Spectroscopy of high-energy states of lanthanide ions

We discuss recent progress and future prospects for the analysis of the 4f${N-1}$5d excited states of lanthanide ions in host materials. Ab-initio calculations for Ce$^{3+}$ in LiYF$_4$ are used to estimate crystal-field and spin-orbit parameters for the 4f$^1$ and 5d$^1$ configurations. We discuss the possibility of using excited-state absorption to probe the electronic and geometric structure of the 4f$^{N-1}$5d excited states in more detail and we illustrate these ideas with calculations for Yb$^{2+}$ ions in SrCl$_2$.