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ToolkenGPT: Augmenting Frozen Language Models with Massive Tools via Tool Embeddings

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arxiv 2305.11554 v4 pith:HKNHDLU6 submitted 2023-05-19 cs.CL cs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.LG
keywords toolstoolapproachtoolkengptlearningllmstoolkenaugmenting
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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abstract

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools has emerged as a promising approach to solving complex problems. However, traditional methods, which finetune LLMs with tool demonstration data, can be both costly and restricted to a predefined set of tools. Recent in-context learning paradigm alleviates these issues, but the limited context length only allows for a few shots of demonstrations, leading to suboptimal understandings of the tools. Moreover, when there are numerous tools to choose from, in-context learning could completely fail to work. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach, $\textbf{ToolkenGPT}$, which combines the benefits of both sides. Our approach represents each $\underline{tool}$ as a to$\underline{ken}$ ($\textit{toolken}$) and learns an embedding for it, enabling tool calls in the same way as generating a regular word token. Once a toolken is triggered, the LLM is prompted to complete arguments for the tool to execute. ToolkenGPT offers the flexibility to plug in an arbitrary number of tools by expanding the set of toolkens on the fly. In addition, it improves tool use by allowing extensive demonstration data for learning the toolken embeddings. In diverse domains, including numerical reasoning, knowledge-based question answering, and embodied plan generation, our approach effectively augments LLMs with tools and substantially outperforms various latest baselines. ToolkenGPT demonstrates the promising ability to use relevant tools from a large tool set in complex scenarios.

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Forward citations

Cited by 12 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 19 citations worldwide. Full citation record

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    cs.CL 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new human-curated benchmark for LLM mobile assistants shows models struggle to locate scattered personal information, with the best model at 57.3% accuracy.

  3. Replacing thinking with tool usage enables reasoning in small language models

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Small language models can improve code repair by spending inference compute on tool-usage traces (Chain-of-Edits) rather than on natural-language reasoning tokens.

  4. Reducing Tool Hallucination via Reliability Alignment

    cs.CL 2024-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A reliability alignment framework, Relign, that expands the LLM tool-use action space with indecisive actions reduces tool hallucination rates and improves task success on the new RelyToolBench benchmark.

  5. SOS-LoRA: Static Orthogonal-Subspace Low-Rank Adaptation with Fixed Multi-Scale Scaling

    cs.LG 2026-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A LoRA update split into several fixed, differently-scaled low-rank experts with orthogonal input directions improves fine-tuning accuracy at the same parameter count.

  6. MemTool: Optimizing Short-Term Memory Management for Dynamic Tool Calling in LLM Agent Multi-Turn Conversations

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    MemTool is a short-term memory framework with three modes (autonomous, workflow, hybrid) that lets LLM agents add and remove tools across multi-turn conversations, evaluated over 100 turns on 13+ models.

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    cs.CL 2024-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    TL-Training, a task-feature-based training framework, lets a 7B CodeLLaMA-2 model reach competitive tool-use performance using only 1,217 training trajectories.

  10. ScaleMCP: Dynamic and Auto-Synchronizing Model Context Protocol Tools for LLM Agents

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  11. Integrating External Tools with Large Language Models to Improve Accuracy

    cs.CL 2025-07 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

    A tool-augmented LLM framework, Athena, reports 83% math and 88% science accuracy on small MMLU subsets, beating GPT-4o, LLaMA-Large, Mistral-Large, Phi-Large, and GPT-3.5.

  12. LLMs are Also Effective Embedding Models: An In-depth Overview

    cs.CL 2024-12 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    A structured survey of using decoder-only LLMs as text embedding models, covering prompting, fine-tuning, data construction, benchmarks, and open problems.

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