A Mission to Demonstrate Rapid-Response Flyby Reconnaissance for Planetary Defense

International and U.S. strategies and protocols have identified the need to develop rapid-response spacecraft reconnaissance capabilities as a priority to advance planetary defense readiness. A space-based reconnaissance response is recommended for potential impactors as small as 50 m, making these small objects the most likely to trigger a space-based response and the ones that drive the reconnaissance capabilities needed. Even following the successful completion of the NEO Surveyor mission and Rubin Observatory survey efforts, roughly half of the 50-m near-Earth object (NEO) population will remain undiscovered. As a result, 50-m impactors may not be found with long warning times, and a rapid-response flyby mission may be the only reconnaissance possible. To develop a robust flyby reconnaissance capability for planetary defense, four major requirements are defined for a demonstration mission. 1. Enable a flyby of greater than 90 percent of the potential asteroid threat population. 2. Demonstrate the flyby reconnaissance for a 50 m NEO. 3. Obtain the information needed to determine if and where it would impact the Earth. 4. Determine key properties of the asteroid to inform decision makers. As commonly noted in the planetary defense community, in planetary defense, you do not pick the asteroid, the asteroid picks you. Thus, a planetary defense flyby reconnaissance demonstration mission is not about just flying by an asteroid, but rather it is about developing a robust capability for the objects that are most likely to require a short-warning-time, space-based response.