)] In the dark pion lifetime formula, please define all symbols explicitly, especially m_SM_q (the SM quark mass, here the down quark) and the value used in the samples. Also note whether f_pi_d is fixed and what value is assumed.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: the analysis is a standard data-driven search with externally imported signal model and cross-section inputs.

full rationale

The derivation chain is self-contained. The signal hypothesis and the dark-pion lifetime formula (Eq. 1) are imported from external theoretical literature (Ref. [21], Schwaller et al.), not derived from or fitted to the data; the benchmark grid in Table 1 is an input, and the limit contours are reported as functions of those inputs. The background estimate (Section 7, Eq. 4) is a standard data-driven ABCD extrapolation: the linear N_C/N_D ratio is fitted in control regions C and D and extrapolated into the SR, with validation regions and QCD-MC closure tests; the background prediction is not set equal to the SR observation by construction, because the ratio parameters are constrained by the C/D sidebands and the signal strength is an additional free parameter in the simultaneous likelihood fit. Signal efficiencies come from MC with a training/test split, and the limit-setting uses external NNLL-Fast cross-sections. The only caveat is the linearity of the ABCD ratio inside the SR, an assumption about background modeling that is covered by systematic uncertainties and validation; that is a correctness risk, not a circular step. Citations to previous ATLAS results (e.g., Ref. [29]) are contextual comparisons and are not load-bearing.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 7 axioms · 3 invented entities

The central claim rests on (i) the benchmark dark-QCD model imported from Ref. [21] (particles, lifetime formula, N_f=7, mass scheme), (ii) the linear-extrapolation assumption of the modified ABCD background method, and (iii) the fidelity of Pythia's Hidden Valley shower model and NNLL-Fast cross-sections. None of these are derived in this paper; all are prior-literature or standard-tool inputs. The only parameters fitted to data are the ABCD slope/intercept nuisance parameters, which carry propagated uncertainty. The modeling assumptions are the usual ones for LHC dark-sector searches and are stated in the text.

free parameters (3)
  • p0, p1 (ABCD background slope/intercept) = Not quoted; fitted to data in regions C and D
    Nuisance parameters of the modified-ABCD background model (Eq. 4); the SR prediction (112±6±4) inherits their ~5% uncertainty. Fitted to background-dominated control regions, not to signal.
  • Benchmark signal grid (M_phi, m_pi_d, c_tau_pi_d) = M_phi: 1.0–2.2 TeV; m_pi_d: 5, 10, 20 GeV; c_tau: 1–1000 mm
    Chosen by hand following Ref. [21] to span the model space (Table 1); the headline exclusion (1–2 TeV at c_tau=20 mm, m_pi_d=20 GeV) is quoted at these points. Not fitted to data.
  • Yukawa coupling kappa = Implicit; set per sample to realize target c_tau via Eq. (1)
    Free parameter of the signal model; the analysis is insensitive to it beyond the lifetime mapping in Eq. (1).
axioms (7)
  • domain assumption Dark QCD model: SU(N_c=3) gauge group with N_f=7 dark quark flavours; dark pions decay to SM down quarks via t-channel phi exchange.
    Imported from Ref. [21]; defines the signal model and benchmark points on which the exclusion contours depend (§3.1, Table 1).
  • domain assumption Dark pion lifetime formula: c_tau = 80 mm/kappa^4 (2 GeV/f_pi_d)^2 (100 MeV/m_SM_q)^2 (2 GeV/m_pi_d) (M_phi/1 TeV)^4 (Eq. 1).
    Taken from Ref. [21]; used to map model parameters to the generated lifetime grid.
  • domain assumption The background ratio N_C/N_D is a two-parameter linear function of the BDT response that extrapolates from regions C/D into the SR.
    Basis of Eq. (4) and the SR background prediction; validated in two VRs with ~3–4% closure (Table 4), folded in as a systematic (§7).
  • domain assumption Top-quark and other non-multijet backgrounds are negligible after the event selection.
    Stated in §3.2; justifies a purely data-driven background estimate with no MC contribution.
  • domain assumption Pythia8 Hidden Valley faithfully models dark showering/hadronization; NNPDF2.3lo+A14+Geant4 model SM processes and detector response.
    Signal efficiency and BDT training rely on these simulations (§3, §6); there is no data anchor for the dark-shower modelling.
  • domain assumption NNLL-Fast stop-pair cross-sections, scaled by N_c, approximate sigma(pp -> phi^dagger phi) at NNLOapprox+NNLL.
    Used to convert observed limits into mass exclusions (§3.1, §9); carries 11–27% theoretical uncertainty.
  • domain assumption BDT responses trained on simulated events generalize to data.
    Checked via train/test consistency and the R>-0.2 selection (§6); standard for ML-based analyses, with templates validated in the low-H_T VR (§8).
invented entities (3)
  • Dark quarks Q_d no independent evidence
    purpose: Constituents of the dark shower that yields the emerging-jet signature
    Imported from Ref. [21], not introduced here; no direct detection exists and this search only sets exclusion limits.
  • Dark pions pi_d no independent evidence
    purpose: Long-lived dark hadrons whose displaced decays define the emerging jets
    The benchmark (m_pi_d = 20 GeV, c_tau = 20 mm) carries the headline exclusion; model element from Ref. [21].
  • Scalar mediator phi (bifundamental, SU(3)_QCD x SU(N_c)_dark) no independent evidence
    purpose: Pair-produced mediator connecting dark quarks to SM down quarks in the four-jet topology
    Borrowed from Refs. [21, 27, 28]; the pair-production cross-section interpretation defines the exclusion contours.

pith-pipeline@v1.3.0-alltime-deepseek · 52942 in / 17435 out tokens · 144582 ms · 2026-08-04T09:56:44.364391+00:00 · methodology

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read the original abstract

A search is presented for emerging jets using 140 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV, collected by the ATLAS experiment between 2015 and 2018. The search looks for the existence of a dark sector with symmetries similar to those in quantum chromodynamics. This dark sector is populated with dark quarks, which undergo showering similar to quarks in the Standard Model, leading to a high multiplicity of long-lived dark hadrons within a dark jet. These dark hadrons subsequently decay to Standard Model particles via a new heavy scalar mediating particle $\phi$. This results in jets which contain multiple displaced vertices, known as emerging jets. This analysis targets four-jet topologies, with two emerging jets and two Standard Model jets, resulting from the decay of pair-produced scalar mediators. No significant excess above the Standard Model background is observed. For dark pion proper decay lengths of 20 mm, mediator masses are excluded between 1 TeV and 2 TeV assuming a dark pion mass of 20 GeV.

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