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On the cardinalities of quantum Latin squares

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arxiv 2508.01972 v1 pith:CE2Y7SK7 submitted 2025-08-04 math.CO math-phmath.MP

On the cardinalities of quantum Latin squares

classification math.CO math-phmath.MP
keywords cardinalitycardinalitiescolumnconstructionlatinmathbbpossibleqlss
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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A quantum Latin square of order $v$, QLS($v$), is a $v\times v$ array in which each of entries is a unit column vector from the Hilbert space $\mathbb{C}^{v}$, such that every row and column forms an orthonormal basis of $\mathbb{C}^{v}$. The cardinality of a QLS($v$) is the number of its vectors distinct up to a global phase, which is the crucial indicator for distinguishing between classical QLSs and non-classical QLSs. In this paper, we investigate the possible cardinalities of a QLS($v$). As a result, we completely resolve the existence of a QLS($v$) with maximal cardinality for any $v\geq 4$. Moreover, based on Wilson's construction and Direct Product construction, we establish some possible cardinality range of a QLS($v$) for any $v\geq 4$.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. New Cardinalities for Quantum Latin Squares of Order Six

    math.CO 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Explicit order-6 quantum Latin squares exist with cardinalities 19, 21, and 23, completing all values in 6–24 except the impossible 7.

  2. New Cardinalities for Quantum Latin Squares of Order Six

    math.CO 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0

    Explicit six-by-six quantum Latin squares with 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 distinct states are constructed, completing the order-six cardinality list through 28.

  3. The Existence of Diagonal Quantum Latin Squares with Maximum Cardinality

    math.CO 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    MCDQLS(n) exists for all but a few n, based on constructions for idempotent MCQLS(n) and implying results for MCPQLS(n).

  4. Three Quantum Latin Squares of Order 6 with Cardinalities 13, 15, and 17

    math.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Two explicit quantum Latin squares of order 6 are constructed with cardinalities 13 and 17 using direct-sum decompositions and Hadamard pairs.

  5. Three Quantum Latin Squares of Order 6 with Cardinalities 13, 15, and 17

    math.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Explicit constructions of three quantum Latin squares of order 6 achieving cardinalities 13, 15, and 17 via orthogonal decompositions and Hadamard pairs.