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Explaining the KM3-230213A Detection without Gamma-Ray Emission: Cosmic-Ray Dark Radiation
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Recently, a high-energy neutrino event, designated KM3-230213A, was observed by the KM3NeT/ARCA detector in the Mediterranean Sea. This event is characterized by a reconstructed muon energy of approximately 120 PeV, corresponding to a median neutrino energy of roughly 220 PeV. To understand the origin, it is essential to investigate consistency with multi-messenger observations--particularly gamma-ray constraints--in various theoretical scenarios within and beyond the Standard Model. Motivated by this, we explore the possibility that the detected event does not originate from conventional neutrinos but rather from right-handed neutrinos (sterile neutrinos) mixing with active neutrinos, leading to the observed muon signal. Such cosmic-ray dark radiation may have originated either in the early Universe or through dark matter decay in the present epoch. We show that in both cases, while satisfying existing general constraints on light sterile neutrinos, the stringent multi-messenger gamma-ray limits can be significantly alleviated. A distinct prediction of this scenario is that such events can arrive from directions through Earth that would typically attenuate conventional neutrinos. A related scenario involving cosmic-ray boosted WIMP dark matter is also discussed.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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Earth rotation turns event timing into a geometric probe of UHE neutrino origin
Earth-rotation timing lowers the number of future KM3NeT events needed to exclude a dark-matter origin of KM3-230213A from ~22–27 to ~14–16.
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The soft volume of ultra-high energy neutrinos experiments
A drift-diffusion approximation of muon energy loss maps ultra-high-energy neutrino fluxes to through-going track rates, with a soft volume several times the instrumented volume.
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The Highest-Energy Neutrino Event Constrains Dark Matter-Neutrino Interactions
KM3-230213A limits dark matter-neutrino scattering to below about 1e-22 cm^2/GeV at 220 PeV, but most simple dark matter models are excluded by unitarity above MeV masses.
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`Dark' Matter Effect as a Novel Solution to the KM3-230213A Puzzle
Dark matter scattering in the Earth, sourced by a flaring blazar, can explain the KM3-230213A event while yielding few or no IceCube events in a viable parameter space.
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Astrophysical flux of dark particles as a solution to the KM3NeT and IceCube tension over KM3-230213A
A transient astrophysical dark-particle flux can explain the KM3NeT 70 PeV muon via in-Earth upscattering and decay to muon pairs, while predicting no IceCube counterpart.
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Exploring ultra-high energy neutrino experiments through the lens of the transport equation
Using a line-of-sight transport formalism, the paper finds a 3.1 sigma tension between the KM3NeT ultra-high-energy event and IceCube non-observation under a diffuse power-law flux, with stronger tension for steady po...
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Interpreting the KM3-230213A PeV Neutrino Event via Vector Dark Matter Decay and Its Multi-Messenger Signatures
A U(1)_X vector dark matter model explains the KM3-230213A PeV neutrino via DM decay and predicts a cosmic string gravitational wave background consistent with PTA observations, but with several parameters fitted to the data.
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Road through Dark$\nu$ess: Probing dark matter-neutrino interactions using KM3-230213A
Using the 220 PeV event KM3-230213A, the authors set the highest-energy constraints to date on dark matter-neutrino scattering, and for energy-dependent cross sections they report some of the strongest existing limits.
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