pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.11114 · v1 · pith:FZORDKY5new · submitted 2026-06-09 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci · cond-mat.mes-hall

Flower-like WO3-modified Vulcan carbon GDEs for photoelectro-Fenton process: Efficient ciprofloxacin degradation and mechanistic insights

Jo\~ao Paulo C. Moura , Vanessa S. Antonin , Caio Machado Fernandes , Aline B. Trench , Erica S. Conrado , Michell O. Almeida , Kathia M. Honorio , Renata Colombo
show 3 more authors
Rafael Sotana Ana M.P. Neto Mauro C. Santos
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 12:18 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.mes-hall
keywords gas diffusion electrodeWO3electro-Fentonphotoelectro-Fentonciprofloxacin degradationhydrogen peroxide electrosynthesiswastewater remediationhydroxyl radicals
0
0 comments X

The pith

A WO3-modified Vulcan carbon electrode produces hydrogen peroxide more efficiently and enables complete degradation of ciprofloxacin in a photoelectro-Fenton process.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper tests a gas diffusion electrode consisting of Vulcan carbon modified with flower-like tungsten trioxide for the electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide. This electrode yields higher H2O2 concentrations and better current efficiency than unmodified carbon, which the authors link to a synergistic interaction. When used in electro-Fenton systems for breaking down the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, it achieves fast initial removal but slows due to limited regeneration of iron ions; adding ultraviolet light resolves this to reach full removal in 90 minutes. A boron-doped diamond anode further boosts the mineralization of organic carbon to 66 percent, and the breakdown pathway is mapped to hydroxyl radical attacks that produce less toxic compounds. Readers might care if this points to a practical route for treating pharmaceutical pollution in water using electricity and light.

Core claim

The 3 percent WO3 C gas diffusion electrode generates H2O2 at 423, 586, and 916 mg L^{-1} at current densities of 50, 75, and 100 mA cm^{-2} respectively, with around 70 percent current efficiency, outperforming bare Vulcan carbon. In electro-Fenton applications, it degrades ciprofloxacin by around 70 percent in 30 minutes, limited by slow Fe2+ regeneration, but photoelectro-Fenton with UV light achieves complete CIP removal in 90 minutes, and pairing with a BDD anode reaches 66 percent TOC mineralization. The degradation mechanism involves hydroxyl radical attack on the piperazine ring, possibly with defluorination and quinolone ring oxidation, confirmed by theoretical analysis to reduce en

What carries the argument

The flower-like WO3-modified Vulcan carbon gas diffusion electrode, which enhances H2O2 electrosynthesis through the claimed WO3-carbon synergistic effect.

If this is right

  • Higher H2O2 generation supports faster initial antibiotic degradation in electro-Fenton setups.
  • UV illumination in photoelectro-Fenton overcomes the Fe2+ regeneration bottleneck to achieve full pollutant removal.
  • Use of a boron-doped diamond anode increases total organic carbon mineralization to 66 percent.
  • The hydroxyl radical-based pathway leads to transformation products with lower toxicity.
  • The electrode shows lower energy consumption compared to unmodified versions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar modifications with other metal oxides might yield comparable gains in H2O2 production for wastewater treatment.
  • Testing the electrode on other emerging contaminants could expand its applicability beyond ciprofloxacin.
  • Integrating renewable energy sources for the process could further lower operational costs.
  • Direct comparison experiments isolating the effect of WO3 morphology would strengthen the synergy claim.

Load-bearing premise

The performance gains come from a specific synergistic effect between WO3 and the carbon support rather than from incidental changes in electrode properties during preparation.

What would settle it

An experiment showing identical H2O2 production rates and degradation performance from a WO3-free electrode prepared with the same method would undermine the attribution to the WO3-carbon synergy.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.11114 by Aline B. Trench, Ana M.P. Neto, Caio Machado Fernandes, Erica S. Conrado, Jo\~ao Paulo C. Moura, Kathia M. Honorio, Mauro C. Santos, Michell O. Almeida, Rafael Sotana, Renata Colombo, Vanessa S. Antonin.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (a) XRD pattern and (b) SEM image of the synthesized WO3 nanostructures. 3.2. Hydrogen Peroxide electrosynthesis evaluation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_1.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Electrochemical H2O2 synthesis was investigated using a 3 percent WO3 C gas diffusion electrode GDE. The catalyst outperformed bare Vulcan carbon, generating H2O2 concentrations of 423, 586, and 916 mg L at 50, 75, and 100 mA cm2, respectively, maintaining around 70 percent current efficiency. This performance and lower energy consumption are attributed to the WO3 carbon synergistic effect. In electro Fenton EF applications, the WO3 C GDE achieved rapid initial ciprofloxacin CIP degradation of around 70 percent in 30 min, though limited later by slow Fe2 regeneration. Incorporating UV light photoelectro Fenton overcame this constraint, yielding complete CIP removal within 90 min, while a boron doped diamond BDD anode enhanced total organic carbon TOC mineralization to 66 percent. The proposed degradation mechanism proceeds via hydroxyl radical attack on the piperazine ring with or without defluorination and quinolone ring oxidation, with theoretical analysis confirming reduced environmental toxicity of the transformation products. Overall, WO3 C GDEs represent a highly efficient strategy for H2O2 generation and wastewater remediation.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript investigates a 3% WO3-modified Vulcan carbon gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for electrochemical H2O2 synthesis and its use in electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The WO3/C GDE generates H2O2 at 423–916 mg L^{-1} (50–100 mA cm^{-2}) with ~70% current efficiency, outperforming bare Vulcan carbon; this and lower energy use are attributed to a WO3-carbon synergistic effect. In EF mode, ~70% CIP removal occurs in 30 min (limited by Fe^{2+} regeneration); UV-assisted PEF achieves complete removal in 90 min. With a BDD anode, TOC mineralization reaches 66%. A hydroxyl-radical mechanism (piperazine attack, possible defluorination, quinolone oxidation) is proposed, with theoretical toxicity assessment of products.

Significance. If the performance gains can be shown to arise from electronic/catalytic synergy rather than morphological or surface-area changes, the work would provide a useful electrode modification strategy for H2O2-based advanced oxidation processes. The reported degradation and mineralization metrics, together with the mechanistic proposal, address a practical wastewater-treatment challenge. The absence of controls isolating the claimed synergy currently limits the strength of the central materials claim.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that improved H2O2 generation, current efficiency, and lower energy consumption result from the 'WO3 carbon synergistic effect' is load-bearing for the paper's novelty, yet no controls are described that normalize performance by BET surface area, isolate morphology effects, or test inert particles producing comparable flower-like texture. Without such isolation the observed gains cannot be confidently assigned to chemical synergy rather than physical electrode restructuring.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract (and presumably Results section): quantitative performance claims (H2O2 concentrations, current efficiencies, CIP degradation percentages, TOC mineralization) are stated without any mention of replicate numbers, error bars, statistical tests, or data-exclusion criteria, rendering the magnitude and reproducibility of the reported improvements over bare carbon difficult to evaluate.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract supplies numerical outcomes but omits any information on experimental replicates or variability; this should be added to the abstract or a dedicated methods/results paragraph.
  2. Ensure all figures reporting concentrations, efficiencies, or degradation curves include error bars and that the methods section explicitly states the number of independent experiments and any statistical analysis performed.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address each major comment point-by-point below, indicating where revisions will be made to improve clarity and rigor.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that improved H2O2 generation, current efficiency, and lower energy consumption result from the 'WO3 carbon synergistic effect' is load-bearing for the paper's novelty, yet no controls are described that normalize performance by BET surface area, isolate morphology effects, or test inert particles producing comparable flower-like texture. Without such isolation the observed gains cannot be confidently assigned to chemical synergy rather than physical electrode restructuring.

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript does not present the specific controls mentioned (BET normalization, inert-particle morphology tests) to isolate chemical synergy from morphological or surface-area effects. Our attribution draws from the distinct flower-like WO3 morphology in SEM images and the performance differential versus bare Vulcan carbon, but we recognize this does not fully rule out physical restructuring contributions. We will revise the abstract to remove the unqualified 'synergistic effect' phrasing and add a short discussion paragraph citing the available BET and SEM data while noting the limitation. This constitutes a partial revision, as new dedicated control experiments are outside the scope of the current study. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (and presumably Results section): quantitative performance claims (H2O2 concentrations, current efficiencies, CIP degradation percentages, TOC mineralization) are stated without any mention of replicate numbers, error bars, statistical tests, or data-exclusion criteria, rendering the magnitude and reproducibility of the reported improvements over bare carbon difficult to evaluate.

    Authors: We concur that explicit reporting of replicates, variability, and exclusion criteria is necessary. The underlying experiments were conducted in triplicate with no data excluded, yet this detail was omitted. We will update the abstract, results text, and all relevant figure captions to state n=3, report mean values ± standard deviation, and add error bars to the figures. This revision will be incorporated in full. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; all claims rest on direct experimental measurements with no derivations or self-referential predictions

full rationale

The paper reports measured H2O2 concentrations (423–916 mg L^{-1}), current efficiencies (~70%), CIP degradation percentages (70% in 30 min, 100% in 90 min), and TOC mineralization (66%) as direct experimental outcomes from GDE testing under specified conditions. No equations, fitting procedures, or predictions are described that reduce to inputs by construction. Attribution to 'WO3 carbon synergistic effect' is interpretive but not derived from any self-citation chain or ansatz; it is presented as an inference from the observed performance difference versus bare Vulcan carbon. Theoretical toxicity analysis is mentioned but not shown to be load-bearing or circular. The work is self-contained against external benchmarks as standard electrochemistry experiments.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is an experimental materials science study with no mathematical derivations, fitted parameters, background axioms, or postulated new entities; claims rest entirely on measured electrode performance and degradation outcomes.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5796 in / 1100 out tokens · 24008 ms · 2026-06-27T12:18:42.954739+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

71 extracted references · 64 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Occurrence, mode of action, resistance, environmental detection, and remediation – A comprehensive review

    Bhatt S, Chatterjee S. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Occurrence, mode of action, resistance, environmental detection, and remediation – A comprehensive review. Environmental Pollution 2022;315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120440

    work page doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120440 2022

  2. [2]

    Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report

    World Health Organization (WHO). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report. Geneva: 2021

    2021

  3. [3]

    ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: Global Report on Surveillance

    World Health Organization. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: Global Report on Surveillance. Geneva: 2014

    2014

  4. [4]

    Bioprocessing for elimination antibiotics and hormones from swine wastewater

    Cheng DL, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Liu YW, Zhou JL, Chang SW, et al. Bioprocessing for elimination antibiotics and hormones from swine wastewater. Science of the Total Environment 2018;621:1664–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.059

    work page doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.059 2018

  5. [5]

    Assessment of AOPs as a polishing step in the decolourisation of bio-treated textile wastewater: Technical and economic considerations

    Soares PA, Silva TFC V , Arcy AR, Souza SMAGU, Boaventura RAR, Vilar VJP. Assessment of AOPs as a polishing step in the decolourisation of bio-treated textile wastewater: Technical and economic considerations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016;317:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.10.017

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.10.017 2016

  6. [6]

    Evaluation of H2O2 electrogeneration and decolorization of Orange II azo dye using tungsten oxide nanoparticle-modified carbon

    Paz EC, Aveiro LR, Pinheiro VS, Souza FM, Lima VB, Silva FL, et al. Evaluation of H2O2 electrogeneration and decolorization of Orange II azo dye using tungsten oxide nanoparticle-modified carbon. Appl Catal B 2018;232:436–

    2018

  7. [7]

    https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2018.03.082

    work page doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.082 2018

  8. [8]

    Hydrogen Peroxide Electrogeneration by Gas Diffusion Electrode Modified With Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles for Degradation of Orange II and Sunset Yellow FCF Azo Dyes

    Paz EC, Pinheiro VS, Aveiro LR, Souza FL, Lanza MR V ., Santos MC. Hydrogen Peroxide Electrogeneration by Gas Diffusion Electrode Modified With Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles for Degradation of Orange II and Sunset Yellow FCF Azo Dyes. J Braz Chem Soc 2019;30:1964–75

    2019

  9. [9]

    A novel catalyst based on zero- valent iron nanoparticles for assisting electro-fenton process applied to a toxic 27 wastewater

    Mohammadi M, Davarnejad R, Sillanpää M. A novel catalyst based on zero- valent iron nanoparticles for assisting electro-fenton process applied to a toxic 27 wastewater. Results in Engineering 2024;24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102938

    work page doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102938 2024

  10. [10]

    Photoelectro-Fenton treatment of pesticide triclopyr at neutral pH using Fe(III)- EDDS under UV A light or sunlight n.d

    Da IC, Soares C, Oriol R, Ye Z, Martínez-Huitle CA, Cabot PL, et al. Photoelectro-Fenton treatment of pesticide triclopyr at neutral pH using Fe(III)- EDDS under UV A light or sunlight n.d. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020- 11421-8/Published

    work page doi:10.1007/s11356-020-

  11. [11]

    Mineralization of paracetamol using a gas diffusion electrode modified with ceria high aspect ratio nanostructures

    Pinheiro VS, Paz EC, Aveiro LR, Parreira LS, Souza FM, Camargo PHC, et al. Mineralization of paracetamol using a gas diffusion electrode modified with ceria high aspect ratio nanostructures. Electrochim Acta 2019;295:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.097

    work page doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.097 2019

  12. [12]

    Electrochemical incineration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in sulfate medium and synthetic urine matrix

    Antonin VS, Santos MC, Garcia-Segura S, Brillas E. Electrochemical incineration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in sulfate medium and synthetic urine matrix. Water Res 2015;83:31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.066

    work page doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.066 2015

  13. [13]

    Comparative study on the degradation of cephalexin by four electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: Evolution of oxidation intermediates and antimicrobial activity

    Antonin VS, Aquino JM, Silva BF, Silva AJ, Rocha-Filho RC. Comparative study on the degradation of cephalexin by four electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: Evolution of oxidation intermediates and antimicrobial activity. Chemical Engineering Journal 2019;372:1104–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.185

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.185 2019

  14. [14]

    Tailoring single-atom FeN4 moieties as a robust heterogeneous catalyst for high-performance electro- Fenton treatment of organic pollutants

    Xia P, Ye Z, Zhao L, Xue Q, Lanzalaco S, He Q, et al. Tailoring single-atom FeN4 moieties as a robust heterogeneous catalyst for high-performance electro- Fenton treatment of organic pollutants. Appl Catal B 2023;322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122116

    work page doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122116 2023

  15. [15]

    Heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes using zero valent iron microspheres for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with 1,4-dioxane

    Barndõk H, Blanco L, Hermosilla D, Blanco Á. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes using zero valent iron microspheres for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with 1,4-dioxane. Chemical Engineering Journal 2016;284:112–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.097

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.097 2016

  16. [16]

    Trench, C.M

    Trench AB, Fernandes CM, Moura JPC, Lucchetti LEB, Lima TS, Antonin VS, et al. Hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration from O2 electroreduction: A review focusing on carbon electrocatalysts and environmental applications. Chemosphere 2024;352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141456

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141456 2024

  17. [17]

    Moura J, et al

    Gentil TC, Minichova M, Briega-Martos V , Pinheiro VS, Souza FM, Paulo C. Moura J, et al. Stability of supported Pd-based ethanol oxidation reaction electrocatalysts in alkaline media. J Catal 2024;440:115816. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCAT.2024.115816

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2024.115816 2024

  18. [18]

    Synthesis of Nb2O5/C for H2O2 electrogeneration and its application for the degradation of levofloxacin

    Valim RB, Carneiro JF, Lourenço JC, Hammer P, dos Santos MC, Rodrigues LA, et al. Synthesis of Nb2O5/C for H2O2 electrogeneration and its application for the degradation of levofloxacin. J Appl Electrochem 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-023-01975-z

    work page doi:10.1007/s10800-023-01975-z 2023

  19. [19]

    Synthesis of Nb2O5/C for H2O2 electrogeneration and its application for 28 the degradation of levofloxacin

    Valim RB, Carneiro JF, Lourenço JC, Hammer P, dos Santos MC, Rodrigues LA, et al. Synthesis of Nb2O5/C for H2O2 electrogeneration and its application for 28 the degradation of levofloxacin. J Appl Electrochem 2023;1:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10800-023-01975-Z/FIGURES/7

    work page doi:10.1007/s10800-023-01975-z/figures/7 2023

  20. [20]

    Using carbon black modified with Nb2O5 and RuO2 for enhancing selectivity toward H2O2 electrogeneration

    Valim RB, Trevelin LC, Sperandio DC, Carneiro JF, Santos MC, Rodrigues LA, et al. Using carbon black modified with Nb2O5 and RuO2 for enhancing selectivity toward H2O2 electrogeneration. J Environ Chem Eng 2021;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106787

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106787 2021

  21. [21]

    Pinheiro, E.C

    Pinheiro VS, Paz EC, Aveiro LR, Parreira LS, Souza FM, Camargo PHC, et al. Ceria high aspect ratio nanostructures supported on carbon for hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration. Electrochim Acta 2018;259:865–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELECTACTA.2017.11.010

    work page doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.010 2018

  22. [22]

    Antonin, L.E.B

    Antonin VS, Lucchetti LEB, Souza FM, Pinheiro VS, Moura JPC, Trench AB, et al. Sodium niobate microcubes decorated with ceria nanorods for hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration: An experimental and theoretical study. J Alloys Compd 2023;965:171363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171363

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171363 2023

  23. [23]

    Machado Fernandes C, Moura JPC, Trench AB, Sotana R, Neto AMP, Santos WG, et al. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of radical species on NaNbO₃@CeO₂-modified carbon Vulcan XC72 gas diffusion electrode for electrochemical degradation of paracetamol via electro-Fenton. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2026;728:138712. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSUR...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138712 2026

  24. [24]

    MnO2/Vulcan-Based Gas Diffusion Electrode for Mineralization of Diazo Dye in Simulated Effluent

    Aveiro LR, da Silva AGM, Candido EG, Paz EC, Pinheiro VS, Parreira LS, et al. MnO2/Vulcan-Based Gas Diffusion Electrode for Mineralization of Diazo Dye in Simulated Effluent. Electrocatalysis 2020;11:268–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-020-00583-1

    work page doi:10.1007/s12678-020-00583-1 2020

  25. [25]

    Moura, V.S

    Moura JPC, Antonin VS, Trench AB, Santos MC. Hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis: A comparative study employing Vulcan carbon modification by different MnO2 nanostructures. Electrochim Acta 2023;463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142852

    work page doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142852 2023

  26. [26]

    Aveiro, A.G.M

    Aveiro LR, da Silva AGM, Antonin VS, Candido EG, Parreira LS, Geonmonond RS, et al. Carbon-supported MnO2 nanoflowers: Introducing oxygen vacancies for optimized volcano-type electrocatalytic activities towards H2O2 generation. Electrochim Acta 2018;268:101–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.077

    work page doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.077 2018

  27. [27]

    Efficient H2O2 production from urine treatment based on a self-biased WO3/TiO2-Si PVC photoanode and a WO3/CMK-3 cathode

    Li L, Li J, Fang F, Zhang Y , Zhou T, Zhou C, et al. Efficient H2O2 production from urine treatment based on a self-biased WO3/TiO2-Si PVC photoanode and a WO3/CMK-3 cathode. Appl Catal B 2023;333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122776

    work page doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122776 2023

  28. [28]

    A novel Fe-free photo-electro-Fenton- like system for enhanced ciprofloxacin degradation: Bifunctional Z-scheme WO3/g-C3N4

    Bai X, Li Y , Xie L, Liu X, Zhan S, Hu W. A novel Fe-free photo-electro-Fenton- like system for enhanced ciprofloxacin degradation: Bifunctional Z-scheme WO3/g-C3N4. Environ Sci Nano 2019;6:2850–62. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9en00528e. 29

    work page doi:10.1039/c9en00528e 2019

  29. [29]

    Moura, L.E.B

    João Paulo C. Moura, L.E.B. Luchetti, C.M. Fernandes, A.B. Trench, J.M. Almeida, M.C. Santos. Experimental and theoretical studies of WO3/Vulcan XC- 72 electrocatalyst enhanced H2O2 yield ORR performed in acid and alkaline medium . Manuscript Submitted for Publication 2024

    2024

  30. [30]

    Moura J, Antonin VS, Machado Fernandes C, Liu L, Santos MC

    Trench AB, Paulo C. Moura J, Antonin VS, Machado Fernandes C, Liu L, Santos MC. Improvement of H2O2 electrogeneration using a Vulcan XC72 carbon- based electrocatalyst modified with Ce-doped Nb2O5. Advanced Powder Technology 2024;35:104404. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APT.2024.104404

    work page doi:10.1016/j.apt.2024.104404 2024

  31. [31]

    Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured electrocatalystsbased on nickel and tin for hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration

    Antonin VS, Assumpcao MHMT, Silva JCM, Parreira LS, Lanza MRV , Santos MC. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured electrocatalystsbased on nickel and tin for hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration. Electrochim Acta 2013;109:245–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.078

    work page doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.078 2013

  32. [32]

    Uranyl extraction by N,N-dialkylamide ligands studied using static and dynamic DFT simulations

    Sieffert N, Wipff G. Uranyl extraction by N,N-dialkylamide ligands studied using static and dynamic DFT simulations. Dalton Transactions 2015;44:2623–38. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT02443E

    work page doi:10.1039/c4dt02443e 2015

  33. [33]

    Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior

    Becke AD. Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior. Phys Rev A (Coll Park) 1988;38:3098. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.3098

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.38.3098 1988

  34. [34]

    Self‐Consistent Molecular‐Orbital Methods

    Ditchfield R, Hehre WJ, Pople JA. Self‐Consistent Molecular‐Orbital Methods. IX. An Extended Gaussian‐Type Basis for Molecular‐Orbital Studies of Organic Molecules. J Chem Phys 1971;54:724–8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1674902

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1674902 1971

  35. [35]

    Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density

    Lee C, Yang W, Parr RG. Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Phys Rev B 1988;37:785. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.37.785

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevb.37.785 1988

  36. [36]

    Energies, structures, and electronic properties of molecules in solution with the C-PCM solvation model

    Cossi M, Rega N, Scalmani G, Barone V . Energies, structures, and electronic properties of molecules in solution with the C-PCM solvation model. J Comput Chem 2003;24:669–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCC.10189

    work page doi:10.1002/jcc.10189 2003

  37. [37]

    A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons

    Fukui K, Yonezawa T, Shingu H. A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 1952;20:722–5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1700523

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1700523 1952

  38. [38]

    Design of an ethidium bromide control circuit supported by deep theoretical insight

    Vlahović F, Ognjanović M, Djurdjić S, Kukuruzar A, Antić B, Dojčinović B, et al. Design of an ethidium bromide control circuit supported by deep theoretical insight. Appl Catal B 2023;334:122819. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2023.122819

    work page doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122819 2023

  39. [39]

    ECOSAR model performance with a large test set of industrial chemicals

    Reuschenbach P, Silvani M, Dammann M, Warnecke D, Knacker T. ECOSAR model performance with a large test set of industrial chemicals. Chemosphere 2008;71:1986–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2007.12.006

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.12.006 2008

  40. [40]

    ECOSAR Methodology Document 2012

    Mayo-Bean K, Moran K, Meylan B, Ranslow P. ECOSAR Methodology Document 2012. 30

    2012

  41. [41]

    Ecotoxicological QSAR modeling of organic compounds against fish: Application of fragment based descriptors in feature analysis

    Khan K, Baderna D, Cappelli C, Toma C, Lombardo A, Roy K, et al. Ecotoxicological QSAR modeling of organic compounds against fish: Application of fragment based descriptors in feature analysis. Aquatic Toxicology 2019;212:162–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2019.05.011

    work page doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.011 2019

  42. [42]

    Morphology Evolution of NiFe Layered Double-Hydroxide Nanoflower Clusters from Nanosheets: Controllable Structure–Performance Relation for Green Energy Storage

    Li Y , He G, HuangFu H, Mi Y , Zhang H, Zheng D, et al. Morphology Evolution of NiFe Layered Double-Hydroxide Nanoflower Clusters from Nanosheets: Controllable Structure–Performance Relation for Green Energy Storage. Energy Technology 2024;12:2300749. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300749

    work page doi:10.1002/ente.202300749 2024

  43. [43]

    Catalytic Evaluation of Nanoflower Structured Manganese Oxide Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media

    Han SJ, Ameen M, Hanifah MFR, Aqsha A, Bilad MR, Jaafar J, et al. Catalytic Evaluation of Nanoflower Structured Manganese Oxide Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media. Catalysts 2020, V ol 10, Page 822 2020;10:822. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10080822

    work page doi:10.3390/catal10080822 2020

  44. [44]

    Electro-Fenton, solar photoelectro-Fenton and UV A photoelectro-Fenton: Degradation of Erythrosine B dye solution

    Clematis D, Panizza M. Electro-Fenton, solar photoelectro-Fenton and UV A photoelectro-Fenton: Degradation of Erythrosine B dye solution. Chemosphere 2021;270:129480. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.129480

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129480 2021

  45. [45]

    Characterization of a flow-through electrochemical reactor for the degradation of ciprofloxacin by photoelectro- Fenton without external oxygen supply

    Cornejo OM, Sirés I, Nava JL. Characterization of a flow-through electrochemical reactor for the degradation of ciprofloxacin by photoelectro- Fenton without external oxygen supply. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023;455:140603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140603

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.140603 2023

  46. [46]

    Solar photoelectro-Fenton-like process with anodically-generated HClO in a flow reactor: Norfloxacin as a pollutant with a particular structure

    Murrieta MF, Brillas E, Nava JL, Sirés I. Solar photoelectro-Fenton-like process with anodically-generated HClO in a flow reactor: Norfloxacin as a pollutant with a particular structure. Sep Purif Technol 2023;308:122893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122893

    work page doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122893 2023

  47. [47]

    Mineralization of pentachlorophenol by ferrioxalate-assisted solar photo-Fenton process at mild pH

    Ye Z, Sirés I, Zhang H, Huang YH. Mineralization of pentachlorophenol by ferrioxalate-assisted solar photo-Fenton process at mild pH. Chemosphere 2019;217:475–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.221

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.221 2019

  48. [48]

    Effective degradation of phenacetin in wastewater by (photo)electro-Fenton processes: Investigation of variables, acute toxicity, and intermediates

    Antonio da Silva D, Cavalcante RP, Cunha RF, Machulek A, César de Oliveira S. Effective degradation of phenacetin in wastewater by (photo)electro-Fenton processes: Investigation of variables, acute toxicity, and intermediates. J Environ Chem Eng 2024;12:112704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.115

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.115 2024

  49. [49]

    Anodic oxidation for the degradation of organic pollutants: Anode materials, operating conditions and mechanisms

    Jiang Y , Zhao H, Liang J, Yue L, Li T, Luo Y , et al. Anodic oxidation for the degradation of organic pollutants: Anode materials, operating conditions and mechanisms. A mini review. Electrochem Commun 2021;123:106912. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELECOM.2020.106912

    work page doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106912 2021

  50. [50]

    In situ synthesis of FeOCl@MoS2 on graphite felt as novel electro-Fenton cathode for efficient degradation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin at mild pH

    Liu Z, Wan J, Ma Y , Wang Y . In situ synthesis of FeOCl@MoS2 on graphite felt as novel electro-Fenton cathode for efficient degradation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin at mild pH. Chemosphere 2021;273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129747

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129747 2021

  51. [51]

    Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin by heterogeneous electro-Fenton using natural air–cathode

    Liu Z jun, Wan J quan, Yan Z cheng, Wang Y , Ma Y wen. Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin by heterogeneous electro-Fenton using natural air–cathode. 31 Chemical Engineering Journal 2022;433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133767

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.133767 2022

  52. [52]

    Mechanism insights into H2O2 in situ generation and activation for ciprofloxacin degradation by electro- peroxidation using the ACF@RuO2/Ti cathode

    Ren S, Wang A, Zhang Y , Song Y , Wen Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism insights into H2O2 in situ generation and activation for ciprofloxacin degradation by electro- peroxidation using the ACF@RuO2/Ti cathode. Sep Purif Technol 2024;345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127437

    work page doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127437 2024

  53. [53]

    Efficient generation of singlet oxygen on Fe2O3/MoO3 Z-type heterojunction for removal of ciprofloxacin from water via photo-electro-Fenton-like system

    Wang S, Hu W, Li Y , Zhang D, Hu W, Li Y , et al. Efficient generation of singlet oxygen on Fe2O3/MoO3 Z-type heterojunction for removal of ciprofloxacin from water via photo-electro-Fenton-like system. Chemical Engineering Journal 2024;497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154400

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.154400 2024

  54. [54]

    Li X, Yang J, Shi X, Sun Z. N, P co-doped graphite felt cathode for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin in an ascorbic acid-coupled electro-Fenton process: Simultaneously enhancing H2O2 generation and Fe3+/Fe2+ cycling. Environ Res 2025;266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120577

    work page doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120577 2025

  55. [55]

    Microbial fuel cell powered Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin from wastewater employing MIL-88B(Fe)-MOF- laser-induced graphene cathode

    Ahmad A, Kumar P, Kanwar B, Singh SP. Microbial fuel cell powered Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin from wastewater employing MIL-88B(Fe)-MOF- laser-induced graphene cathode. Environ Res 2026:123807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123807

    work page doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.123807 2026

  56. [56]

    Cu-Doped V-Based MOF Derivative VO2@Cu-VMOF as a Cathodic Catalyst for Electro-Fenton Degradation of Antibiotics

    Fan S, Hou Y , Pan J, Zhu T, Zhang S, Liang T, et al. Cu-Doped V-Based MOF Derivative VO2@Cu-VMOF as a Cathodic Catalyst for Electro-Fenton Degradation of Antibiotics. Small 2025;21. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202406523

    work page doi:10.1002/smll.202406523 2025

  57. [57]

    Comparative study of electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes using a novel photocatalytic fuel cell electro- Fenton system with g-C3N4@N-TiO2 and Ag/CNT@CF as electrodes

    Ma B, Li J, Yang C, Wang D. Comparative study of electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes using a novel photocatalytic fuel cell electro- Fenton system with g-C3N4@N-TiO2 and Ag/CNT@CF as electrodes. Water Environment Research 2024;96. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10946

    work page doi:10.1002/wer.10946 2024

  58. [58]

    Fabrication of CuS/BiVO4 (0 4 0) binary heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity for Ciprofloxacin degradation and mechanism insight

    Lai C, Zhang M, Li B, Huang D, Zeng G, Qin L, et al. Fabrication of CuS/BiVO4 (0 4 0) binary heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity for Ciprofloxacin degradation and mechanism insight. Chemical Engineering Journal 2019;358:891–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2018.10.072

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.072 2019

  59. [59]

    Kinetics and mechanism of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in degradation of ciprofloxacin in water

    An T, Yang H, Li G, Song W, Cooper WJ, Nie X. Kinetics and mechanism of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in degradation of ciprofloxacin in water. Appl Catal B 2010;94:288–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2009.12.002

    work page doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.12.002 2010

  60. [60]

    Degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) Antibiotic Waste using The Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) Method with Ferrate (VI) from Extreme Base Electrosynthesis

    Gunawan G, Prasetya NBA, Wijaya RA. Degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) Antibiotic Waste using The Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) Method with Ferrate (VI) from Extreme Base Electrosynthesis. Trends in Sciences 2023;20. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6639

    work page doi:10.48048/tis.2023.6639 2023

  61. [61]

    Facile synthesis of carbon-doped CoMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate for ciprofloxacin degradation

    Xu J, Wang Y , Wan J, Wang L. Facile synthesis of carbon-doped CoMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate for ciprofloxacin degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2022;287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120576. 32

    work page doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120576 2022

  62. [62]

    Nitrogen-deficient g- C3Nx/POMs porous nanosheets with P–N heterojunctions capable of the efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin

    He R, Xue K, Wang J, Yan Y , Peng Y , Yang T, et al. Nitrogen-deficient g- C3Nx/POMs porous nanosheets with P–N heterojunctions capable of the efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. Chemosphere 2020;259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127465

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127465 2020

  63. [63]

    Study of ciprofloxacin biodegradation by a Thermus sp

    Pan L jia, Li J, Li C xing, Tang X da, Yu G wei, Wang Y . Study of ciprofloxacin biodegradation by a Thermus sp. isolated from pharmaceutical sludge. J Hazard Mater 2018;343:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.009

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.009 2018

  64. [64]

    Investigation on microwave absorbing properties of 3D C@ZnCo2O4 as a highly active heterogenous catalyst and the degradation of ciprofloxacin by activated persulfate process

    Gao Y , Cong S, Yu H, Zou D. Investigation on microwave absorbing properties of 3D C@ZnCo2O4 as a highly active heterogenous catalyst and the degradation of ciprofloxacin by activated persulfate process. Sep Purif Technol 2021;262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118330

    work page doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118330 2021

  65. [65]

    Antibiotic ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solutions by electrochemically activated persulfate process: Optimization, degradation pathways, and toxicology assessment

    Yakamercan E, Aygün A, Simsek H. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solutions by electrochemically activated persulfate process: Optimization, degradation pathways, and toxicology assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2024;143:85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.013

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.013 2024

  66. [66]

    Construction and application of BiOCl/Cu-doped Bi2S3 composites for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin

    Du F, Lai Z, Tang H, Wang H, Zhao C. Construction and application of BiOCl/Cu-doped Bi2S3 composites for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. Chemosphere 2022;287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132391

    work page doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132391 2022

  67. [67]

    Amine-Functionalized Crystalline Carbon Nanodots Decorated on Bi2WO6Nanoplates as Solar Photocatalysts for Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin

    Bisht K, Kumar G, Dutta RK. Amine-Functionalized Crystalline Carbon Nanodots Decorated on Bi2WO6Nanoplates as Solar Photocatalysts for Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022;61:16946–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02635

    work page doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02635 2022

  68. [68]

    Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by cobalt sulfide hollow nanospheres for fast ciprofloxacin degradation

    Li W, Li S, Tang Y , Yang X, Zhang W, Zhang X, et al. Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by cobalt sulfide hollow nanospheres for fast ciprofloxacin degradation. J Hazard Mater 2020;389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121856

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121856 2020

  69. [69]

    Supplementary material For Degradation of ciprofloxacin in UV/NH 2 Cl process: kinetics, mechanism, pathways and DBPs formation

    Zhang R, Peng C, Wang Q, Zou X, Zhao Q, Wang J, et al. Supplementary material For Degradation of ciprofloxacin in UV/NH 2 Cl process: kinetics, mechanism, pathways and DBPs formation. 2023

    2023

  70. [70]

    Rational design of α-MnO2/HT-GCN nanocomposite for effective photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and pernicious activity

    Raj SNM, Jothi VK, Rajaram A, Suresh P, Murugan K, Natarajan A. Rational design of α-MnO2/HT-GCN nanocomposite for effective photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and pernicious activity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023;30:90689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023- 28636-0

    work page doi:10.1007/s11356-023- 2023

  71. [71]

    Silva T, A

    O. Silva T, A. Goulart L, Sánchez-Montes I, O. S. Santos G, B. Santos R, Colombo R, et al. Using a novel gas diffusion electrode based on PL6 carbon modified with benzophenone for efficient H2O2 electrogeneration and degradation of ciprofloxacin. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023;455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140697

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.140697 2023