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Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
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Planets form and obtain their compositions in dust and gas-rich disks around young stars, and the outcome of this process is intimately linked to the disk chemical properties. The distributions of molecules across disks regulate the elemental compositions of planets, including C/N/O/S ratios and metallicity (O/H and C/H), as well as access to water and prebiotically relevant organics. Emission from molecules also encodes information on disk ionization levels, temperature structures, kinematics, and gas surface densities, which are all key ingredients of disk evolution and planet formation models. The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) ALMA Large Program was designed to expand our understanding of the chemistry of planet formation by exploring disk chemical structures down to 10 au scales. The MAPS program focuses on five disks - around IM Lup, GM Aur, AS 209, HD 163296, and MWC 480 - in which dust substructures are detected and planet formation appears to be ongoing. We observed these disks in 4 spectral setups, which together cover ~50 lines from over 20 different species. This paper introduces the ApJS MAPS Special Issue by presenting an overview of the program motivation, disk sample, observational details, and calibration strategy. We also highlight key results, including discoveries of links between dust, gas, and chemical sub-structures, large reservoirs of nitriles and other organics in the inner disk regions, and elevated C/O ratios across most disks. We discuss how this collection of results is reshaping our view of the chemistry of planet formation.
Forward citations
Cited by 9 Pith papers
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A Chemical Inventory of the Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS with ALMA
A comprehensive ALMA-based chemical inventory of the Class 0 protostar L1527 IRS finds 39 molecular species and a carbon-rich to oxygen-rich transition from envelope to disk.
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Accretion across scales: streamers, surface-layer transport, and rapid replenishment in young protoplanetary discs
Cloud-fed ideal-MHD zoom-in simulations of nine young stars show discs are replenished on ~10,000-year timescales via surface-layer accretion and can be truncated by massive streamers.
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Angular Momentum of Planet-Forming Disks: Implications for Infall Driven Misalignments
Most planet-forming disks have less angular momentum than late-infalling cloud gas is predicted to carry, so infalling streamers are a plausible cause of the observed misalignments.
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Dust and Gas Transport in Substructured Nonideal MHD Wind-Launching Disks with Embedded Planets
In magnetized wind-launching disks, planet-opened gaps remain partially permeable: small grains and gas leak through, while large grains are filtered, making substructures regulators rather than barriers.
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Gas masses of protoplanetary disks measured from CO and N2H+ line fluxes agree with kinematically measured masses within a factor of about three for most of the 15 disks compared, with line-based masses lower by a fac...
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