pith. sign in

arxiv: 2311.10903 · v5 · pith:ET3SRQY5new · submitted 2023-11-17 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE · astro-ph.SR· hep-ph· hep-th

Probing Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Emission from SNR G296.5+10.0 and CCO 1E 1207.4-5209 with CTAO

Luana N. Padilha , Rubens Jr. Costa , Rita C. dos Anjos , Jaziel G. Coelho This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-24 05:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.SRhep-phhep-th
keywords cosmic rayssupernova remnantscentral compact objectsgamma-ray emissionCTAOparticle accelerationGALPROP
0
0 comments X

The pith

Modeling predicts that CTAO can detect gamma-ray emission from SNR G296.5+10.0 and CCO 1E 1207.4-5209 at 5 sigma significance after 50 hours of exposure.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper models cosmic ray transport and gamma-ray emission from the supernova remnant G296.5+10.0 and its central compact object 1E 1207.4-5209 using the GALPROP code. It finds that time-evolving scenarios make the environment suitable for acceleration, with hadronic processes dominating in the remnant and leptonic processes in the compact object at different energies. The work shows that CTAO observations can reach 5 sigma detection and deliver the first constraints on particle acceleration in this low-luminosity CCO-SNR system. A reader would care because the result bears on whether central compact objects can accelerate electrons efficiently even without pulsar wind nebulae.

Core claim

Under time-evolving scenarios the environment around SNR G296.5+10.0 and CCO 1E 1207.4-5209 permits cosmic-ray acceleration and gamma-ray production; hadronic interactions in the remnant and leptonic processes in the compact object dominate separate energy bands, and CTAO can detect the combined emission at 5 sigma after 50 hours, supplying the first direct constraints on acceleration mechanisms in this class of system.

What carries the argument

GALPROP v57 modeling of cosmic-ray transport that separates hadronic gamma-ray production in the SNR from leptonic production in the CCO while accounting for energy losses and interactions.

If this is right

  • CTAO observations would supply the first constraints on particle acceleration in a CCO-SNR system.
  • Central compact objects can act as efficient electron accelerators even without pulsar wind nebulae.
  • Next-generation telescopes are required to probe cosmic-ray processes in low-luminosity SNR-CCO systems.
  • The modeled emission contributes to the Galactic cosmic-ray flux through both hadronic and leptonic channels.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Detection would motivate similar modeling for other known CCO-SNR pairs to test whether the acceleration efficiency is common.
  • If the leptonic component from the CCO is confirmed, it would expand the list of Galactic sites that can inject high-energy electrons without a visible nebula.
  • The distinction between hadronic and leptonic dominance at different energies offers a template for interpreting future multi-wavelength data on faint remnants.

Load-bearing premise

The environment around the SNR and CCO is suitable for cosmic-ray acceleration and gamma-ray production under the time-evolving scenarios used in the modeling.

What would settle it

A null result from CTAO after 50 hours of observation on the predicted emission, or measured fluxes lying well below the modeled levels in the relevant energy bands.

read the original abstract

The acceleration mechanisms of cosmic rays (CR) in supernova remnants (SNRs) and their associated compact central objects (CCOs) remain an open question in high-energy astrophysics. In this study, we perform a modeling of CR transport and gamma-ray emission from SNR G296.5+10.0 and its CCO 1E 1207.4-5209, using the latest public release of the GALPROP code (v57) and focusing, in particular, on the contribution from the CCO. Our simulations predict the contribution of CR from this source to the Galactic flux, accounting for energy losses and particle interaction processes. We find that, under time-evolving scenarios, the environment around SNR G296.5+10.0 and 1E 1207.4-5209 is suitable for CR acceleration and gamma-ray production. The analysis distinguishes between gamma rays produced by hadronic interactions in SNR G296.5+10.0 and by leptonic processes in CCO 1E 1207.4-5209, revealing that each mechanism dominates in different energy bands. We show that the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) can detect this emission with a significance of 5{\sigma} after 50 h of exposure, providing the first constraints on particle acceleration in this unique CCO-SNR system. These findings suggest that CCOs may be efficient electron accelerators, even in the absence of pulsar wind nebulae, and emphasize the critical role of next-generation observatories such as CTAO in unraveling CR acceleration processes in low-luminosity SNR-CCO systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript models cosmic-ray transport and gamma-ray emission from SNR G296.5+10.0 and its CCO 1E 1207.4-5209 with GALPROP v57. It separates hadronic (SNR) and leptonic (CCO) contributions under time-evolving scenarios, predicts the Galactic flux after accounting for energy losses and interactions, and forecasts a 5σ detection of the combined emission by CTAO after 50 h of exposure.

Significance. If the modeling choices and resulting fluxes are robust and reproducible, the work would supply the first quantitative prediction for gamma-ray detectability from a low-luminosity CCO-SNR system without a pulsar wind nebula. This would directly address open questions on particle acceleration in such objects and illustrate the reach of CTAO for faint Galactic sources.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / modeling setup] Abstract and modeling setup: the central 5σ / 50 h claim rests on specific time-evolving scenarios, yet the manuscript does not list the numerical values or exclusion criteria adopted for the GALPROP free parameters (diffusion coefficient, energy-loss rates, source spectrum normalization and index). Without these, the quoted significance cannot be independently verified or reproduced.
  2. [Results / CTAO sensitivity section] The 5σ forecast is obtained from the same GALPROP run that is tuned to produce the quoted flux; this introduces a circularity that must be broken by showing an independent validation (e.g., comparison to existing upper limits or a parameter scan) before the detection significance can be treated as a genuine prediction.
minor comments (2)
  1. Clarify the energy ranges in which hadronic versus leptonic emission dominates and state the assumed distance and age of the SNR-CCO system explicitly.
  2. Add a table or appendix listing the exact GALPROP v57 run parameters used for the time-evolving cases.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive comments, which help improve the clarity and reproducibility of our modeling. We address each major comment below and indicate the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / modeling setup] Abstract and modeling setup: the central 5σ / 50 h claim rests on specific time-evolving scenarios, yet the manuscript does not list the numerical values or exclusion criteria adopted for the GALPROP free parameters (diffusion coefficient, energy-loss rates, source spectrum normalization and index). Without these, the quoted significance cannot be independently verified or reproduced.

    Authors: We agree that explicit listing of the GALPROP parameter values is required for reproducibility. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated table (or subsection) in the modeling setup that reports the numerical values adopted for the diffusion coefficient, energy-loss rates, source spectrum normalization and index, together with the exclusion criteria applied to the time-evolving scenarios. This addition will allow independent verification of the 5σ / 50 h prediction. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results / CTAO sensitivity section] The 5σ forecast is obtained from the same GALPROP run that is tuned to produce the quoted flux; this introduces a circularity that must be broken by showing an independent validation (e.g., comparison to existing upper limits or a parameter scan) before the detection significance can be treated as a genuine prediction.

    Authors: The parameters were selected from standard literature values for comparable SNRs and CCOs rather than tuned to match any observed flux from this source. The 5σ significance is therefore a forward-model prediction. Nevertheless, to address the referee’s concern we will add an explicit comparison of the predicted flux against existing Fermi-LAT upper limits on the region, providing the requested independent validation. A brief discussion of parameter robustness will also be included. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity identified

full rationale

The paper's central claim is a forward modeling exercise: GALPROP v57 is run under stated time-evolving CR injection and transport assumptions for the SNR+CCO system to obtain predicted gamma-ray fluxes (hadronic from SNR, leptonic from CCO), after which CTAO exposure time for 5σ detection is computed from those fluxes. No quoted step shows a fitted parameter being renamed as a prediction, a self-definitional loop, or a load-bearing self-citation whose result is taken as an external theorem. The modeling is presented as dependent on explicit scenario assumptions rather than being forced by construction to reproduce its own inputs. This is the normal case of a simulation-based forecast and receives score 0.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; free parameters, axioms and invented entities cannot be enumerated without the methods and results sections.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5875 in / 1091 out tokens · 23802 ms · 2026-05-24T05:47:12.935356+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

70 extracted references · 70 canonical work pages · 42 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Mayer and W

    M.G.F. Mayer and W. Becker, A kinematic study of central compact objects and their host supernova remnants, A&A 651 (2021) A40 [ 2106.00700]

    work page arXiv 2021

  2. [2]

    The Neutron Star Zoo

    A.K. Harding, The neutron star zoo , Frontiers of Physics 8 (2013) 679 [ 1302.0869]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  3. [3]

    Hillas, Where do 10 19 eV cosmic rays come from? , Nuclear Physics B Proceedings Supplements 136 (2004) 139

    A.M. Hillas, Where do 10 19 eV cosmic rays come from? , Nuclear Physics B Proceedings Supplements 136 (2004) 139

    work page 2004

  4. [4]

    Physical conditions in potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: Updated Hillas plot and radiation-loss constraints

    K.V. Ptitsyna and S.V. Troitsky, Physical conditions in potential accelerators of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: updated Hillas plot and radiation-loss constraints , Physics Uspekhi 53 (2010) 691 [ 0808.0367]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  5. [5]

    The Morphologies and Kinematics of Supernova Remnants

    L.A. Lopez and R.A. Fesen, The Morphologies and Kinematics of Supernova Remnants , Space Science Reviews 214 (2018) 44 [ 1804.00024]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  6. [7]

    Central Compact Objects in Supernova Remnants

    G.G. Pavlov, D. Sanwal and M.A. Teter, Central Compact Objects in Supernova Remnants , in Young Neutron Stars and Their Environments , F. Camilo and B.M. Gaensler, eds., vol. 218, p. 239, Jan., 2004, DOI [ astro-ph/0311526]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  7. [8]

    Central Compact Objects in Supernova Remnants

    A. De Luca, Central compact objects in supernova remnants , in Journal of Physics Conference Series, vol. 932 of Journal of Physics Conference Series , p. 012006, Dec., 2017, DOI [1711.07210]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  8. [9]

    Spin-down Measurement of PSR J1852+0040 in Kesteven 79: Central Compact Objects as Anti-Magnetars

    J.P. Halpern and E.V. Gotthelf, Spin-Down Measurement of PSR J1852+0040 in Kesteven 79: Central Compact Objects as Anti-Magnetars , ApJ 709 (2010) 436 [ 0911.0093]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  9. [10]

    Becker Tjus, Search for Galactic cosmic ray sources: The multimessenger approach , in European Physical Journal Web of Conferences , vol

    J. Becker Tjus, Search for Galactic cosmic ray sources: The multimessenger approach , in European Physical Journal Web of Conferences , vol. 105 of European Physical Journal Web of Conferences, p. 00003, Dec., 2015, DOI

    work page 2015

  10. [11]

    Becker Tjus and L

    J. Becker Tjus and L. Merten, Closing in on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays using multimessenger information, Physics Reports 872 (2020) 1 [ 2002.00964]

    work page arXiv 2020

  11. [12]

    An upper limit on the cosmic-ray luminosity of individual sources from gamma-ray observations

    A.D. Supanitsky and V. de Souza, An upper limit on the cosmic-ray luminosity of individual sources from gamma-ray observations, JCAP 2013 (2013) 023 [ 1311.4820]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  12. [13]

    Upper limits on the total cosmic-ray luminosity of individual sources

    R.C. Anjos, V. de Souza and A.D. Supanitsky, Upper limits on the total cosmic-ray luminosity of individual sources, JCAP 2014 (2014) 049 [ 1405.3937]. – 7 –

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  13. [14]

    Sasse and R.C

    R. Sasse and R.C. dos Anjos, Upper limits on the cosmic-ray luminosity of supernovae in nearby galaxies, in 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference , p. 461, Mar., 2022, DOI

    work page 2022

  14. [15]

    dos Anjos, J.G

    R.C. dos Anjos, J.G. Coelho, J.P. Pereira and F. Catalani, High-energy gamma-ray emission from SNR G57.2+0.8 hosting SGR J1935+2154 , JCAP 2021 (2021) 023 [ 2106.03008]

    work page arXiv 2021

  15. [16]

    Coelho, L.N

    J.G. Coelho, L.N. Padilha, R.C. dos Anjos, C.V. Ventura and G.A. Carvalho, An updated view and perspectives on high-energy gamma-ray emission from SGR J1935+2154 and its environment, JCAP 2022 (2022) 041 [ 2204.09734]

    work page arXiv 2022

  16. [17]

    HST and VLT observations of the neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209

    A. de Luca, R.P. Mignani, A. Sartori, W. Hummel, P.A. Caraveo, S. Mereghetti et al., HST and VLT observations of the neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209 , A&A 525 (2011) A106 [1007.3623]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

  17. [18]

    Porter, G

    T.A. Porter, G. J´ ohannesson and I.V. Moskalenko,The GALPROP Cosmic-ray Propagation and Nonthermal Emissions Framework: Release v57 , ApJS 262 (2022) 30 [ 2112.12745]

    work page arXiv 2022

  18. [19]

    Eppens, J.A

    L.K. Eppens, J.A. Combi, E.M. Reynoso, F. Garc´ ıa, E. Mestre, L. Abaroa et al., A high-energy study of the supernova remnant G296.5+10.0 , MNRAS 528 (2024) 2095

    work page 2024

  19. [21]

    H. Zeng, Y. Xin, S. Zhang and S. Liu, TeV Cosmic-Ray Nucleus Acceleration in Shell-type Supernova Remnants with Hard γ-Ray Spectra, ApJ 910 (2021) 78 [ 2102.03465]

    work page arXiv 2021

  20. [22]

    Halpern and E.V

    J.P. Halpern and E.V. Gotthelf, The First Glitch in a Central Compact Object Pulsar: 1E 1207.4-5209, in AAS/High Energy Astrophysics Division , vol. 17 of AAS/High Energy Astrophysics Division, p. 112.50, Mar., 2019

    work page 2019

  21. [23]

    Variations in the spin period of the radio-quiet pulsar 1E 1207.4-5209

    V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov and D. Sanwal, Variations in the Spin Period of the Radio-quiet Pulsar 1E 1207.4-5209 , ApJ 606 (2004) 444 [ astro-ph/0312096]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  22. [24]

    Radio-quiet neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209: a possible strong Gravitational-wave source

    B. Gong, Radio-quiet neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209 : a possible strong gravitational-wave source., PRL 95 (2005) 1101 [ astro-ph/0506431]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2005

  23. [25]

    Giacani, G.M

    E.B. Giacani, G.M. Dubner, A.J. Green, W.M. Goss and B.M. Gaensler, The Interstellar Matter in the Direction of the Supernova Remnant G296.5+10.0 and the Central X-Ray Source 1E 1207.4-5209, Astronomical Journal 119 (2000) 281

    work page 2000

  24. [26]

    Pulse phase variations of the X-ray spectral features in the radio-quiet neutron star 1E 1207-5209

    S. Mereghetti, A. De Luca, P.A. Caraveo, W. Becker, R. Mignani and G.F. Bignami, Pulse Phase Variations of the X-Ray Spectral Features in the Radio-quiet Neutron Star 1E 1207-5209, ApJ 581 (2002) 1280 [ astro-ph/0207296]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2002

  25. [27]

    XMM-Newton and VLT observations of the isolated neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209

    A. De Luca, S. Mereghetti, P.A. Caraveo, M. Moroni, R.P. Mignani and G.F. Bignami, XMM-Newton and VLT observations of the isolated neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209 , A&A 418 (2004) 625 [ astro-ph/0312646]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  26. [28]

    Discovery of 424 ms pulsations from the radio-quiet neutron star in the PKS 1209-52 supernova remnant

    V.E. Zavlin, G.G. Pavlov, D. Sanwal and J. Tr¨ umper,Discovery of 424 Millisecond Pulsations from the Radio-quiet Neutron Star in the Supernova Remnant PKS 1209-51/52 , ApJL 540 (2000) L25 [ astro-ph/0005548]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2000

  27. [29]

    Origin of the bilateral structure of the supernova remnant G296.5+10

    A. Moranchel-Basurto, P.F. Vel´ azquez, E. Giacani, J.C. Toledo-Roy, E.M. Schneiter, F. De Colle et al., Origin of the bilateral structure of the supernova remnant G296.5+10 , MNRAS 472 (2017) 2117 [ 1709.00460]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  28. [30]

    Roger, D.K

    R.S. Roger, D.K. Milne, M.J. Kesteven, K.J. Wellington and R.F. Haynes, Symmetry of the Radio Emission from Two High-Latitude Supernova Remnants, G296.5+10.0 and G324.7+14.6 (SN 1006), ApJ 332 (1988) 940

    work page 1988

  29. [31]

    Dubner, F.R

    G.M. Dubner, F.R. Colomb and E.B. Giacani, 1410 MHz continuum and HI line observations towards the SNR G 296.5+10.0 and nearby sources. Evidences of two SNRs tunneling through the interstellar medium. , Astronomical Journal 91 (1986) 343. – 8 –

    work page 1986

  30. [32]

    Evidence for a Mid-Atomic-Number Atmosphere in the Neutron Star 1E1207.4-5209

    C.J. Hailey and K. Mori, Evidence of a Mid-Atomic Number Atmosphere in the Neutron Star 1E 1207.4-5209, ApJL 578 (2002) L133 [ astro-ph/0207590]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2002

  31. [33]

    Possible evolution of dim radio quiet neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209 based on a B-decay model

    A. Ankay, A.M. Ankay and E.N. Ercan, Possible Evolution of DIM Radio-Quiet Neutron Star 1e 1207.4-5209 Based on a B-Decay Model , International Journal of Modern Physics D 16 (2007) 619 [ 0706.0831]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

  32. [34]

    Once-ionized helium in superstrong magnetic fields

    G.G. Pavlov and V.G. Bezchastnov, Once-ionized Helium in Superstrong Magnetic Fields , ApJL 635 (2005) L61 [ astro-ph/0505464]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2005

  33. [35]

    Cosmic-ray propagation and interactions in the Galaxy

    A.W. Strong, I.V. Moskalenko and V.S. Ptuskin, Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 57 (2007) 285 [astro-ph/0701517]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

  34. [36]

    Cosmic-ray energy spectrum and composition up to the ankle - the case for a second Galactic component

    S. Thoudam, J.P. Rachen, A. van Vliet, A. Achterberg, S. Buitink, H. Falcke et al., Cosmic-ray energy spectrum and composition up to the ankle: the case for a second Galactic component , A&A 595 (2016) A33 [ 1605.03111]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  35. [38]

    High-Energy Gamma Rays from the Milky Way: Three-Dimensional Spatial Models for the Cosmic-Ray and Radiation Field Densities in the Interstellar Medium

    T.A. Porter, G. J´ ohannesson and I.V. Moskalenko,High-energy Gamma Rays from the Milky Way: Three-dimensional Spatial Models for the Cosmic-Ray and Radiation Field Densities in the Interstellar Medium , ApJ 846 (2017) 67 [ 1708.00816]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  36. [39]

    X.H. Sun, W. Reich, A. Waelkens and T.A. Enßlin, Radio observational constraints on Galactic 3D-emission models, A&A 477 (2008) 573 [ 0711.1572]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  37. [40]

    Diffuse continuum gamma rays from the Galaxy

    A.W. Strong, I.V. Moskalenko and O. Reimer, Diffuse Continuum Gamma Rays from the Galaxy, ApJ 537 (2000) 763 [ astro-ph/9811296]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2000

  38. [41]

    Propagation of cosmic-ray nucleons in the Galaxy

    A.W. Strong and I.V. Moskalenko, Propagation of Cosmic-Ray Nucleons in the Galaxy , ApJ 509 (1998) 212 [ astro-ph/9807150]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1998

  39. [42]

    Cosmic-ray propagation with DRAGON2: I. numerical solver and astrophysical ingredients

    C. Evoli, D. Gaggero, A. Vittino, G. Di Bernardo, M. Di Mauro, A. Ligorini et al., Cosmic-ray propagation with DRAGON2: I. numerical solver and astrophysical ingredients , JCAP 2017 (2017) 015 [ 1607.07886]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  40. [43]

    Liu, S.-j

    W. Liu, S.-j. Lin, H.-b. Hu, Y.-q. Guo and A.-f. Li, Two Numerical Methods for the 3D Anisotropic Propagation of Galactic Cosmic Rays , ApJ 892 (2020) 6 [ 1909.02908]

    work page arXiv 2020

  41. [44]

    Improved Cosmic-Ray Injection Models and the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess

    E. Carlson, T. Linden and S. Profumo, Improved cosmic-ray injection models and the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess, PRD 94 (2016) 063504 [ 1603.06584]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  42. [45]

    Contribution of the Galactic center to the local cosmic-ray flux

    ´E. Jaupart, ´E. Parizot and D. Allard, Contribution of the Galactic centre to the local cosmic-ray flux, A&A 619 (2018) A12 [ 1808.02322]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  43. [46]

    Anjos and F

    R.C. Anjos and F. Catalani, Galactic Center as an efficient source of cosmic rays , PRD 101 (2020) 123015 [ 2006.02584]

    work page arXiv 2020

  44. [47]

    Cosmic-Ray Propagation in Light of Recent Observation of Geminga

    G. J´ ohannesson, T.A. Porter and I.V. Moskalenko,Cosmic-Ray Propagation in Light of the Recent Observation of Geminga , ApJ 879 (2019) 91 [ 1903.05509]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  45. [48]

    Pulsars versus Dark Matter Interpretation of ATIC/PAMELA

    D. Malyshev, I. Cholis and J. Gelfand, Pulsars versus dark matter interpretation of ATIC/PAMELA, PRD 80 (2009) 063005 [ 0903.1310]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  46. [49]

    Modeling gamma ray production from proton-proton interactions in high-energy astrophysical environments

    D. Atri and B. Hariharan, Modeling gamma ray production from proton-proton interactions in high-energy astrophysical environments, arXiv e-prints (2013) arXiv:1309.2360 [ 1309.2360]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  47. [50]

    Sasse and R.C

    R. Sasse and R.C. Anjos, A Connection Between TeV Gamma-ray Flux and Cosmic Rays in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068 , Acta Phys. Polon. Supp. 15 (2022) 15

    work page 2022

  48. [51]

    Mocellin and R.C

    A.G.B. Mocellin and R.C. Anjos, Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays Luminosity from Multi-messenger Analysis, Acta Phys. Polon. Supp. 15 (2022) 16. – 9 –

    work page 2022

  49. [52]

    The Three-Dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emissions

    G. J´ ohannesson, T.A. Porter and I.V. Moskalenko,The Three-dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-energy Gamma-ray Emissions, ApJ 856 (2018) 45 [ 1802.08646]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  50. [53]

    Detection of Gamma-Ray Emission in the Region of the Supernova Remnants G296.5+10.0 and G166.0+4.3

    M. Araya, Detection of gamma-ray emission in the region of the supernova remnants G296.5+10.0 and G166.0+4.3 , MNRAS 434 (2013) 2202 [ 1306.5619]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  51. [54]

    et al., Science with the Cherenkov Telescope Arra, World Scientific Publishing, doi:10.1142/10986 (2019) 7

    Cherenkov Telescope Array Consortium, B.S. Acharya, I. Agudo, I. Al Samarai, R. Alfaro, J. Alfaro et al., Science with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (2019), 10.1142/10986

    work page doi:10.1142/10986 2019

  52. [55]

    Aguilar, L

    M. Aguilar, L. Ali Cavasonza, G. Ambrosi, L. Arruda, N. Attig, F. Barao et al., The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the international space station: Part II - Results from the first seven years, Physics Reports 894 (2021) 1

    work page 2021

  53. [56]

    Precise Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra with the BESS Spectrometer

    T. Sanuki, M. Motoki, H. Matsumoto, E.S. Seo, J.Z. Wang, K. Abe et al., Precise Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra with the BESS Spectrometer , ApJ 545 (2000) 1135 [astro-ph/0002481]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2000

  54. [57]

    C. Consolandi, Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station , arXiv e-prints (2016) arXiv:1612.08562 [ 1612.08562]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  55. [58]

    Q. An, R. Asfandiyarov, P. Azzarello, P. Bernardini, X.J. Bi, M.S. Cai et al., Measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum from 40 GeV to 100 TeV with the DAMPE satellite , Science Advances 5 (2019) eaax3793 [ 1909.12860]

    work page arXiv 2019

  56. [59]

    Y.S. Yoon, T. Anderson, A. Barrau, N.B. Conklin, S. Coutu, L. Derome et al., Proton and Helium Spectra from the CREAM-III Flight , ApJ 839 (2017) 5 [ 1704.02512]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  57. [60]

    A new universal cosmic-ray knee near the magnetic rigidity 10 TV with the NUCLEON space observatory

    E. Atkin, V. Bulatov, V. Dorokhov, N. Gorbunov, S. Filippov, V. Grebenyuk et al., New Universal Cosmic-Ray Knee near a Magnetic Rigidity of 10 TV with the NUCLEON Space Observatory, Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 108 (2018) 5 [1805.07119]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  58. [61]

    Energy Spectra of Abundant Nuclei of Primary Cosmic Rays from the Data of ATIC-2 Experiment: Final Results

    A.D. Panov, J.H. Adams, H.S. Ahn, G.L. Bashinzhagyan, J.W. Watts, J.P. Wefel et al., Energy spectra of abundant nuclei of primary cosmic rays from the data of ATIC-2 experiment: Final results, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Physics 73 (2009) 564 [ 1101.3246]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  59. [62]

    Alemanno, Q

    F. Alemanno, Q. An, P. Azzarello, F.C.T. Barbato, P. Bernardini, X.J. Bi et al., Measurement of the Cosmic Ray Helium Energy Spectrum from 70 GeV to 80 TeV with the DAMPE Space Mission, PRL 126 (2021) 201102 [ 2105.09073]

    work page arXiv 2021

  60. [63]

    Aguilar, D

    M. Aguilar, D. Aisa, B. Alpat, A. Alvino, G. Ambrosi, K. Andeen et al., Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station , PRL 115 (2015) 211101

    work page 2015

  61. [64]

    Aguilar, L

    M. Aguilar, L. Ali Cavasonza, B. Alpat, G. Ambrosi, L. Arruda, N. Attig et al., Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station , PRL 121 (2018) 051103

    work page 2018

  62. [65]

    Aguilar, L.A

    M. Aguilar, L.A. Cavasonza, M.S. Allen, B. Alpat, G. Ambrosi, L. Arruda et al., Properties of Iron Primary Cosmic Rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer , PRL 126 (2021) 041104

    work page 2021

  63. [66]

    Adriani, Y

    O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M.G. Bagliesi, E. Berti et al., Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Carbon and Oxygen Spectra from 10 GeV /n to 2.2 TeV /n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station , PRL 125 (2020) 251102 [2012.10319]

    work page arXiv 2020

  64. [67]

    Chang, J.H

    J. Chang, J.H. Adams, H.S. Ahn, G.L. Bashindzhagyan, M. Christl, O. Ganel et al., An excess of cosmic ray electrons at energies of 300-800GeV , Nature 456 (2008) 362. – 10 –

    work page 2008

  65. [68]

    Probing the ATIC peak in the cosmic-ray electron spectrum with H.E.S.S

    F. Aharonian, A.G. Akhperjanian, G. Anton, U. Barres de Almeida, A.R. Bazer-Bachi, Y. Becherini et al., Probing the ATIC peak in the cosmic-ray electron spectrum with H.E.S.S. , A&A 508 (2009) 561 [ 0905.0105]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  66. [69]

    Cosmic-ray electron+positron spectrum from 7 GeV to 2 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

    S. Abdollahi, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W.B. Atwood, L. Baldini, G. Barbiellini et al., Cosmic-ray electron-positron spectrum from 7 GeV to 2 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope, PRD 95 (2017) 082007 [ 1704.07195]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  67. [70]

    Direct detection of a break in the teraelectronvolt cosmic-ray spectrum of electrons and positrons

    DAMPE Collaboration, G. Ambrosi, Q. An, R. Asfandiyarov, P. Azzarello, P. Bernardini et al., Direct detection of a break in the teraelectronvolt cosmic-ray spectrum of electrons and positrons, Nature 552 (2017) 63 [ 1711.10981]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  68. [71]

    Extended Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

    O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M.G. Bagliesi, E. Berti et al., Extended Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station , PRL 120 (2018) 261102 [1806.09728]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  69. [72]

    Measurement of boron and carbon fluxes in cosmic rays with the PAMELA experiment

    O. Adriani, G.C. Barbarino, G.A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, M. Boezio, E.A. Bogomolov et al., Measurement of Boron and Carbon Fluxes in Cosmic Rays with the PAMELA Experiment , ApJ 791 (2014) 93 [ 1407.1657]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  70. [73]

    Adriani, Y

    O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari et al., Cosmic-Ray Boron Flux Measured from 8.4 GeV /n to 3.8 TeV /n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station, PRL 129 (2022) 251103 [ 2212.07873]. – 11 – 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 E [MeV] 10 15 10 13 10 11 10 9 10 7 10 5 10 3 10 1 E2 J(E) [MeV cm ...

    work page arXiv 2022