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Rapid Dust Formation in the Early Universe
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Rapid Dust Formation in the Early Universe
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Interstellar dust links the formation of the first stars to the rocky planet we inhabit by playing a pivotal role in the cooling and fragmentation of molecular clouds, and catalyzing the formation of water and organic molecules. Despite its central role, the origin of dust and its formation timescale remain unknown. Some models favor rapid production in supernova ejecta as the primary origin of dust, while others invoke slower production by evolved asymptotic giant branch stars or grain growth in the interstellar medium (ISM). The dust content of young early-universe galaxies is highly sensitive to the dust formation timescales. Here, we evaluate the dust content of 631 galaxies at $3 < z_{\rm spec} < 14$ based on rest-UV to optical spectroscopy obtained with JWST NIRSpec. We find that dust appears rapidly. Attenuation immediately follows star formation on timescales shorter than $\sim 30$ Myr, favoring dust production by supernovae. The degree of attenuation is $\sim 30$ times lower than expected if the entire supernova dust yield were preserved in the ISM, and had Milky Way-like grain properties. This can be reconciled if the early-universe dust is composed mostly of silicate or grains much larger than those in the Milky Way, and if significant dust destruction or ejection by outflows takes place.
Forward citations
Cited by 5 Pith papers
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Stardust Galaxies at z>9: A Dust-Origin Transition Behind the Excess of UV-Bright Galaxies
A transition to low-opacity supernova-produced dust at z>9 reduces effective UV attenuation in gas-rich galaxies and reproduces the observed UV luminosity function and A_FUV-M_star relation.
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Stardust Galaxies at z>9: A Dust-Origin Transition Behind the Excess of UV-Bright Galaxies
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